Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2013) |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (October 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
A city designated by government ordinance (
Designated cities are delegated many of the functions normally performed by prefectural governments in fields such as public education, social welfare, sanitation, business licensing, and urban planning. The city government is generally delegated the various minor administrative functions in each area, and the prefectural government retains authority over major decisions. For instance, pharmaceutical retailers and small clinics can be licensed by designated city governments, but pharmacies and hospitals are licensed by prefectural governments.
Designated cities are also required to subdivide themselves into wards (
The 23 special wards of Tokyo are not part of this system, as Tokyo is a prefecture, and its wards are effectively independent cities. Although the two largest wards of Tokyo, Setagaya and Nerima, are populous enough to become designated cities, they are not considered to be "cities" within the meaning of the Local Autonomy Law and so are not designated as such.
No city designated by government ordinance has ever lost that status.
Administrative divisions of Japan |
---|
Prefectural |
Prefectures |
Sub-prefectural |
Municipal |
Sub-municipal |
List of designated cities[edit]
Cities designated by government ordinance have been established since 1956.[1]
Name | Japanese | Skyline | Flag | Emblem | Area (km2) | Population | Population density | Date of designation | Region | Prefecture | No. of wards | Lists of wards | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chiba | 271.77 | 972,861 | 3,613 | 1992-04-01 | Kantō | Chiba | 6 | List | |||||
Fukuoka | 343.39 | 1,579,450 | 4,668 | 1972-04-01 | Kyushu | Fukuoka | 7 | List | |||||
Hamamatsu | 1,558.06 | 795,350 | 506 | 2007-04-01 | Chūbu | Shizuoka | 7 | List | |||||
Hiroshima | 906.68 | 1,194,524 | 1,321 | 1980-04-01 | Chūgoku | Hiroshima | 8 | List | |||||
Kawasaki | 143.01 | 1,503,690 | 10,765 | 1972-04-01 | Kantō | Kanagawa | 7 | List | |||||
Kitakyushu | 491.95 | 945,595 | 1,901 | 1963-04-01 | Kyushu | Fukuoka | 7 | List | |||||
Kobe | 557.02 | 1,526,639 | 2,719 | 1956-09-01 | Kansai | Hyōgo | 9 | List | |||||
Kumamoto | 390.32 | 737,812 | 1,892 | 2012-04-01 | Kyushu | Kumamoto | 5 | List | |||||
Kyoto | 827.83 | 1,468,980 | 1,758 | 1956-09-01 | Kansai | Kyoto | 11 | List | |||||
Nagoya | 326.45 | 2,283,289 | 7,128 | 1956-09-01 | Chūbu | Aichi | 16 | List | |||||
Niigata | 726.45 | 807,450 | 1,089 | 2007-04-01 | Chūbu | Niigata | 8 | List | |||||
Okayama | 789.95 | 720,841 | 912 | 2009-04-01 | Chūgoku | Okayama | 4 | List | |||||
Osaka | 225.21 | 2,727,255 | 12,226 | 1956-09-01 | Kansai | Osaka | 24 | List | |||||
Sagamihara | 328.91 | 720,986 | 2,198 | 2010-04-01 | Kantō | Kanagawa | 3 | List | |||||
Saitama | さいたま |
217.43 | 1,226,656 | 6,072 | 2003-04-01 | Kantō | Saitama | 10 | List | ||||
Sakai | 149.82 | 833,544 | 5,500 | 2006-04-01 | Kansai | Osaka | 7 | List | |||||
Sapporo | 1,121.26 | 1,955,115 | 1,750 | 1972-04-01 | Hokkaido | Hokkaido | 10 | List | |||||
Sendai | 786.30 | 1,088,669 | 1,389 | 1989-04-01 | Tōhoku | Miyagi | 5 | List | |||||
Shizuoka | 1,411.90 | 697,578 | 486 | 2005-04-01 | Chūbu | Shizuoka | 3 | List | |||||
Yokohama | 437.56 | 3,732,616 | 8,588 | 1956-09-01 | Kantō | Kanagawa | 18 | List |
Designated city requirements[edit]
To become a candidate for designated city status, a city must have a population greater than 500,000. An application for designation is made by a city with the approval of both the city and the prefectural assemblies.
The following cities have populations greater than 500,000 but have not yet been nominated.
Name | Japanese | Flag | Emblem | Area (km2) | Population (2012) | Region | Prefecture | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Funabashi | 85.62 | 610,492 | Kantō | Chiba | ||||
Hachiōji | 186.38 | 579,799 | Kantō | Tokyo | ||||
Himeji | 534.43 | 536,218 | Kansai | Hyōgo | ||||
Kagoshima | 547.58 | 607,257 | Kyushu | Kagoshima | ||||
Kawaguchi | 61.95 | 561,788 | Kantō | Saitama | ||||
Matsuyama | 429.40 | 516,823 | Shikoku | Ehime | ||||
Utsunomiya | 416.85 | 513,722 | Kantō | Tochigi |
History[edit]
The first form of the designated city system was enacted under Japan local government system in 1878 with the introduction of "wards." Under that system, wards existed in every city. Most cities had only one ward, but the largest cities at the time (Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto) were divided into 15, four, and two wards, respectively.
The municipal system enacted in 1889 replaced ward assemblies with city assemblies but retained ward assemblies in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto, which had no assembly of their own but were governed by the prefectural assembly. In 1898, the three cities were allowed to form city assemblies. The ward system was adopted by three more cities prior to World War II: Nagoya (1908), Yokohama (1927), and Kobe (1931). Under a 1911 statute, wards were granted a corporate personality and so treated as local entities.
Following the war, the 1947 Local Autonomy Law grandfathered in the five subdivided cities (Tokyo having become a prefecture in 1943) as special cities (
During the ensuing Japanese economic growth period, the government required designated cities to be forecast to reach a population of one million within the near future, but the requirement was dropped in 2005 to accommodate several geographically large cities that were formed by mergers, under the government of Junichiro Koizumi.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Jacobs, A.J. "Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s". Hindawi, Urban Studies Research, Vol. 2011 (2011), doi:10.1155/2011/692764. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
External links[edit]
- Directory of Designated Cities and Mayors (in English)
- "Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s", by A.J. Jacobs at Urban Studies Research, Vol. 2011 (2011); doi:10.1155/2011/692764
- "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows designated cities compared with other Japanese city types at p. 1 [PDF 7 of 40]
- "Growth in Second Tier Cities – Urban Policy Lessons from Japan" Archived 17 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine briefing by CLAIR London on classes of Japanese cities (PDF)
- Text of the Local Government Law (in Japanese)