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Song (state)

(Redirected from State of Song)
For the later Chinese dynasty, see Song dynasty and song.

Song was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty with its capital at Shangqiu. The state was founded soon after King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang dynasty to establish the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC. It was conquered by the state of Qi in 286 BC, during the Warring States period. Confucius is traditionally considered to have been a descendant of a Song nobleman who moved to the state of Lu.[1]

Song
宋そう
11th century BC–286 BC
Map of Zhou dynasty states, including Song
Map of Zhou dynasty states, including Song
StatusState
CapitalShangqiu (商しょう丘おか)
Religion
Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship, Taoism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
11th century BC
• Conquered by Qi
286 BC
CurrencyChinese coin
 Succeeded by
Qi (state)
Song
"Song" in ancient seal script (top) and modern regular (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese宋そう
Chinese states in the 5th century BC

Origin

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King Zhou of Shang, Di Xin was the younger brother of Zi Qi—who was said in legends to have ruled Gija Joseon in the 11th century BCE—and Zi Yan (子こ衍), later rulers of Zhou's vassal state Song, father of Wu Geng.

After King Wu of Zhou overthrew the last ruler of Shang, marking the transition to the Zhou Dynasty, the victor was honor-bound by a stricture of feudal etiquette known as Er Wang San Ke [zh] to allow the defeated house of Shang to continue offering sacrifices to their ancestors. As a result, for a time Shang became a vassal state of Zhou, with the Shang heir Wu Geng allowed to continue ancestor worship at Yin.

However, after King Wu's death, Wu Geng fomented a rebellion with an alliance of eastern states, and was killed by the Duke of Zhou. Another Shang royal family descendant, Weizi, was granted land at Shangqiu, the 'hill of Shang', where the capital of the new state of Song was built.

A sign of its descent from the Shang is that the state of Song in its early period followed the succession principle of agnatic seniority, rather than agnatic primogeniture like the Zhou.

History

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In 701 BC, a political marriage between Lady Yong of Song (宋そう雍氏) and Duke Zhuang of Zheng—as well as the capture of Zhai Zhong (祭まつり仲なか), a leading warrior—empowered Song to manipulate the administration of Zheng.

In 651, Duke Huan of Song (宋そう桓公かんこう) died, leaving the district to be ruled by Duke Xiang, who reigned from 651 to 637. He was considered a hegemon by some, but was unable to maintain that role. He eventually fell to the troops of Chu.

In 355, Dai Ticheng (戴剔成なり), a distant relative of the ruling royal line and once a minister of Duke Huan II, managed to usurp the throne. In 328, Dai Yan, a younger brother of Ticheng, took the throne and declared himself to be King Kang of Song, with Ticheng murdered or exiled. The king was ambitious and had succeeded in beating troops from Chu, Wei and Qi and annexing Teng. However, the kingdom was finally annexed by Qi in 286, with troops from Chu and Wei serving on behalf of Qi. Qin, which had been an ally of Song, refused to intervene for strategic and diplomatic reasons after being convinced by Su Dai from Wei. Su's predictions were proven correct and Qin benefited from the downfall of its former ally.

The philosopher Mozi references this state in the chapter "Obvious Existence of Ghosts", in which he mentions a number of Spring and Autumn Annals, including those of the Zhou, Yan, and Qi. The Spring and Autumn Annals of Song has not survived.

Rulers

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Unless otherwise indicated, the ruler is the son of his predecessor.

