(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Zu Ti - Wikipedia
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Zu Ti

Zu Ti (266–321), courtesy name Shizhi, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty. Between 313 and 321, he commanded an expeditionary force to reclaim territory in northern China that were lost during the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. Although Zu Ti received little support from the Jin court in Jiankang, he was able to push all the way to the south of the Yellow River, battling local warlords, the Han-Zhao dynasty and then the Later Zhao dynasty. Zu Ti fought Later Zhao to a truce before having his authority diminished by the Jin imperial court due to concerns of a civil war back home. He soon died in disappointment, and his gains were quickly overturned by the Zhao following his death. Zu Ti's northern expedition was the first in a series by the Jin launched against the Sixteen Kingdoms, and while it failed in the end, he has been lauded as a hero for his determination to reclaim lost northern territory.

Zu Ti
祖そ逖
Inspector of Yu Province (豫よ州しゅう刺史しし)
In office
313 (313)–321 (321)
MonarchEmperor Min of Jin/Emperor Yuan of Jin
General Who Exerts Might (奮威將軍しょうぐん)
In office
313–321
MonarchEmperor Min of Jin/Emperor Yuan of Jin
Personal details
Born266
Qiuxian county, Hebei
Died321
Zhengzhou, Henan
RelationsZu Yue (brother)
Zu Gai (brother)
Zu Na (half-brother)
Zu Dashou (alleged descendant)
ChildrenZu Huan
Zu Mi
Zu Pei
Zu Shei
Zu Ji
Zu Xian
Parent
  • Zu Wu (father)
OccupationMilitary general
Courtesy nameShizhi (士し稚やや)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zu.

Early life

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Childhood

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Zu Ti was born into a line of government officials in Qiuxian county, Fanyang commandery. As a child, he was described as unruly and carefree. He was said to be illiterate until the age of 14 or 15. This worried his brothers, but the young Zu was also known to be generous and ambitious. Often, he would distribute his grain and silk among the poor, which garnered him the respect of his village clansmen. As he grew older, he took the initiative to study and moved to the capital, Luoyang, where he educated himself on history and ongoing affairs. The people of Luoyang at the time thought of him as a prodigy.[1] In 289, while living away in Yangping Commandery, Zu Ti was nominated by the local administration to become a Xiaolian and a Xiucai, but he turned down both offers.

War of the Eight Princes

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After his stint in Sichuan, Zu Ti went on to serve several different lords during the so-called War of the Eight Princes (291–306). He first served under the Prince of Qi, Sima Jiong, then the Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai, then the Prince of Yuzhang, Sima Chi, before finally working with the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue. Zu Ti worked as a Registrar under Sima Ai and was in Luoyang when Ai was besieged by the coalition of Sima Yong and Sima Ying between 302 and 304. During the siege, Zu Ti advised Ai to send an imperial edict to Yong's general, Liu Chen (劉りゅう沈), ordering him to attack his superior. Ai did so and was able to convince Liu Chen, forcing Sima Yong to divert his attention to Chang'an.[2]

In 304, Zu Ti participated in Sima Yue's failed campaign in Dangyin (盪陰, today Tangyin County, Henan), where they were badly defeated by Sima Ying and forced back to Luoyang. While Emperor Hui of Jin was held hostage in Chang'an, Zu Ti was approached and invited to serve by several other princes, namely Sima Xiao (司馬しば虓), Sima Lüe (司馬しば略りゃく) and Sima Mo (司馬しば模も), but he declined them all. After his mother died, Zu Ti resigned from the government to mourn her.[3]

Fleeing south

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In 311, Luoyang and Emperor Huai of Jin were captured by the forces of Han-Zhao, a Xiongnu-led state that declared independence from Jin in 304. To avoid the chaos in the north, Zu Ti and a group of refugees decided to flee south of Yangtze River to Sikou (泗口, located at Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Zu walked on foot, giving his horses and carriages to the sick and old as well as giving food, clothes, and medicines to those who needed them. The group met with bandits along the way, but Zu was able to help them cope with this. Because of this, the refugees elected Zu to be their leader for the rest of their journey. After arriving in Sikou, Zu Ti was appointed the Inspector of Xuzhou and later the Army Libationer-Advisor by the Prince of Langye, Sima Rui. Zu based himself in Jingkou, where he began recruiting abled men into his army.[4]

Northern expedition

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Returning north

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In 313, a new Jin government was established in Chang'an headed by Emperor Min of Jin. Min sent an edict to Sima Rui instructing him to advance north to help in restoring the Central Plains. However, Rui showed very little interest in carrying out the edict. Seeing this, Zu confidently approached Sima Rui, volunteering himself to oversee an expedition to the north. Rui was not entirely moved by Zu's display of confidence, but nonetheless permitted him and appointed him as Inspector of Yuzhou and General Who Exerts Might. He also provided Zu Ti with food and clothes for his soldiers but not weapons and armor. Zu also had to do the recruitments himself.

