Nobel Peace Prize: Difference between revisions

Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize
	Jimmy Carter's 2002 Nobel Peace Prize
Awarded for	Outstanding contributions to peace: arms reduction, international cooperation, and organisations contributing to peace, and human rights contributions to peace
Location	Oslo, Norway
Presented by	Norwegian Nobel Committee on behalf of the estate of Alfred Nobel
Reward(s)	11 million SEK (2023)[third-party source needed]; 10 million SEK (2022)
First awarded	10 December 1901; 122 years ago
Currently held by	Narges Mohammadi (2023)
Most awards	International Committee of the Red Cross (3)
Website	Nobelprize.org

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 19:51, 10 May 2024

"We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough!"

— Rabin, who was given the award in 1994, said on behalf of the Israeli people^[6]^[7] after the historical handshake with Yasser Arafat,^[8]

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901,^[9] it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to people who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."^[10] The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History describes it as "the most prestigious prize in the world."^[11]

In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 2020 the prize is awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo, where it was also awarded 1947–1989; the Abel Prize is also awarded in the building.^[12] The prize was previously awarded in Oslo City Hall (1990–2019), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), and the Parliament (1901–1904).

Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the subject of numerous controversies. The most recent prize was awarded to women's rights advocate Narges Mohammadi from Iran for her work in "fighting against the oppression of women in Iran."^[13]

Background

According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".^[14] Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.^[15]^[16]

Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.^[17] Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war^[18] and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.^[19] Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.

It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.^[17]

Nomination and selection

The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

Nomination

Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.^[20] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.^[21] These nominators are:

Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague
Members of Institut de Droit International
Academics at the professor or associate professor level in history, social sciences, philosophy, law, and theology, university rectors, university directors (or their equivalents), and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes
Previous recipients, including board members of organizations that have received the prize
Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute

The working language of the Norwegian Nobel Committee is Norwegian; in addition to Norwegian the committee has traditionally received nominations in French, German, and English, but today most nominations are submitted in either Norwegian or English. Nominations must usually be submitted to the committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.^[21]

In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,^[22] but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.^[23] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.^[24] Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.^[25] Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain.^[26] Nominations from 1901 to 1971 have been released in a database.^[27]

Selection

Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a shortlist of candidates for further review is created. This shortlist is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the institute's Director and Research Director, and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but it is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October.^[28]

Awarding the prize

The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway and the Norwegian royal family on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.^[29] The money awarded varies over time, depending on the profitability of the Nobel bequest's investments and the exchange rate to the recipient's local currency. Around 2020, typical awards were on the order of roughly 10 million SEK, which translated to roughly 1 million USD.^[3]

Since 1990, the ceremony has taken place at Oslo City Hall.

From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, a few hundred meters from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament).^[30]

Medal

The medal for the Peace Prize was designed by the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland in 1901. Vigeland's profile sculpture of Alfred Nobel differs from Erik Lindberg's profile of Nobel on the chemistry, literature, physics, and physiology or medicine medals. The dies for Vigeland's peace medal were made by Lindberg as Vigeland was not an engraver.^[31] The reverse of the medal features three men in a 'fraternal bond' and the inscription "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium" ("For the peace and brotherhood of men").^[31] The edge of the medal is inscribed with the year of its awarding, with the name of its recipient and "Prix Nobel de la Paix".^[31]

Laureates

As of October 2022^[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 110 individuals and 27 organizations. 18 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).^[32] Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.^[33]

Reception

Some commentators have suggested that the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,^[34] or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.^[34]^[35] Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.^[36] Further criticism holds that the Nobel Peace Prize has become increasingly politicized, in which people are awarded for aspirations rather than accomplishments, which has allowed for the prize to be used for political effect but can cause perverse consequences due to the neglect of existing power politics, including the breakdown of fragile peace processes.^[37]

In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation-building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.^[38]

In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.^[39]

Acclamation

Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.
— Yitzhak Rabin, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture^[40]

Criticism of individual conferments

Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been levelled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by a faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace.^[41] The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev,^[42] Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat,^[43]^[44] Lê Đức Thọ, Henry Kissinger,^[45] Jimmy Carter,^[46] Barack Obama,^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] Abiy Ahmed,^[51]^[52]^[53] and the European Union^[54] have all been the subject of controversy.

Notable omissions

Foreign Policy has listed Corazon Aquino, Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, and Fazle Hasan Abed as people who "never won the prize, but should have."^[55]^[56]

The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.^[57]^[58] The committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.^[59] The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.^[57] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question."^[60] In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."^[61]

