D: Difference between revisions

D
D
D d
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[d]; [t]; [ɗ]; [z~j]; [ⁿd]; [ɖ]; [ɾ]; [ð~ð̞~ð̠˕ˠ]; /diː/;
Unicode codepoint	U+0044, U+0064
Alphabetical position	4; Numerical value: 4
History
Development	Δでるた δでるた 𐌃 D d; ; ; ; ; ;
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	Ď; ǅ; ǲ; Đ; Ð; Ƌ; Ꭰ; ₫; ∂;
Sisters	Д; (ד د ܕ); Դ; դ; Ꭰ; Ꮫ; ደ;
Other
Other letters commonly used with	d(x)
Associated numbers	4
Writing direction	Left-to-Right
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced /ˈdiː/), plural dees.^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
door, fish

Phoenician
daleth

Western Greek
Delta

Etruscan
D

Latin
D

The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.^[2] There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek^[3] and Latin,^[4] the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet^[5] the letter was archaic, but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δでるた.^[3]

The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and today now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.^[6]

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation summary
Languages in italics are not usually written using the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Mandarin Chinese	Standard	/t/		Pinyin romanization
English		/d/
French		/d/		Sometimes silent word-finally
German		/d/, /t/		See German orthography
Portuguese		/d/
Spanish		/d/
Turkish		/d/

English

In English, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/.

D is the tenth most frequently used letter in the English language.

Other languages

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive /d/.

In the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound /z/ in northern dialects or /j/ in southern dialects. (See D with stroke and Dz (digraph).)

In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop /ⁿd/.^[7]

In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, ⟨d⟩ represents an unaspirated /t/, while ⟨t⟩ represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the Pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨d⟩ represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/.

Other uses

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting.^[8]
The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.^[9]
Unit prefix d, meaning one tenth.
D is the grade below C but above E/F in the school grading system.
D is the International vehicle registration code for Germany (see also .de).
In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent 啲 (lit. a little).^[10]
In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Latin: denarius)

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

Ɖ ɖ : African D
Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ^[11] Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ
Phonetic symbols related to D:
- Symbols related to D used in the IPA: ɖ ɗ
- Symbols related to D used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ^[12]
- Superscript IPA letters: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍^[13]
- Other phonetic symbols related to D: ȡ^[14] ᵭ^[15] ᶁ^[16] ᶑ^[16]
Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar
𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook - Used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.^[17]
Ꝺ ꝺ : Insular D is used in various phonetic contexts^[18]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

𐤃 : Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Δでるた δでるた : Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive
  - Ⲇ ⲇ : Coptic letter Delta
  - Д д : Cyrillic letter De
  - 𐌃 : Old Italic D, the ancestor of modern Latin D
    - ᛞ : Runic letter dagaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D
    - ᚦ Runic letter thurisaz, another possible descendant of Old Italic D
  - 𐌳 : Gothic letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

₫ : Đồng sign
ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
∂ : the partial derivative symbol, $\partial$

Other representations

Computing

The Latin letters ⟨D⟩ and ⟨d⟩ have Unicode encodings U+0044 D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D and U+0064 d LATIN SMALL LETTER D. These are the same code points as were used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for ⟨D⟩ and ⟨d⟩ with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.

Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, plosive sounds in linguistics, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility.

Other

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Delta	▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ^ⓘ


Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-145 Unified English Braille

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.

References

^ "D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.
^ "The letter D". issuu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
^ ^a ^b "Definition of DELTA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
^ "Latin Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-26.
^ Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions
^ "Introduction to Old English". lrc.la.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
^ Lynch, John (1998). Pacific languages: an introduction. University of Hawaii Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8248-1898-9.
^ "Hexadecimal Number System | There are Many Ways to Write Numbers". u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
^ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.
^ "The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese". University of Pennsylvania. March 23, 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
^ Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-13.
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30.
^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
^ ^a ^b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
^ Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07.
^ Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). "L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.

External links

The dictionary definition of D at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of d at Wiktionary

[1] "D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.

[2] "The letter D". issuu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-07-06.

[:0-3] "Definition of DELTA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

[4] "Latin Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-26.

[5] Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions

[6] "Introduction to Old English". lrc.la.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

[7] Lynch, John (1998). Pacific languages: an introduction. University of Hawaii Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8248-1898-9.

[8] "Hexadecimal Number System | There are Many Ways to Write Numbers". u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-20.

[9] Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.

[10] "The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese". University of Pennsylvania. March 23, 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2023.

[L219179-11] Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-13.

[12] Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.

[13] Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30.

[14] Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.

[15] Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.

[L204132-16] Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.

[17] Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07.