Regardless, Zu Ti led his forces north and crossed the Yangtze. While crossing, Zu Ti was said to have struck his oar and declared, "If Zu Ti is not able to restore the Central Plains and return, then let he be like this great river (and never return)!" Zu Ti landed in Huaiyin county in 313, where he built smithies and foundries to have his soldiers produce their own weapons.[5]

Subduing Zhang Ping and Fan Ya

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Zu Ti's first adversaries in his northern expedition were the refugees-turned-warlords, Zhang Ping (張ちょう平たいら) and Fan Ya (樊雅), who had set up their fortresses in the princely fief of Qiao. The two men recently submitted to Jin, so in 317, Zu Ti camped at Luzhou and had his Army Advisor Yin Ai (殷いん乂) pay them visits. However, unbeknownst to Zu, Yin Ai offended Zhang Ping during his visit to the point that Zhang had Yin executed. Both Zhang and Zu Ti rallied their troops against each other soon after. Initially, Zu was unable to break through Zhang's defenses, so he instead plotted to have one of Zhang's generals, Xie Fu (謝しゃ浮), turn against him. His ploy succeeded, resulting in Xie Fu assassinating Zhang Ping and surrendering with the rest of Zhang's army. However, Zu Ti was running low on supplies, and he later moved to Taiqiu County (太ふとし丘おか; in present day Yongcheng, Henan).[6]

Parts of Qiao were still controlled by Fan Ya, who was startled by Zu Ti's recent actions. He led his troops to launch a night attack on Zu Ti's camp. Zu Ti's troops were caught by surprise, but Zu quickly regrouped them and turned away Fan Ya. Zu then attacked Fan but was caught in a stalemate, so he requested the Administrator of Chenliu, Chen Chuan (陳ひね川がわ), and the General of the Household of the South, Wang Han (王おう含) for reinforcements. Chen Chuan and Wang Han sent Li Tou (李り頭あたま) and Huan Xuan respectively to help Zu. Huan was a rather respected individual at the time, and knowing this, Zu decided to use him to negotiate peace with Fan Ya. Fan was convinced by Huan Xuan's reasoning and persuasion, so he agreed to surrender himself and Qiao to Zu Ti.[7]

Zu Ti's success in Qiao caught the attention of Han-Zhao's top general, Shi Le. Concerned, Le sent his nephew, Shi Hu, to capture Qiao. Wang Han dispatched Huan Xuan again to help Zu Ti, and together, they defeated and drove back Shi Hu.

Battle of Junyi

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In 319, Chen Chuan grew abhorrent of Zu Ti after hearing Li Tou lament about not being able to serve Zu, who had treated him well during their time against Fan Ya. Chen Chuan had Li Tou executed for his comments, but this caused Li's friend, Feng Chong (馮寵), to join Zu Ti with 400 people. Angered, Chen Chuan pillaged the commanderies of Yuzhou, but Zu Ti campaigned against and routed him.

After his defeat, Chen Chuan submitted to Shi Le, who at this point, had broken away from Han-Zhao and formed his state of Later Zhao. Zu Ti attacked Chen at Pengguan (蓬よもぎ關せき, in modern-day Chenliu, Henan) but was driven back by Shi Hu at Junyi county (浚儀, in modern-day Kaifeng). Reinforcements from Shi Le's general, Tao Bao forced Zu Ti to retreat to Huainan whilst Shi Hu relocated Chen Chuan and his followers to Zhao's capital in Xiangguo.[8] In 320, Zu Ti sent his general, Han Qian (韓かん潛せん) to attack Junyi. The city was split into two sections, with the eastern half occupied by Han Qian and the other occupied by Tao Bao.