References

^ "Behind the scenes of the Nobel Peace Prize". The Nobel Prize. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ "The Nobel Prize amounts". The Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
^ ^a ^b Morris, Chris (5 October 2022). "Nobel Peace Prize winners actually get a lot of money. Here's how much they can expect". Fortune. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2022". The Nobel Prize. 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Rabin, Yitzhak (17 November 1996). The Rabin Memoirs, Expanded Edition with Recent Speeches, New Photographs, and an Afterword. University of California Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-520-20766-0. Let me say to you, the Palestinians: We are destined to live together, on the same soil in the same land. We, the soldiers who have returned from battle stained with blood, we who have seen our relatives and friends killed before our eyes, we who have attended their funerals and cannot look into the eyes of parents and orphans, we who have come from a land where parents bury their children, we who have fought against you, the Palestinians – we say to you today in a loud and clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough.
^ Dicus, Howard (1993). "1993 Year in Review: Israeli-Palestinian Peace Treaty". United Press International. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ "20 years on, Rabin's right-hand man regrets arguments won, and lost". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". Nobel Foundation. 1972. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "Nobel Peace Prize", The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History
^ Palmowski, Jan (1 January 2008), "Nobel Peace Prize", A Dictionary of Contemporary World History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-929567-8, archived from the original on 29 March 2024, retrieved 6 April 2023
^ "I år skal Nobels fredspris utdeles på UiO - Uniforum". www.uniforum.uio.no. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Boxerman, Aaron (6 October 2023). "Nobel Peace Prize: Narges Mohammadi, Jailed Iranian Activist, Is 2023 Laureate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
^ "Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
^ Nordlinger, Jay (20 March 2012). Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World. Encounter Books. p. 24. ISBN 9781594035999.
^ Levush, Ruth (7 December 2015). "Alfred Nobel's Will: A Legal Document that Might Have Changed the World and a Man's Legacy | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress". blogs.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Why Norway?". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^ Altman, L. (2006). Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen Archived 30 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
^ BBC History – 1916 Easter Rising – Profiles – The Irish Republican Brotherhood Archived 1 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine BBC
^ "Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Who may submit nominations?". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize". Associated Press on yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
^ "Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
^ "Confidentiality". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ "Who may submit nominations – Nobels fredspris". Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
^ Merelli, Annelise (7 October 2016). "The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize". Qz.com. Quartz Media. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ "Nomination Archive". Nobel Foundation. April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ "How are Laureates selected?". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^ "What the Nobel Laureates Receive". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007.
^ "Prisutdelingen | Nobels fredspris". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Nobel Peace Prize Medal". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
^ Rothman, Lily (9 October 2015). "Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected". TIME.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b Nichols, Michelle (9 October 2009). "Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Taylor, Adam (17 September 2015). "Obama's peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^ Murphy, Clare (10 August 2004). "The Nobel: Dynamite or damp squib?". BBC online. BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^ KREBS, RONALD R. (Winter 2009–10). "The False Promise of the Nobel Peace Prize". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (4): 593–625. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00660.x. JSTOR 25655740.
^ Aspøy, Arild (4 October 2011). "Fredsprisens gråsoner". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 4. Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter.
^ Nobel, Michael (9 December 2011). "I strid med Nobels vilje". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture (10 December 1994)
^ "Controversies and criticisms". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Rule, Sheila (16 October 1990). "Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Said, Edward (1996). Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76725-8.
^ Gotlieb, Michael (24 October 1994). "Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy". The San Diego Union – Tribune. p. B7.
^ "Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards". The Times. London. 18 October 1973. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ Douglas G. Brinkley. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize (1999)^{[page needed]}
^ "Nobel chief regrets Obama peace prize". BBC News. 17 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ "Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
^ Otterman, Sharon (9 October 2009), "World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise", The New York Times, archived from the original on 13 October 2009, retrieved 9 October 2009
^ "Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?". Reuters.com. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
^ Walsh, Declan (15 December 2021). "The Nobel Peace Prize That Paved the Way for War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee (26 September 2022). "Did a Nobel Peace Laureate Stoke a Civil War?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ "Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The Nobel Prize winner who went to war". BBC News. 11 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
^ Criscione, Valeria (7 December 2012). "Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
^ Kenner, David. (7 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans" Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 October 2009
^ James, Frank (9 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize's Notable Omissions". NPR. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Tønnesson, Øyvind (7 July 2022). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
^ "Your Questions About the Nobel Peace Prize!". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007.
^ "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956: Gandhi". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
^ "Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century". Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011. Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century
^ "Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2014.

External links

"The Nobel Peace Prize" – Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
"The Nobel Peace Prize" at the official site of the Nobel Prize
- "All Nobel Laureates in Peace"
- "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"
"National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 by citizenship (or home of the organization) at the time of the award." – From J. Schmidhuber (2010): Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1

[1] "Behind the scenes of the Nobel Peace Prize". The Nobel Prize. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[2] "The Nobel Prize amounts". The Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2023.

[Fortune-3] Morris, Chris (5 October 2022). "Nobel Peace Prize winners actually get a lot of money. Here's how much they can expect". Fortune. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[4] "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2017.

[5] "The Nobel Peace Prize 2022". The Nobel Prize. 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[6] Rabin, Yitzhak (17 November 1996). The Rabin Memoirs, Expanded Edition with Recent Speeches, New Photographs, and an Afterword. University of California Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-520-20766-0. Let me say to you, the Palestinians: We are destined to live together, on the same soil in the same land. We, the soldiers who have returned from battle stained with blood, we who have seen our relatives and friends killed before our eyes, we who have attended their funerals and cannot look into the eyes of parents and orphans, we who have come from a land where parents bury their children, we who have fought against you, the Palestinians – we say to you today in a loud and clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough.