  1. Weizi (Qi 啟けい), brother of the last king of Shang, Di Xin
  2. Weizhong 微ほろ仲なか (Yan 衍), younger brother of the above
  3. Ji, Duke of Song 宋そう公こう稽
  4. Duke Ding 宋そう丁ちょう公こう (Shen 申さる)
  5. Duke Min I 宋そう湣公 (Gong 共ども), alleged ancestor of Confucius[1]: 14–15 
  6. Duke Yang 宋そう煬公 (Xi 熙), younger brother of the above
  7. Duke Li 宋そう厲公 (Fusi 鮒ぶな祀まつ), son of Duke Min I
  8. Duke Xi 宋そう僖公 (Ju 舉), 859–831
  9. Duke Hui 宋そう惠めぐみ公こう (Jian 覵), 830–800
  10. Duke Ai 宋そう哀あい公こう, 799
  11. Duke Dai 宋そう戴公, 799–766
  12. Duke Wu 宋そう武たけし公こう (Sikong 司し空そら), 765–748
  13. Duke Xuan 宋そう宣せん公こう (Li 力りょく), 747–729
  14. Duke Mu 宋そう穆きよし公こう (He 和わ), 728–720, younger brother of the above
  15. Duke Shang 宋そう殤公 (Yuyi 與あずか夷えびす), 719–711
  16. Duke Zhuang 宋そう莊そう公こう (Feng 馮), 710–692
  17. Duke Min II 宋そう閔公 (Jie 捷とし), 691–682
  18. You, Duke of Song 宋そう公こう游ゆう, assassinated less than 3 months after accession.
  19. Duke Huan I 宋そう桓公かんこう (Yuyue 御ご說せつ), 681–651, younger brother of Duke Min II
  20. Duke Xiang (Zifu 茲父), 650–637
  21. Duke Cheng 宋そう成しげる公こう (Wangchen 王おう臣しん), 636–620
  22. Yu, Duke of Song 宋そう公こう禦, younger brother of the above, assassinated less than one month after accession.
  23. Duke Zhao I 宋そう昭あきら公こう (Chujiu 杵臼きなうす), 619–611, son of Duke Cheng
  24. Duke Wen 宋そう文ぶん公こう (Bao 鮑あわび), 610–589, younger brother of the above
  25. Duke Gong 宋そう共ども公こう (Xia 瑕きず), 588–576
  26. Duke Ping 宋そう平たいら公こう (Cheng 成なり), 575–532
  27. Duke Yuan 宋そう元もと公おおやけ (Zuo 佐さ), 531–517
  28. Duke Jing 宋そう景けい公こう (Touman 頭あたま曼), 516–451
  29. Duke Zhao II 宋そう昭あきら公こう (De 得とく), 450–404, great-grandson of Duke Yuan; possibly 468–404, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs.
  30. Duke Dao 宋そう悼公 (Gouyou 購由), 403–396
  31. Duke Xiu 宋そう休きゅう公こう (Tian 田た), 395–373
  32. Duke Huan II 宋そう桓公かんこう (Bibing 辟兵), 372–370
  33. Lord Ticheng of Song 宋そう剔成君くん, 369–329, descendant of the 11th duke, Dai
  34. Yan, King of Song 宋そう王おう偃, King Kang 宋そう康やすし王おう, 328–286, younger brother of the above

Family tree

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Song state
(1) Weizi
微ほろ子こ啟けい		(2) Weizhong
微ほろ仲なか
□(3) Ji
宋そう公こう稽
腯(4) Duke Ding
宋そう丁ちょう公こう
(5) Duke Min I
宋そう湣公		(6) Duke Yang
宋そう炀公
弗どる父ちち何なに(7) Duke Li
宋そう厉公
(8) Duke Xi
宋そう僖公
?-859-831BC
(9) Duke Hui
宋そう惠めぐみ公おおやけ
?-831-801BC
(10) Duke Ai
宋そう哀あい公こう
?-801-800BC
(11) Duke Dai
宋そう戴公
?-800-766BC
(12) Duke Wu
宋そう武たけ公こう
?-766-748BC		好こう父ちち说乐父衎皇すめらぎ父ちち充たかし石せき□
老ろう氏し
(13) Duke Xuan
宋そう宣せん公こう
?-748-729BC		(14) Duke Mu
宋そう穆きよし公おおやけ
?-729-720BC		华父督とく
(15) Duke Shang
宋そう殇公
?-720-710BC		(16) Duke Zhuang
宋そう庄しょう公こう
?-710-692BC		左ひだり师勃
(18) Ziyou
子こ游ゆう
?-682BC		(17) Duke Min II
宋そう闵公
?-692-682BC		(19) Duke Huan I
宋そう桓公かんこう
?-682-651BC		右みぎ师戊
仲なか氏し		公子こうし成なり□
子こ鱼(20) Duke Xiang
宋そう襄じょう公おおやけ
?-651-637BC		公子こうし荡公子こうし鳞向こう父ちち肹公おおやけ孙固
?-620BC
(21) Duke Cheng
宋そう成しげる公おおやけ
?-637-620BC		(22) Yu
禦
?-620BC		□□
(23) Duke Zhao I
宋そう昭あきら公おおやけ
?-620-611BC		(24) Duke Wen
宋そう文ぶん公こう
?-611-589BC		公子こうし卬
?-619BC		母はは弟おとうと须
?-609BC		孔あな叔
?-619BC		公おおやけ孙钟离
?-619BC
(25) Duke Gong
宋そう共きょう公おおやけ
?-589-576BC		公子こうし围龟
灵氏
?-586BC		公子こうし肥こえ
?-576BC
(26) Duke Ping
宋そう平たいら公こう
?-576-532BC		褚师段だん
石いし氏し
太子たいし痤
?-547BC		(27) Duke Yuan
宋そう元もと公おおやけ
?-532-517BC		公子こうし城じょう公子こうし御ご戎えびす
边氏
?-522BC
(28) Duke Jing
宋そう景けい公こう
?-517-469BC		公子こうし地ち母はは弟おとうと辰たつ公子こうし褍秦
公おおやけ孙周
(30) Duke Zhao II
宋そう昭あきら公おおやけ
?-469-404BC		(29) Qi
启
?-469BC-?
(31) Duke Dao
宋そう悼公
?-404-385BC		(34) Lord Ticheng
宋そう剔成君くん
?-356-329-?		(35) Yan
宋そう康やすし王おう
?-329-286BC-?
(32) Duke Xiu
宋そう休きゅう公こう
?-385-363BC
(33) Duke Huan II
宋そう桓公かんこう
?-363-356BC