Both sides suffered from food shortages, but Zu Ti was able to sell a false impression that his army was more well-supplied than Tao's, which demoralized the Later Zhao troops. Later, when the Zhao general, Liu Yetang (劉りゅう夜よる堂どう) was transporting grains for Tao Bao, Han Qian and another one of Zu Ti's generals, Feng Tie (馮鐵), attacked Liu at the Bian River and took all of the grains. After 40 days, Tao Bao began to feel overwhelmed, so he fled during the night and retreated to Dongye (東ひがし燕つばめ, in modern-day Henan). Zu Ti ordered Han Qian to place pressure on Tao from Fengqiu while Feng Tie occupied the rest of Junyi.[9]

Truce with Later Zhao

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At the same time, Zu Ti moved his base to Yongqiu and launched raids against the Later Zhao army, accepting many surrenders from their troops. He also got the Jin generals Guo Mo, Li Ju, Zhao Gu (趙ちょう固かたま) and Shangguan Si (上官じょうかん巳み), who were all stationed along the Huai River, to accept his authority after settling a quarrel between the four men. Later Zhao's borders were beginning to feel the strain, so Shi Le sought for peace with Zu Ti.

Shi Le restored Zu Ti's grandfather and father's tombs as an act of good faith and offered to allow trade between them. Although Zu Ti did not directly reply, trade between the two sides occurred just as Shi Le had wanted. One time, Zu Ti's General of the Standard, Tong Jian (童わらわ建けん) defected to Shi Le, but Shi had him beheaded. Tong's head was returned to Zu Ti along with a letter of friendship by Shi Le. Zu Ti was so impressed at his display that he later ordered his followers to return any defector from Zhao and forbid them from pillaging Shi Le's land. Conflict between the two sides gradually died down, and the border between Jin and Zhao experienced a short period of amity.[10]

Death

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While Zu Ti was campaigning against Shi Le, the tension between Sima Rui (Emperor Yuan of Jin as of 318) and his powerful general, Wang Dun was beginning to reach its breaking point. To protect himself from Wang, one decision that Emperor Yuan did in 321 was to appoint the southern gentry Dai Yuan (戴淵) as Chief Controller in Yuzhou, effectively making Zu Ti a subordinate to Dai. This left Zu distraught, as he did not think that Dai had the foresight to realize Zu's plans for the north. He also felt snubbed, seeing how quickly he was reduced to despite his efforts. Combined with the possibility of civil war in the south, Zu believed his ambitions to reclaim the north were over, and he soon became severely ill.[11]

Despite this, Zu insisted on making progress. He camped at Hulao (虎とら牢ろう, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) intending to build a barrier south of the city to defend against invading forces, but before he could complete it, he succumbed to his illness in 321. Zu Ti's death was mourned by the people of Yuzhou who deeply respected and loved him.[12]

Wang Dun had long feared Zu Ti's strength, so he was relieved by the news of his death and became more eager to oppose Sima Rui. Zu Ti's younger brother, Zu Yue, was appointed to replace him as General Who Pacifies The West and Inspector of Yuzhou, but he was not as talented Ti and not on good terms with his brother's generals. Later Zhao capitalized on Zu's death by resuming hostilities with Jin in 322. Zu Yue was unable to defend his territory and retreated to Shouchun, allowing Zhao to regain the territories they had lost to Zu Ti.[13]

Friendship with Liu Kun

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Zu Ti is most known for his friendship with another famous Jin general during his time, Liu Kun. The two met each other while serving as registrars in Sizhou in the 290s. The two were very close to one another, often discussing worldly affairs among themselves and even sharing the same bedchamber. When they could not sleep at night, they would often remind each other, "When the Four Seas boil and heroes rise side by side, you and I should avoid each other on the Central Plains."[14] After Zu Ti was transferred to a higher office, Liu Kun wrote to his relatives, "The spear is my pillow as I await dawn, for my ambition is to vanquish the enemy. I often fear that Zu Ti would be the first to crack the whip."[15]

"Rising at Cockcrow to Practice the Sword"

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A famous story goes that one night, when Zu Ti and Liu Kun were sleeping on the same bed, Zu heard the sound of a cockcrow in the middle of the night. In old times, this was seen as a bad omen. However, Zu saw this differently. He kicked Liu Kun awake, telling him, "This is no evil sound." They then got out of their bed and performed a sword dance. A Chinese proverb, "rising at cockcrow to practice the sword (聞雞起おこり舞まい)" is accredited to this story, and is used to describe diligence.[16]