[DicusUPI1993-7] Dicus, Howard (1993). "1993 Year in Review: Israeli-Palestinian Peace Treaty". United Press International. Retrieved 16 September 2012.

[8] "20 years on, Rabin's right-hand man regrets arguments won, and lost". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 November 2016.

[9] "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". Nobel Foundation. 1972. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2016.

[10] "Nobel Peace Prize", The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History

[11] Palmowski, Jan (1 January 2008), "Nobel Peace Prize", A Dictionary of Contemporary World History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-929567-8, archived from the original on 29 March 2024, retrieved 6 April 2023

[12] "I år skal Nobels fredspris utdeles på UiO - Uniforum". www.uniforum.uio.no. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[13] Boxerman, Aaron (6 October 2023). "Nobel Peace Prize: Narges Mohammadi, Jailed Iranian Activist, Is 2023 Laureate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2023.

[14] "Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2008.

[15] Nordlinger, Jay (20 March 2012). Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World. Encounter Books. p. 24. ISBN 9781594035999.

[16] Levush, Ruth (7 December 2015). "Alfred Nobel's Will: A Legal Document that Might Have Changed the World and a Man's Legacy | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress". blogs.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.

[Why_Norway?-17] "Why Norway?". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

[18] Altman, L. (2006). Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen Archived 30 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2006.

[19] BBC History – 1916 Easter Rising – Profiles – The Irish Republican Brotherhood Archived 1 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine BBC

[20] "Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.

[nomination-21] "Who may submit nominations?". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2009.

[22] "President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize". Associated Press on yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.

[23] "Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.

[24] "Confidentiality". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.

[25] "Who may submit nominations – Nobels fredspris". Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2014.

[26] Merelli, Annelise (7 October 2016). "The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize". Qz.com. Quartz Media. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.

[27] "Nomination Archive". Nobel Foundation. April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

[selection-28] "How are Laureates selected?". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.

[29] "What the Nobel Laureates Receive". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007.

[30] "Prisutdelingen | Nobels fredspris". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.

[NobelPeace-31] "The Nobel Peace Prize Medal". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[Nobel_facts22-32] "Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2022.

[33] Rothman, Lily (9 October 2015). "Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected". TIME.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.

[reuters.com-34] Nichols, Michelle (9 October 2009). "Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[35] Taylor, Adam (17 September 2015). "Obama's peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

[Murphy-36] Murphy, Clare (10 August 2004). "The Nobel: Dynamite or damp squib?". BBC online. BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

[37] KREBS, RONALD R. (Winter 2009–10). "The False Promise of the Nobel Peace Prize". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (4): 593–625. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00660.x. JSTOR 25655740.

[Aftenposten20111004-38] Aspøy, Arild (4 October 2011). "Fredsprisens gråsoner". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 4. Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter.

[39] Nobel, Michael (9 December 2011). "I strid med Nobels vilje". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

[40] 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture (10 December 1994)

[41] "Controversies and criticisms". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[42] Rule, Sheila (16 October 1990). "Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[43] Said, Edward (1996). Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76725-8.

[44] Gotlieb, Michael (24 October 1994). "Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy". The San Diego Union – Tribune. p. B7.

[1973Times-45] "Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards". The Times. London. 18 October 1973. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.

[46] Douglas G. Brinkley. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize (1999)^{[page needed]}

[47] "Nobel chief regrets Obama peace prize". BBC News. 17 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[48] "Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.

[49] Otterman, Sharon (9 October 2009), "World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise", The New York Times, archived from the original on 13 October 2009, retrieved 9 October 2009

[50] "Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?". Reuters.com. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[51] Walsh, Declan (15 December 2021). "The Nobel Peace Prize That Paved the Way for War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[52] Anderson, Jon Lee (26 September 2022). "Did a Nobel Peace Laureate Stoke a Civil War?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[53] "Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The Nobel Prize winner who went to war". BBC News. 11 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[54] Criscione, Valeria (7 December 2012). "Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

[55] Kenner, David. (7 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans" Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 October 2009

[56] James, Frank (9 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize's Notable Omissions". NPR. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

[gandhi-57] Tønnesson, Øyvind (7 July 2022). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2022.

[58] "Your Questions About the Nobel Peace Prize!". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007.

[59] "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956: Gandhi". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.

[60] "Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century". Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011. Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century