[18] Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). "L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Fourth letter of the Latin alphabet}}
+{{short description|4th letter of the Latin alphabet}}
 {{About|the letter of the alphabet}}
 {{pp-move-indef}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 {{Technical reasons|:D|the keyboard symbol|List of emoticons}}
 {{Infobox grapheme
-|name=D
+|name = D
-|letter=D d
+|letter = D d
-|variations=([[D#Related characters|See below]])
+|variations=
-|image=File:D cursiva.gif
-|imagesize=200px
-|imagealt=Writing cursive forms of D
 |script=[[Latin script]]
 |type=[[Alphabet]]
 |typedesc=ic
 |language=[[Latin language]]
-|phonemes={{grid list|[{{IPAlink|d}}]|[{{IPAlink|t}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɗ}}]|[{{IPAlink|z}}~[[Vietnamese phonology#Comparison of initials|j]]]|[{{IPAlink|ⁿ|ⁿd}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɖ}}]}}
+|phonemes={{grid list|[{{IPAlink|d}}]|[{{IPAlink|t}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɗ}}]|[{{IPAlink|z}}~[[Vietnamese phonology#Comparison of initials|j]]]|[{{IPAlink|ⁿ|ⁿd}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɖ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɾ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ð}}~{{IPAlink|ð̞}}~[[Danish phonology#Consonants|ð̠˕ˠ]]]|{{IPAc-en|d|iː}}}}
 |unicode=U+0044, U+0064
 |alphanumber=4
@@ Line 22: / Line 19: @@
 |fam1=<hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero><hiero>O31</hiero>
 |fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticD-02.svg|20px|Dalet]]
-|fam3=[[File:PhoenicianD-01.png|20px|Early Phoenician Dalet]]
+|fam3=[[File:PhoenicianD-01.svg|20px|Early Phoenician Dalet]]
 |fam4=[[Image:Phoenician daleth.svg|20px|Dalet]]
 |fam5=[[Delta (letter)|Δでるた δでるた]]
@@ Line 32: / Line 29: @@
 |associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#D|d(x)]]
 |direction=Left-to-Right
+|image=File:Latin_letter_D.svg}}
-}}
 {{Latin letter info|d}}
-'''D''', or '''d''', is the fourth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]] and the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''dee'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|d|iː}}), plural ''dees''.<ref>"D" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "dee", ''op. cit.''</ref>
+'''D''', or '''d''', is the fourth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''dee'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|d|iː}}), plural ''dees''.<ref>"D" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "dee", ''op. cit.''</ref>
 ==History==
@@ Line 40: / Line 37: @@
 |- style="background-color:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;"
 ! Egyptian hieroglyph <br>door, fish
-! Phoenician <br/>''[[dalet]]h''
+! Phoenician <br/>[[dalet]]h
-! Greek <br/>''[[Delta (letter)|Delta]]''
+! Western Greek<br/>[[Delta (letter)|Delta]]
 ! Etruscan <br/>D
-! [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] <br/>D
+! Latin <br/>D
 |- style="background-color:white; text-align:center;"
 |<hiero>O31</hiero><hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero>
-| [[File:PhoenicianD-01.png|35px]]
+| [[File:PhoenicianD-01.svg|frameless|35x35px]]
-| [[File:Delta uc lc.svg|55px]]
+| [[File:Greek Delta 04.svg|50px]]
 | [[File:EtruscanD-01.svg|30px]]
-| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis D.svg|x20px|Latin D]]
+| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis D.svg|x30px|Latin D]]
 |}
-The [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] letter [[Daleth|Dāleth]] may have developed from the [[logogram]] for a fish or a door.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The letter D|url=https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|access-date=2021-07-06|website=issuu|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194452/https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many different [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s that might have inspired this. In Semitic, [[Ancient Greek]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definition of DELTA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delta |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Latin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Alphabet |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf}}</ref>, the letter represented {{IPA|/d/}}; in the [[Etruscan alphabet]]<ref>Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 ''𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions''</ref> the letter was archaic, but still retained (see letter [[B]]). The equivalent [[Greek letter]] is Delta, [[Delta (letter)|Δでるた]].<ref name=":0" />
+The [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] letter [[Daleth|Dāleth]] may have developed from the [[logogram]] for a fish or a door.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The letter D|url=https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|access-date=2021-07-06|website=issuu|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194452/https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many different [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s that might have inspired this. In Semitic, [[Ancient Greek]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definition of DELTA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delta |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Latin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Alphabet |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155729/http://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> the letter represented {{IPA|/d/}}; in the [[Etruscan alphabet]]<ref>Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 ''𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions''</ref> the letter was archaic, but still retained (see letter [[B]]). The equivalent [[Greek letter]] is Delta, [[Delta (letter)|Δでるた]].<ref name=":0" />
-==Architecture==