References

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  1. ^ (世よ吏二に千せん石せき，為ため北きた州しゅう舊姓きゅうせい。逖性豁蕩，不ふ修おさむ儀ぎ檢けん，年ねん十じゅう四よん五ご猶なお未知みち書しょ，諸兄しょけい每ごと憂う之これ。然しか輕けい財ざい好こう俠，慷慨こうがい有ゆう節ぶし尚なお，每まい至いたり田舍いなか，輒稱兄けい意い，散ち穀こく帛以周しゅう貧乏びんぼう，鄉黨きょうとう宗族そうぞく以是重之しげゆき。後こう乃博覽はくらん書記しょき，該涉古今ここん，往來おうらい京師けいし，見み者しゃ謂いい逖有贊さん世才せさい具ぐ。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  2. ^ (驃騎主ぬし簿ぼ范陽祖そ逖言於乂曰：「劉りゅう沈忠義ちゅうぎ果はて毅あつし，雍州兵へい力足ちからあし制せい河間こうま，宜むべ啓上けいじょう爲ため詔みことのり與あずか沈，使つかい發はつ兵へい襲かさね顒。顒窘急きゅう，必召張はり方かた以自救すくえ，此良策さく也。」乂從之の。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.85
  3. ^ (從したがえ惠めぐみ帝みかど北きた伐き，王師おうし敗はい績於蕩とろけ陰かげ，遂とげ退ずさ還かえ洛らく。大だい駕が西幸にしさいわい長安ながやす，關東かんとう諸侯しょこう范陽王おう虓、高密こうみつ王おう略りゃく、平たいら昌あきら公おおやけ模も等とう競きおい召之，皆みな不ふ就。東海とうかい王越おうごし以逖為ため典てん兵へい參さん軍ぐん、濟すみ陰かげ太守たいしゅ，母はは喪も不ふ之これ官かん。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  4. ^ (及京師し大亂たいらん，逖率親おや黨とう數すう百ひゃく家いえ避地淮泗，以所乘車じょうしゃ馬ば載の同行どうこう老ろう疾やまし，躬自徒步とほ，藥物やくぶつ衣糧いりょう與あずか眾共之の，又また多た權けん略りゃく，是ぜ以少長ちょう咸宗之の，推逖爲ため行ぎょう主ぬし。達いたる泗口，元もと帝みかど逆用ぎゃくよう爲ため徐じょ州しゅう刺史しし，尋ひろ徵ちょう軍ぐん諮はか祭まつり酒しゅ，居きょ丹に徒之かちの京口きょうぐち。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  5. ^ (時とき帝みかど方かた拓ひらけ定てい江南こうなん，未み遑北伐き，逖進說せつ曰："晉すすむ室しつ之の亂みだれ，非ひ上うえ無道むどう而下怨叛也。由よし藩はん王おう爭そう權けん，自じ相あい誅滅ちゅうめつ，遂とげ使し戎えびす狄乘隙すき，毒どく流りゅう中原なかはら。今いま遺のこ黎はじむ既すんで被ひ殘酷ざんこく，人にん有ゆう奮擊之の志こころざし。大王だいおう誠まこと能のう發はつ威い命いのち將はた，使つかい若わか逖等為ため之の統すべ主ぬし，則すなわち郡ぐん國こく豪傑ごうけつ必因風向ふうこう赴，沈弱之の士し欣於來らい蘇そ，庶幾しょき國こく恥はじ可か雪ゆき，願ねがい大王だいおう圖ず之の。"帝みかど乃以逖為奮威將軍しょうぐん、豫よ州しゅう刺史しし，給きゅう千せん人にん稟，布ぬの三さん千せん匹ひき，不ふ給きゅう鎧よろい仗，使つかい自じ招募。仍將本流ほんりゅう徙部曲きょく百ひゃく餘あまり家か渡江とのえ，中流ちゅうりゅう擊げき楫かじ而誓曰：「祖そ逖不能ふのう清きよし中原なかはら而復濟ずみ者しゃ，有ゆう如大江おおえ！」辭色じしょく壯烈そうれつ，眾皆慨歎がいたん。屯たむろ于江陰かげ，起おこり冶鑄兵器へいき，得とく二に千せん餘人よにん而後進こうしん。