[61] "Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|One of five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel}}
 {{Redirect|Nobel Peace|the film|Nobel Peace (film)}}
-{{for|the list of laureates|List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
 {{Infobox award
- | name        = Nobel Peace Prize
+| name = Nobel Peace Prize
- | image       = 1933 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Norman Angell.png
+| image = President Jimmy Carter's 2002 Nobel Peace Prize - Bronze Medal - At Visitor's Center - Plains - Georgia - USA (34208881752).jpg
- | alt         =
+| alt =
+| caption = [[Jimmy Carter]]'s 2002 Nobel Peace Prize
- | awarded_for = Outstanding contributions to [[peace]]: arms reduction, international cooperation, and organisations contributing to peace, and human rights contributions to peace<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/behind-the-scenes-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Behind the scenes of the Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=The Nobel Prize | date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>
+| awarded_for = Outstanding contributions to [[peace]]: arms reduction, international cooperation, and organisations contributing to peace, and human rights contributions to peace<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/behind-the-scenes-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Behind the scenes of the Nobel Peace Prize | publisher=The Nobel Prize | date=28 September 2021 | access-date=29 March 2024 | archive-date=15 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215111745/https://www.nobelprize.org/behind-the-scenes-of-the-nobel-peace-prize/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
- | presenter   = [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] on behalf of the estate of [[Alfred Nobel]]
+| presenter = [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] on behalf of the estate of [[Alfred Nobel]]
- | location    = [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
+| location = [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
- | year        = {{start date and age|1901|12|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |website=www.nobelprize.org |access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>
+| year = {{start date and age|1901|12|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |website=www.nobelprize.org |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
- | reward      = 11 million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize amounts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |publisher=The Nobel Prize}}</ref>{{third-party inline|date=December 2023}}<br />10 million SEK (2022)<ref name=Fortune />
- | holder = [[Narges Mohammadi]] [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|(2023)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/|publisher=The Nobel Prize| date=7 October 2022}}</ref>
+| reward = 11 million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize amounts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |publisher=The Nobel Prize |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{third-party inline|date=December 2023}}<br />10 million SEK (2022)<ref name=Fortune />
+| holder = [[Narges Mohammadi]] [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|(2023)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/|publisher=The Nobel Prize|date=7 October 2022|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092351/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/|url-status=live}}</ref>
- | most_awards = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (3)
+| most_awards = [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (3)
- | website     = {{URL|http://nobelprize.org|Nobelprize.org}}
+| website = {{URL|http://nobelprize.org|Nobelprize.org}}
- | previous     = [[2022 Nobel Peace Prize|2022]]
- | main         = [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|2023]]
+| previous = [[2022 Nobel Peace Prize|2022]]
- | next         = [[2024 Nobel Peace Prize|2024]]}}
+| main = [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|2023]]
+| next = [[2024 Nobel Peace Prize|2024]]
+}}
+{{Quote box
+| quote = "We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough!"
+| source = — [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]], who was given the award in 1994, said on behalf of the Israeli people<ref>{{cite book|first=Yitzhak|last=Rabin|title=The Rabin Memoirs, Expanded Edition with Recent Speeches, New Photographs, and an Afterword|date=17 November 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20766-0|page=401|quote=Let me say to you, the Palestinians: We are destined to live together, on the same soil in the same land. We, the soldiers who have returned from battle stained with blood, we who have seen our relatives and friends killed before our eyes, we who have attended their funerals and cannot look into the eyes of parents and orphans, we who have come from a land where parents bury their children, we who have fought against you, the Palestinians – we say to you today in a loud and clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8sjKSTvFwC&q=We+say+to+you+today+in+a+loud+and+clear+voice%3A+Enough+of+blood+and+tears.+Enough.&pg=PA401}}</ref><ref name=DicusUPI1993>{{cite web |author=Dicus, Howard |year=1993 |title=1993 Year in Review: Israeli-Palestinian Peace Treaty |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1993/Israeli-Palestinian-Peace-Treaty/12315348902747-2/ |publisher=United Press International |access-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> after the historical handshake with [[Yasser Arafat]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/20-years-on-rabins-right-hand-man-regrets-arguments-won-and-lost/|title=20 years on, Rabin's right-hand man regrets arguments won, and lost|newspaper=The Times of Israel|access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>
+| align = right
+| width = 22em
+| bgcolor = lightyellow
+}}
-The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] and {{lang-no|Nobels fredspris}}) is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer [[Alfred Nobel]], along with the prizes in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] and [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]. Since March 1901,<ref>{{cite web |date=1972 |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |archive-date=2 January 2007 |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of [[peace congress]]es".<ref>"Nobel Peace Prize", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''</ref> ''The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History'' describes it as "the most prestigious prize in the world".<ref>{{Citation |last=Palmowski |first=Jan |title=Nobel Peace Prize |date=1 January 2008 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-1700 |work=A Dictionary of Contemporary World History |access-date=6 April 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-929567-8}}</ref>
+The '''Nobel Peace Prize''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] and {{lang-no|Nobels fredspris}}) is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer [[Alfred Nobel]], along with the prizes in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]], and [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]. Since March 1901,<ref>{{cite web |date=1972 |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/address.html |archive-date=2 January 2007 |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to people who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of [[peace congress]]es."<ref>"Nobel Peace Prize", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''</ref> ''The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History'' describes it as "'''the most prestigious prize in the world'''."<ref>{{Citation |last=Palmowski |first=Jan |title=Nobel Peace Prize |date=1 January 2008 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-1700 |work=A Dictionary of Contemporary World History |access-date=6 April 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-929567-8 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133109/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-1700 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]], a five-member committee appointed by the [[Parliament of Norway]]. Since 2020 the prize is awarded in the [[University of Oslo Faculty of Law|Atrium]] of the [[University of Oslo]], where it was also awarded 1947–1989; the [[Abel Prize]] is also awarded in the building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2020/09/nobels-fredspris-i-aulaen.html|title=I år skal Nobels fredspris utdeles på UiO - Uniforum|website=www.uniforum.uio.no}}</ref> The prize was previously awarded in [[Oslo City Hall]] (1990–2019), the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]] (1905–1946), and the [[Storting building|Parliament]] (1901–1904).
+In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]], a five-member committee appointed by the [[Parliament of Norway]]. Since 2020 the prize is awarded in the [[University of Oslo Faculty of Law|Atrium]] of the [[University of Oslo]], where it was also awarded 1947–1989; the [[Abel Prize]] is also awarded in the building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2020/09/nobels-fredspris-i-aulaen.html|title=I år skal Nobels fredspris utdeles på UiO - Uniforum|website=www.uniforum.uio.no|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212003308/https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2020/09/nobels-fredspris-i-aulaen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The prize was previously awarded in [[Oslo City Hall]] (1990–2019), the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]] (1905–1946), and the [[Storting building|Parliament]] (1901–1904).
-Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the [[Nobel Prize controversies#Peace|subject of numerous controversies]]. The [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|most recent prize]] was awarded to women's rights advocate [[Narges Mohammadi]] from Iran for her work in "fighting against the oppression of women in Iran".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=2023-10-06 |title=Nobel Peace Prize: Narges Mohammadi, Jailed Iranian Activist, Is 2023 Laureate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/06/world/nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the [[Nobel Prize controversies#Peace|subject of numerous controversies]]. The [[2023 Nobel Peace Prize|most recent prize]] was awarded to women's rights advocate [[Narges Mohammadi]] from Iran for her work in "fighting against the oppression of women in Iran."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=2023-10-06 |title=Nobel Peace Prize: Narges Mohammadi, Jailed Iranian Activist, Is 2023 Laureate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/06/world/nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117071754/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/06/world/nobel-peace-prize |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Background==
 [[File:AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Alfred Nobel]]]]
-According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | access-date = 31 March 2008 | title = Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel | publisher = [[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nordlinger |first=Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord |title=Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World |date=20 March 2012 |publisher=Encounter Books |isbn=9781594035999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord/page/24 24] |language=en |quote= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|title=Alfred Nobel's Will: A Legal Document that Might Have Changed the World and a Man's Legacy {{!}} In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress|last=Levush|first=Ruth|date=7 December 2015|website=blogs.loc.gov|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
+According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | access-date = 31 March 2008 | title = Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel | publisher = [[Nobel Foundation]] | archive-date = 15 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180815060015/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nordlinger |first=Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord |title=Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World |date=20 March 2012 |publisher=Encounter Books |isbn=9781594035999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord/page/24 24] |language=en |quote= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|title=Alfred Nobel's Will: A Legal Document that Might Have Changed the World and a Man's Legacy {{!}} In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress|last=Levush|first=Ruth|date=7 December 2015|website=blogs.loc.gov|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195227/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing [[peace]] as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with [[Bertha von Suttner]], a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.<ref name="Why Norway?">{{cite web
@@ Line 34: / Line 42: @@
  | publisher = The Norwegian Nobel Committee
  | url = https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Why-Norway
+ | access-date = 11 October 2009
- | access-date = 11 October 2009}}</ref> Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included [[dynamite]] and [[ballistite]], both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war<ref>Altman, L. (2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen]. ''New York Times''. Retrieved 14 October 2006.</ref> and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml BBC History – 1916 Easter Rising – Profiles – The Irish Republican Brotherhood] ''BBC''</ref> Nobel was also instrumental in turning [[Bofors]] from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.
+ | archive-date = 5 November 2018
+ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181105210706/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Why-Norway
+ | url-status = live
+ }}</ref> Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included [[dynamite]] and [[ballistite]], both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war<ref>Altman, L. (2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130124239/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 |date=30 January 2016 }}. ''New York Times''. Retrieved 14 October 2006.</ref> and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml BBC History – 1916 Easter Rising – Profiles – The Irish Republican Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301195334/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml |date=1 March 2024 }} ''BBC''</ref> Nobel was also instrumental in turning [[Bofors]] from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.
 It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was [[personal union|ruled]] in [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union with Sweden]] at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as [[Sweden]]. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the [[Norwegian parliament]] had become closely involved in the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]'s efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.<ref name="Why Norway?"/>
-[["update at real Koreans and at Koreams of hollywood at real Comedians for peace"]]
 ==Nomination and selection==
@@ Line 57: / Line 67: @@
 * Former permanent advisers to the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]]
-The working language of the Norwegian Nobel Committee is Norwegian; in addition to Norwegian the committee has traditionally received nominations in French, German and English, but today most nominations are submitted in either Norwegian or English. Nominations must usually be submitted to the committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.<ref name="nomination"/>
+The working language of the Norwegian Nobel Committee is Norwegian; in addition to Norwegian the committee has traditionally received nominations in French, German, and English, but today most nominations are submitted in either Norwegian or English. Nominations must usually be submitted to the committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.<ref name="nomination"/>
-In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |title=President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=Associated Press on yahoo.com |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|title=Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011080517/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|title=Confidentiality|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref> Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/#nominators|title=Who may submit nominations – Nobels fredspris |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> Indeed, in 1939, [[Adolf Hitler]] received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of [[Neville Chamberlain]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Merelli|first1=Annelise|title=The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://qz.com/803976/adolf-hitler-was-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize-in-a-darkly-ironic-letter-by-erik-gottfrid-christian-brandt/|website=Qz.com|date=7 October 2016 |publisher=Quartz Media|access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref> Nominations from 1901 to 1971 have been released in a database.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Nomination Archive |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=5 |access-date=9 September 2020 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref>
+In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |title=President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=Associated Press on yahoo.com |access-date=9 October 2009 |archive-date=12 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012065130/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |url-status=live }}</ref> but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|title=Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011080517/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|title=Confidentiality|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101133/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|url-status=live}}</ref> Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/#nominators|title=Who may submit nominations – Nobels fredspris|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517131628/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/#nominators|url-status=live}}</ref> Indeed, in 1939, [[Adolf Hitler]] received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of [[Neville Chamberlain]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Merelli|first1=Annelise|title=The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://qz.com/803976/adolf-hitler-was-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize-in-a-darkly-ironic-letter-by-erik-gottfrid-christian-brandt/|website=Qz.com|date=7 October 2016|publisher=Quartz Media|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151741/https://qz.com/803976/adolf-hitler-was-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize-in-a-darkly-ironic-letter-by-erik-gottfrid-christian-brandt/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nominations from 1901 to 1971 have been released in a database.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Nomination Archive |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=5 |access-date=9 September 2020 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202004848/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Selection===
-Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a shortlist of candidates for further review is created. This shortlist is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October.<ref name="selection">{{cite web| title =How are Laureates selected?| publisher =The Norwegian Nobel Committee| url =http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/selection-process/| access-date =10 September 2009| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090831032749/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/selection-process| archive-date =31 August 2009| df =dmy-all}}</ref>
+Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a shortlist of candidates for further review is created. This shortlist is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the institute's Director and Research Director, and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but it is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October.<ref name="selection">{{cite web| title =How are Laureates selected?| publisher =The Norwegian Nobel Committee| url =http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/selection-process/| access-date =10 September 2009| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090831032749/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/selection-process| archive-date =31 August 2009| df =dmy-all}}</ref>
 ==Awarding the prize==
@@ Line 81: / Line 91: @@
 [[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|right|View of a diploma – Nobel Peace Prize 2001, [[United Nations]]]]
-{{As of|2022|October}}, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 110 individuals and 27 organizations. 18 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has won twice (1954 and 1981).<ref name="Nobel facts22">{{Cite web |title=Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]] is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title = Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |last=Rothman |first = Lily |website = TIME.com |date = 9 October 2015 |access-date=16 October 2016 }}</ref>
+{{As of|2022|October}}, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 110 individuals and 27 organizations. 18 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has won twice (1954 and 1981).<ref name="Nobel facts22">{{Cite web |title=Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430064031/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]] is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title = Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |last = Rothman |first = Lily |website = TIME.com |date = 9 October 2015 |access-date = 16 October 2016 |archive-date = 21 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021021921/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
-==Criticism==
+==Reception==
+{{unbalanced section|date=May 2024}}
-Some commentators have suggested that the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|date=9 October 2009|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Nichols|first1=Michelle}}</ref> or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=17 September 2015 |title=Obama's peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of the unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news|last=Murphy |first=Clare|title=The Nobel: Dynamite or damp squib?|newspaper=BBC online|publisher=BBC News|date=10 August 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3724734.stm|access-date=11 October 2009}}</ref> Further criticism holds that the Nobel Peace Prize has become increasingly politicized, in which people are awarded for aspirations rather than accomplishments, which has allowed for the prize to be used for political effect but can cause perverse consequences due to the neglect of existing power politics, including the breakdown of fragile peace processes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KREBS |first1=RONALD R. |title=The False Promise of the Nobel Peace Prize |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=Winter 2009–10 |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=593–625|doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00660.x | jstor=25655740 }}</ref>
+Some commentators have suggested that the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|date=9 October 2009|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Nichols|first1=Michelle|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510083841/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|url-status=live}}</ref> or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=17 September 2015 |title=Obama's peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213121919/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Clare|title=The Nobel: Dynamite or damp squib?|newspaper=BBC online|publisher=BBC News|date=10 August 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3724734.stm|access-date=11 October 2009|archive-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913050013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3724734.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Further criticism holds that the Nobel Peace Prize has become increasingly politicized, in which people are awarded for aspirations rather than accomplishments, which has allowed for the prize to be used for political effect but can cause perverse consequences due to the neglect of existing power politics, including the breakdown of fragile peace processes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KREBS |first1=RONALD R. |title=The False Promise of the Nobel Peace Prize |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=Winter 2009–10 |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=593–625|doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00660.x | jstor=25655740 }}</ref>
 In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper {{lang|no|[[Aftenposten]]}} contended that major criticisms of the award were that the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation-building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.<ref name=Aftenposten20111004>{{cite news|last=Aspøy, Arild|author-link=Arild Aspøy|title=Fredsprisens gråsoner|newspaper=Aftenposten|date=4 October 2011|page=4|language=no|quote=Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter.}}</ref>
-In another 2011 ''Aftenposten'' opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.<ref>{{cite news | last = Nobel | first = Michael | title = I strid med Nobels vilje | newspaper = Aftenposten | location = Oslo, Norway | language = no | date = 9 December 2011| url = http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | access-date = 12 December 2011}}</ref>
+In another 2011 ''Aftenposten'' opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.<ref>{{cite news | last = Nobel | first = Michael | title = I strid med Nobels vilje | newspaper = Aftenposten | location = Oslo, Norway | language = no | date = 9 December 2011 | url = http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | access-date = 12 December 2011 | archive-date = 7 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214919/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
+===Acclamation===
+{{expand section|date=May 2024}}
+<blockquote>Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.
+:— [[Yitzhak Rabin]], 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/rabin-lecture.html 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture] (10 December 1994)</ref></blockquote>
 ===Criticism of individual conferments===
@@ Line 94: / Line 111: @@
 [[File:Jagland and Obama.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland|[[Barack Obama]] with [[Thorbjørn Jagland]] at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony]]
-Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been leveled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by a faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversies and criticisms |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms |website=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> The awards given to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/world/evolution-europe-gorbachev-gets-nobel-peace-prize-for-foreign-police.html|title=Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements|first= Sheila |last=Rule|date=16 October 1990|work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Shimon Peres]] and [[Yasser Arafat]],<ref>{{Cite book
+Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been levelled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by a faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversies and criticisms |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms |website=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223155703/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The awards given to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/world/evolution-europe-gorbachev-gets-nobel-peace-prize-for-foreign-police.html|title=Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements|first=Sheila|last=Rule|date=16 October 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111112350/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/world/evolution-europe-gorbachev-gets-nobel-peace-prize-for-foreign-police.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Shimon Peres]] and [[Yasser Arafat]],<ref>{{Cite book
- | last = Said | first = Edward| title = Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process| publisher = Vintage| year = 1996| isbn = 0-679-76725-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gotlieb|first=Michael|title=Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy|newspaper=The San Diego Union – Tribune|page=B7|date=24 October 1994}}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]], [[Henry Kissinger]],<ref name="1973Times">{{cite news |title=Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards|work=The Times|location=London|date=18 October 1973|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1973-10-18/6/6.html|access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref> [[Jimmy Carter]],<ref>Douglas G. Brinkley. ''The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize'' (1999){{page needed|date=September 2020}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960|title=Nobel chief regrets Obama peace prize|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace |access-date=9 October 2009 |title=Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize |agency=Associated Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009114909/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace |archive-date=9 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Otterman|first=Sharon|title = World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 October 2009|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor|access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|publisher=[[Reuters.com]]|access-date=28 August 2012 | date=9 October 2009}}</ref> [[Abiy Ahmed]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-nobel-war.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize That Paved the Way for War|first=Declan|last=Walsh|newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/did-a-nobel-peace-laureate-stoke-a-civil-war|title=Did a Nobel Peace Laureate Stoke a Civil War?|date=26 September 2022|magazine=The New Yorker|first=Jon Lee|last=Anderson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43567007|title=Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The Nobel Prize winner who went to war|work=BBC News |date=11 October 2021}}</ref> and the [[European Union]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Criscione |first=Valeria |date=7 December 2012 |title=Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/1207/Norwegian-protesters-say-EU-Nobel-Peace-Prize-win-devalues-award |access-date=8 January 2023 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> have all been the subject of controversy.