 The [[Lower case|minuscule]] (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left [[Typeface anatomy#Strokes|bowl]] and a [[Typeface anatomy#Strokes|stem ascender]]. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the [[upper case|majuscule]] (capital) form 'D', and today now composed as a stem with a full [[Typeface anatomy#Strokes|lobe]] to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a [[serif]] at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Old English |url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/engol |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=lrc.la.utexas.edu}}</ref>
 ==Use in writing systems==
+{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
+|+Pronunciation summary
+! colspan="5" | ''Languages in italics are not usually written using the [[Latin alphabet]]''
+|-
+! Language
+! Dialect(s)
+! Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
+! Environment
+! Notes
+|-
+! ''[[Mandarin Chinese]]''
+! ''[[Standard Chinese|Standard]]''
+| {{IPAslink|t}}
+|
+| [[Pinyin]] romanization
+|-
+! colspan="2" | [[English language|English]]
+| {{IPAslink|d}}
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]
+| {{IPAslink|d}}
+|
+| Sometimes silent word-finally
+|-
+! colspan="2" | [[German language|German]]
+| {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|t}}
+|
+| See [[German orthography]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
+| {{IPAslink|d}}
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
+| {{IPAslink|d}}
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" | [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
+| {{IPAslink|d}}
+|
+|
+|}
+===English===
+In [[English orthography|English]], {{angbr|d}} generally represents the [[voiced alveolar plosive]] {{IPA|/d/}}.
+D is the [[Letter frequency|tenth most frequently used letter]] in the English language.
+===Other languages===
 [[File:Boundary stone on the Demeljoch - 2.jpg|thumb|The letter D, standing for "Deutschland" ([[German language|German]] for "[[Germany]]"), on a [[boundary stone]] at the border between Austria and Germany.]]
-In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr|d}} generally represents the [[voiced alveolar plosive|voiced alveolar]] or [[voiced dental plosive]] {{IPA|/d/}}. However, in the [[Vietnamese alphabet]], it represents the sound {{IPA|/z/}} in northern dialects or {{IPA|/j/}} in southern dialects. (See [[D with stroke]] and [[Dz (digraph)]].) In [[Fijian language|Fijian]] it represents a [[prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] stop {{IPA|/nd/}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pacific languages: an introduction |first=John |last=Lynch |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYfV1jN3whUC&q=d+fijian+prenasalized&pg=PA97 |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=0-8248-1898-9 }}</ref> In some languages where [[voice (phonetics)|voice]]less [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, {{angbr|d}} represents an unaspirated {{IPA|/t/}}, while {{angbr|t}} represents an aspirated {{IPA|/tʰ/}}. Examples of such languages include [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]] and the [[Pinyin]] transliteration of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]].
+In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, {{angbr|d}} generally represents the [[voiced alveolar plosive|voiced alveolar]] or [[voiced dental plosive]] {{IPA|/d/}}.
+In the [[Vietnamese alphabet]], it represents the sound {{IPA|/z/}} in northern dialects or {{IPA|/j/}} in southern dialects. (See [[D with stroke]] and [[Dz (digraph)]].)
+In [[Fijian language|Fijian]] it represents a [[prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] stop {{IPA|/ⁿd/}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pacific languages: an introduction |first=John |last=Lynch |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYfV1jN3whUC&q=d+fijian+prenasalized&pg=PA97 |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=0-8248-1898-9 }}</ref>
+In some languages where [[voice (phonetics)|voice]]less [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, {{angbr|d}} represents an unaspirated {{IPA|/t/}}, while {{angbr|t}} represents an aspirated {{IPA|/tʰ/}}. Examples of such languages include [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]] and the [[Pinyin]] transliteration of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]].
+===Other systems===
+In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr|d}} represents the [[voiced alveolar plosive]] {{IPA|/d/}}.
 ==Other uses==
+{{main article|D (disambiguation)}}
+* In the [[hexadecimal]] (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in [[decimal]] (base 10) counting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hexadecimal Number System {{!}} There are Many Ways to Write Numbers |url=https://u.osu.edu/storageofdata/hexadecimal-number-system/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=u.osu.edu}}</ref>
 * The [[Roman numeral]] D represents the number [[500 (number)|500]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord | url-access=registration | quote=roman numerals. | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | date=1983 | access-date=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord/page/44 44]| isbn=9780520038981 }}</ref>
+* [[Unit prefix]] d, meaning one tenth.
-* D is the grade below C but above E in the [[Grading (education)|school grading system]].
+* D is the grade below C but above E/F in the [[Grading (education)|school grading system]].
 * D is the [[International vehicle registration code]] for [[Germany]] (see also [[.de]]).
-* In [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in the early computer system, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent {{lang|yue|啲}} (lit. a little).