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  6. ^ (初はつ，北中きたじゅう郎ろう將はた劉りゅう演えんじ距于石せき勒也，流人るにん塢主張しゅちょう平ひらめ、樊雅等とう在ざい譙，演えんじ署しょ平ひらた爲ため豫よ州しゅう刺史しし，雅まさ爲ため譙郡太守たいしゅ。又また有ゆう董ただし瞻、于武、謝しゃ浮等十じゅう餘よ部ぶ，眾各數すう百ひゃく，皆みな統すべ屬ぞく平たいら。逖誘浮使取と平ひらめ，浮譎平ひらめ與あずか會かい，遂とげ斬き以獻逖。帝みかど嘉よしみ逖勳，使つかい運うん糧かて給きゅう之の，而道遠とお不ふ至いたり，軍ぐん中大ちゅうだい饑ひだる。進すすむ據よりどころ太ふとし丘おか。樊雅遣や眾夜襲やしゅう逖，遂とげ入にゅう壘るい，拔戟大呼たいこ，直ちょく趣おもむき逖幕，軍ぐん土ど大亂たいらん。逖命左右さゆう距之，督とく護まもる董ただし昭あきら與あずか賊ぞく戰せん，走はし之これ。逖率眾追討ついとう，而張平たいら餘あまり眾助雅まさ攻おさむ逖。蓬よもぎ陂塢主ぬし陳ひね川がわ，自じ號ごう甯朔將軍しょうぐん、陳ちん留とめ太守たいしゅ。逖遣使し求もとめ救すくい於川，川かわ遣や將はた李り頭あたま率りつ眾援之の，逖遂克かつ譙城。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  7. ^ (含遣宣せん領りょう兵へい五ご百ひゃく助じょ逖。逖謂宣せん曰：“卿きょう先さき已やめ說せつ平ひらめ、雅まさ，信義しんぎ大著たいちょ於彼。今こん復ふく為ため我が說せつ雅みやび。雅まさ若わか降くだ者しゃ，方ぽう相しょう擢用，不ふ但ただし免めん死し而已。”宣せん複ふく單たん馬うま從したがえ兩人りょうにん詣まい雅みやび，曰：“祖そ逖方欲ほし平ひら蕩とろけ二に寇，每まい何なん卿きょう為ため援。前ぜん殷いん乂輕薄うす，非ひ豫よ州しゅう意い。今こん若わか和解わかい，則のり忠ちゅう勳くん可か立りつ，富貴ふうき可か保ほ。若わか猶なお固執こしつ，東ひがし府ふ赫然更さら遣や猛もう將しょう，以卿烏合うごう之の眾，憑阻窮きゅう城じょう，強つよ賊ぞく伺其北きた，國家こっか攻おさむ其南，萬まん無む一いち全ぜん也。願ねがい善ぜん量りょう之の。”雅みやび即そく斬き異い己おのれ者しゃ，遂とげ出で降ぶ。) Jin Shu, vol.81
  8. ^ (李り頭あたま之の討樊雅也まさや，力戰りきせん有ゆう勳くん。逖時獲え雅みやび駿馬しゅんめ，頭とう甚欲之の而不敢言，逖知其意，遂とげ與あずか之これ。頭あたま感かん逖恩遇ぐう，每まい歎曰：“若わか得とく此人為ため主ぬし，吾われ死し無む恨。”川かわ聞而怒いか，遂とげ殺ころせ頭あたま。頭あたま親おや党とう馮寵率りつ其屬四よん百ひゃく入にゅう歸き於逖，川かわ益えき怒いか，遣や將はた魏ぎ碩せき掠かすめ豫よ州しゅう諸もろ郡ぐん，大だい獲え子女しじょ車馬しゃば。逖遣將軍しょうぐん衛まもる策さく邀擊ようげき於谷水すい，盡つき獲え所しょ掠かすめ者しゃ，皆みな令れい歸き本ほん，軍ぐん無私むし焉。川かわ大だい懼，遂とげ以眾附ふ石せき勒。逖率眾伐川かわ，石せき季き龍りゅう領りょう兵へい五ご萬まん救すくい川がわ，逖設奇き以擊之の，季き龍りゅう大敗たいはい，收おさむ兵へい掠かすめ豫よ州しゅう，徙陳川がわ還かえ襄じょう國こく，留とめ桃もも豹ひょう等とう守川もりかわ故こ城しろ，住じゅう西台にしだい。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  9. ^ (逖遣將はた韓かん潛せん等とう鎮東台だい。同一どういつ大城おおき，賊ぞく從したがえ南みなみ門もん出入でいり放牧ほうぼく，逖軍開東かいとう門もん，相そう守もり四よん旬しゅん。逖以布ぬの囊盛土ど如米狀じょう，使つかい千せん餘人よにん運上うんじょう臺だい，又また令れい數すう人にん擔米，偽にせ為ため疲つかれ極ごく而息於道，賊ぞく果はて逐之，皆みな棄擔而走。