+ | last = Said | first = Edward| title = Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process| publisher = Vintage| year = 1996| isbn = 0-679-76725-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gotlieb|first=Michael|title=Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy|newspaper=The San Diego Union – Tribune|page=B7|date=24 October 1994}}</ref> [[Lê Đức Thọ]], [[Henry Kissinger]],<ref name="1973Times">{{cite news|title=Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards|work=The Times|location=London|date=18 October 1973|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1973-10-18/6/6.html|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009094859/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1973-10-18/6/6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jimmy Carter]],<ref>Douglas G. Brinkley. ''The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize'' (1999){{page needed|date=September 2020}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960|title=Nobel chief regrets Obama peace prize|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2015|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012606/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace |access-date=9 October 2009 |title=Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize |agency=Associated Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009114909/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace |archive-date=9 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Otterman|first=Sharon|title=World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 October 2009|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor|access-date=9 October 2009|archive-date=13 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013010920/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|publisher=[[Reuters.com]]|access-date=28 August 2012|date=9 October 2009|archive-date=12 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012044415/http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abiy Ahmed]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-nobel-war.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize That Paved the Way for War|first=Declan|last=Walsh|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 December 2021|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215101039/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-nobel-war.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/did-a-nobel-peace-laureate-stoke-a-civil-war|title=Did a Nobel Peace Laureate Stoke a Civil War?|date=26 September 2022|magazine=The New Yorker|first=Jon Lee|last=Anderson|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213083920/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/did-a-nobel-peace-laureate-stoke-a-civil-war|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43567007|title=Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The Nobel Prize winner who went to war|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2021|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011155046/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43567007|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[European Union]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Criscione |first=Valeria |date=7 December 2012 |title=Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/1207/Norwegian-protesters-say-EU-Nobel-Peace-Prize-win-devalues-award |access-date=8 January 2023 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108080132/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/1207/Norwegian-protesters-say-EU-Nobel-Peace-Prize-win-devalues-award |url-status=live }}</ref> have all been the subject of controversy.
 ===Notable omissions===
-''[[Foreign Policy]]'' has listed [[Corazon Aquino]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[U Thant]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], and [[Fazle Hasan Abed]] as people who "never won the prize, but should have".<ref>Kenner, David. (7 October 2009). [https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans "Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125073527/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans |date=25 January 2010 }}. ''Foreign Policy''. Retrieved 10 October 2009</ref><ref>{{cite news
+''[[Foreign Policy]]'' has listed [[Corazon Aquino]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[U Thant]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], and [[Fazle Hasan Abed]] as people who "never won the prize, but should have."<ref>Kenner, David. (7 October 2009). [https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans "Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125073527/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans |date=25 January 2010 }}. ''Foreign Policy''. Retrieved 10 October 2009</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | last = James
  | first = Frank
@@ Line 104: / Line 121: @@
  | newspaper = NPR
  | date = 9 October 2009
-| url = https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html
+ | url = https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html
- | access-date = 12 December 2011}}</ref>
+ | access-date = 12 December 2011
+ | archive-date = 31 March 2015
+ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331054215/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html
+ | url-status = live
+ }}</ref>
-The omission of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="gandhi">{{cite web |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |date=7 July 2022 |title=Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Questions About the Nobel Peace Prize! |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323125008/http://nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |archive-date=23 March 2007 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> The committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956: Gandhi |url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |access-date=13 October 2008 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="gandhi"/> [[Geir Lundestad]], Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century |title=Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025114/http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century |archive-date=15 September 2011 }} Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century</ref> In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the [[Dalai Lama]] was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref>
+The omission of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="gandhi">{{cite web |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |date=7 July 2022 |title=Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920235427/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Questions About the Nobel Peace Prize! |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323125008/http://nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |archive-date=23 March 2007 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> The committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956: Gandhi |url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |access-date=13 October 2008 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012955/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |url-status=live }}</ref> The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.<ref name="gandhi"/> [[Geir Lundestad]], Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century |title=Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025114/http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century |archive-date=15 September 2011 }} Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century</ref> In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the [[Dalai Lama]] was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127192457/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==References==
 <references>
-<ref name=Fortune>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|title=Nobel Peace Prize winners actually get a lot of money. Here’s how much they can expect.|author1-first=Chris|author1-last=Morris|date=2022-10-05|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/05/nobel-peace-prize-winners-cash-reward/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/M9g4b|archive-date=10 Dec 2023}}</ref>
+<ref name=Fortune>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|title=Nobel Peace Prize winners actually get a lot of money. Here's how much they can expect.|author1-first=Chris|author1-last=Morris|date=2022-10-05|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/05/nobel-peace-prize-winners-cash-reward/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231211051240/https://fortune.com/2022/10/05/nobel-peace-prize-winners-cash-reward/|archive-date=11 December 2023|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>
 </references>
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Nobel Peace Prize}}
+{{Wikiquote}}
 * [http://nobelpeaceprize.org "The Nobel Peace Prize"] – Official webpage of the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]
 * [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/ "The Nobel Peace Prize"] at the official site of the Nobel Prize