Descendants

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Main article: Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent

Confucius is traditionally considered to have been a descendant of the Dukes of Song. His descendants hold the honorary title Duke Yansheng.

The title of Duke of Song and "Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin" (殷いん紹嘉公こう) were bestowed upon Kong An [zh] by the Eastern Han dynasty because he was part of the Shang dynasty's legacy.[2][3] This branch of the Kong family is a separate branch from the line that held the title of Marquis of Fengsheng village and later Duke Yansheng.

Song in astronomy

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Song is represented by the star Eta Ophiuchi in the asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Eno, Robert (2003). "The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism". Early China. 28. Cambridge University Press: 1–41. doi:10.1017/S0362502800000651. JSTOR 23354229. Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and Jensen.
    Jensen, Lionel (1995). "Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi". Early China. 20. Cambridge University Press: 407–437. doi:10.1017/S0362502800004570. JSTOR 23351776. p. 409
    Creel, Herlee G. (1949). Confucius: the Man and the Myth. New York City: John Day. pp. 297–298.Cited in Eno.
  2. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (28 December 2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Brill. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
  3. ^ 《汉书·杨胡朱しゅ梅うめ云うん传》：初はつ，武たけ帝みかど时，始はじめ封ふう周しゅう后きさき姬ひめ嘉よしみ为周子こ南君なぎみ，至いたり元もと帝みかど时，尊みこと周子かねこ南君なぎみ为周承うけたまわ休きゅう侯こう，位い次じ诸侯王おう。使つかい诸大夫たいふ博士はかせ求もとめ殷いん后きさき，分散ぶんさん为十余あまり姓せい，郡ぐん国こく往往おうおう得とく其大家か，推求子こ孙，绝不能ふのう纪。时，匡ただし衡议，以为"王者おうじゃ存そん二王におう后きさき，所以ゆえん尊みこと其先王おう而通三さん统也。其犯诛绝之の罪つみ者しゃ绝，而更封ふう他た亲为始はじめ封ふう君くん，上うえ承うけたまわ其王者しゃ之の始祖しそ。《春秋しゅんじゅう》之の义，诸侯不能ふのう守もり其社稷しゃしょく者しゃ绝。今こん宋そう国こく已やめ不ふ守もり其统而失国こく矣，则宜更さら立たて殷いん后きさき为始封ふう君くん，而上承うけたまわ汤统，非ひ当とう继宋之の绝侯也，宜むべ明あきら得とく殷いん后きさき而已。今いま之の故こ宋そう，推求其嫡，久ひさ远不可ふか得とく；虽得其嫡，嫡之先さき已やめ绝，不当ふとう得とく立りつ。《礼れい记》孔子こうし曰：'丘おか，殷いん人じん也。'先さき师所共ども传，宜むべ以孔子こ世よ为汤后きさき。"上じょう以其语不经，遂とげ见寝。
  4. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文てんもん教育きょういく資し訊網 2006 年ねん 6 月がつ 23 日にち
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