賊ぞく既すんで獲え米まい，謂いい逖士眾豐飽，而胡戍饑久ひさし，益えき懼，無む複ふく膽きも氣き。石いし勒將劉りゅう夜よる堂どう以驢千頭運糧以饋桃豹，逖遣韓かん潛せん、馮鐵等とう追擊ついげき於汴水すい，盡つき獲え之これ。豹ひょう宵よい遁，退すさ據よりどころ東ひがし燕つばめ城じょう，逖使潛せん進しん屯たむろ封ふう丘おか以逼之の。馮鐵據よりどころ二に台だい，逖鎮雍丘。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  10. ^ (祖そ逖牙門もん童わらわ建けん害がい新しん蔡內史し周密しゅうみつ，遣や使つかい降くだ於勒。勒斬之の，送おく首くび於祖逖，曰：“天下てんか之の惡あく一也かずや。叛臣逃吏，吾われ之の深ふか仇かたき，將軍しょうぐん之の惡あく，猶なお吾われ惡あく也。”逖遣使し報謝ほうしゃ。自じ是ぜ兗豫間あいだ壘壁るいへき叛者，逖皆不納ふのう，二州之人率多兩屬矣。) Jin Shu, vol.105
  11. ^ (逖雖內懷憂う憤いきどお，而圖進取しんしゅ不ふ輟，營繕えいぜん武ぶ牢ろう城じょう，城北しろきた臨黃河かわ，西にし接せっ成なり皋，四よん望もち甚遠。逖恐南無なむ堅壘けんるい，必為賊ぞく所しょ襲かさね，乃使從したがえ子こ汝なんじ南みなみ太守たいしゅ濟ずみ率りつ汝なんじ陽ひ太守たいしゅ張ちょう敞たかし、新しん蔡內史し周しゅう閎率眾築壘るい。未成みせい，而逖病びょう甚。俄にわか卒そつ於雍丘おか，時じ年ねん五ご十じゅう六ろく。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  12. ^ (逖雖內懷憂う憤いきどお，而圖進取しんしゅ不ふ輟，營繕えいぜん武ぶ牢ろう城じょう，城北しろきた臨黃河かわ，西にし接せっ成なり皋，四よん望もち甚遠。逖恐南無なむ堅壘けんるい，必爲賊ぞく所しょ襲かさね，乃使從したがえ子こ汝なんじ南みなみ太守たいしゅ濟ずみ率りつ汝なんじ陽ひ太守たいしゅ張ちょう敞たかし、新しん蔡內史し周しゅう閎率眾築壘るい。未成みせい，而逖病びょう甚... 俄にわか卒そつ於雍丘おか，時じ年ねん五ご十じゅう六ろく。豫よ州しゅう士し女おんな若わか喪も考妣こうひ，譙梁百姓ひゃくしょう爲之ためゆき立たて祠ほこら。) Jin Shu, vol.62
  13. ^ (祖そ逖旣卒そつ，後ご趙ちょう屢寇河南かなん，拔襄城じょう、城しろ父ちち，圍かこえ譙。豫よ州しゅう刺史しし祖そ約やく不能ふのう禦，退すさ屯たむろ壽ことぶき春はる。後こう趙ちょう遂とげ取ど陳ひね留とめ，梁りょう、鄭てい之の間あいだ復ふく騷然そうぜん矣。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.91
  14. ^ (逖、琨並有ゆう英氣えいき，每まい語かたり世事せじ，或ある中なか宵よい起おこり坐すわ，相あい謂いい曰："若わか四海しかい鼎かなえ沸にえ，豪傑ごうけつ並なみ起おこり，吾われ與あずか足下あしもと當とう相あい避于中原なかはら耳みみ。") Jin Shu, vol.62
  15. ^ (與あずか范陽祖そ逖為友とも，聞逖被ひ用もちい，與あずか親しん故ゆえ書しょ曰：「吾われ枕まくら戈ほこ待まち旦だん，志こころざし梟ふくろう逆ぎゃく虜とりこ，常つね恐おそれ祖生そう先さき吾われ著ちょ鞭むち。」) Jin Shu, vol.62
  16. ^ (與あずか司つかさ空そら劉りゅう琨俱為ため司つかさ州しゅう主おも簿ぼ，情じょう好こう綢繆，共きょう被ひ同どう寢ね。中ちゅう夜よる聞荒雞鳴，蹴け琨覺曰：“此非惡聲あくせい也。”因いん起おこり舞まい。) Jin Shu, vol.62
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