+* In [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent {{lang|yue|啲}} (lit. a little).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2011 |title=The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese |url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3045 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>
+* In the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland system]] for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the [[Western text-type]] tradition, either [[Codex Bezae]] or [[Codex Claromontanus]].
 * d. is the standard abbreviation for the [[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)]] (from {{lang-la|[[denarius]]}})
@@ Line 74: / Line 136: @@
 *Ɖ ɖ : [[African D]]
 *Ð ð : [[Ð|Latin letter Eth]]
-*D with [[diacritic]]s: [[Đ|Đ đ]] [[Ꟈ|Ꟈ ꟈ]]<ref name="L219179">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf|title=L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish|date=2019-05-26|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley}}</ref> [[Ɗ|Ɗ ɗ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ḋ ḋ]] [[Ḍ|Ḍ ḍ]] [[Ḑ|Ḑ ḑ]] [[Circumflex|Ḓ ḓ]] [[Ď|Ď ď]] [[Macron below|Ḏ ḏ]] ᵭ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> [[ᶁ]]<ref name="L204132">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> [[ᶑ]]<ref name="L204132"/>
+*D with [[diacritic]]s: [[D with stroke|Đ đ]] [[Tau gallicum|Ꟈ ꟈ]]<ref name="L219179">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190943/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-13 |url-status=live|title=L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish|date=2019-05-26|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley}}</ref> [[Ḋ|Ɗ ɗ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ḋ ḋ]] [[Ḍ|Ḍ ḍ]] [[Ḑ|Ḑ ḑ]] [[Ḓ|Ḓ ḓ]] [[Ď|Ď ď]] [[Ḏ|Ḏ ḏ]]
-*[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]-specific symbols related to D: {{IPA link|ɖ}}
+*Phonetic symbols related to D:
+** Symbols related to D used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA link|ɖ}} {{IPA link|ɗ}}
-*Ꝺ ꝺ : [[Insular script|Insular]] D is used in various phonetic contexts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf|title=L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS|date=2006-08-06|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref>
-*ᴅ <sup>D</sup> <sup>d</sup> : Small capital D and various modifier letters are used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
+** Symbols related to D used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]: {{not a typo|ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819185337/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
-*[[ȡ]] : D with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf|title=L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2001-09-20|first1=Richard|last1=Cook|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}</ref>
+** [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|Superscript IPA letters]]: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-30 |url-status=live|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref>
+** Other phonetic symbols related to D: [[ȡ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819124737/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2001-09-20|first1=Richard|last1=Cook|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}</ref> [[ᵭ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819204725/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> [[ᶁ]]<ref name="L204132">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819114855/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> [[D with hook and tail|ᶑ]]<ref name="L204132"/>
 *Ƌ ƌ : [[Ƌ|D with topbar]]
+*𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook - Used by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in the early 20th century for [[romanization]] of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907191404/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-07 |url-status=live|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref>
+*Ꝺ ꝺ : [[Insular script|Insular]] D is used in various phonetic contexts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819182322/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS|date=2006-08-06|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref>
 ===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
@@ Line 93: / Line 158: @@
 ===Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations===
 *₫ : [[Vietnamese đồng|Đồng sign]]
+*ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
 *∂ : [[∂|the partial derivative symbol]], <math>\partial</math>
-==Code points <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>==
-These are the [[code point]]s for the forms of the letter in various systems
-{{charmap
-| 0044 | 0064 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter D | name2 = Latin Small Letter D
-| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = C4 | map1char2 = 84
-| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 44 | map2char2 = 64
-}}
-: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}
 ==Other representations==
+===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
+The Latin letters {{angbr|D}} and {{angbr|d}} have [[Unicode]] encodings {{unichar|0044}} and {{unichar|0064}}. These are the same [[code point]]s as were used in [[ASCII]] and [[ISO 8859]]. There are also [[precomposed character]] encodings for {{angbr|D}} and {{angbr|d}} with diacritics, for most of those listed [[#Related characters|above]]; the remainder are produced using [[combining diacritic]]s.
+Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols|alphanumeric symbols set]] in mathematics and science, [[plosive]] sounds in linguistics, and [[halfwidth and fullwidth forms]] for legacy CJK font compatibility.
+===Other===
 {{Letter other reps
 |NATO=Delta
@@ Line 114: / Line 177: @@
 In [[British Sign Language]] (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.
-==Use as a number==
-In the [[hexadecimal]] (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in [[decimal]] (base 10) counting.
 {{clear}}