v t e Nobel Peace Prize
General topics	Laureates Committee (members) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit Nominees Individuals Organizations PRIO Director's Shortlist
By year	1901 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 2005 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925	1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903: Randal Cremer 1904: Institut de Droit International 1905: Bertha von Suttner 1906: Theodore Roosevelt 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910: International Peace Bureau 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912: Elihu Root 1913: Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919: Woodrow Wilson 1920: Léon Bourgeois 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922: Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950	1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929: Frank B. Kellogg 1930: Nathan Söderblom 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933: Norman Angell 1934: Arthur Henderson 1935: Carl von Ossietzky 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937: Robert Cecil 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross 1945: Cordell Hull 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949: John Boyd Orr 1950: Ralph Bunche
1951–1975	1951: Léon Jouhaux 1952: Albert Schweitzer 1953: George C. Marshall 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957: Lester B. Pearson 1958: Georges Pire 1959: Philip Noel-Baker 1960: Albert Luthuli 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld 1962: Linus Pauling 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964: Martin Luther King Jr. 1965: UNICEF 1966 1967 1968: René Cassin 1969: International Labour Organization 1970: Norman Borlaug 1971: Willy Brandt 1972 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000	1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977: Amnesty International 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979: Mother Teresa 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983: Lech Wałęsa 1984: Desmond Tutu 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986: Elie Wiesel 1987: Óscar Arias 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi 1992: Rigoberta Menchú 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998: John Hume / David Trimble 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières 2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001–present	2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002: Jimmy Carter 2003: Shirin Ebadi 2004: Wangari Maathai 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008: Martti Ahtisaari 2009: Barack Obama 2010: Liu Xiaobo 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012: European Union 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016: Juan Manuel Santos 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad 2019: Abiy Ahmed 2020: World Food Programme 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties 2023: Narges Mohammadi 2024: to be announced