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Golmud

Coordinates: 36°24′26″N 94°55′42″E / 36.4072°N 94.9283°E / 36.4072; 94.9283
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For the river, see Golmud River.

Golmud
格かく尔木市し · ᠭᠣᠯᠮᠣᠣᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ · ན་གོར་མོ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།
Golmo
County-level & Sub-prefectural city
Golmud railway station
Golmud railway station
Location of Golmud City (red) in Haixi Prefecture (yellow) and Qinghai
Location of Golmud City (red) in Haixi Prefecture (yellow) and Qinghai
Golmud is located in Qinghai
Golmud
Golmud
Location of the city centre in Qinghai
Coordinates (Golmud government): 36°24′26″N 94°55′42″E / 36.4072°N 94.9283°E / 36.4072; 94.9283
CountryChina
ProvinceQinghai
Autonomous prefectureHaixi
Municipal seatKunlun Road Subdistrict
Area
 • County-level & Sub-prefectural city119,165 km2 (46,010 sq mi)
 • Urban
72 km2 (28 sq mi)
Elevation
2,809 m (9,216 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • County-level & Sub-prefectural city221,863
 • Density1.9/km2 (4.8/sq mi)
 • Urban
197,153
 • Urban density2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Websitewww.geermu.gov.cn
Golmud
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese格かく尔木
Traditional Chinese格かく爾なんじ木き
PostalGolmot
Literal meaningRivers (in Mongolian)
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGé'ěrmù
Wade–GilesKo-erh-mu
Tibetan name
Tibetanན་གོར་མོ།
Transcriptions
WylieNa-gor-mo
Mongolian name
Mongolian scriptᠭᠣᠯᠮᠤᠳ

Golmud, also known by various other romanizations, is a county-level city in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. It is now the second-largest city in Qinghai and the third largest in the Tibetan Plateau (after Xining and Lhasa). The population in 2020 is 221,863.[2][3]

Name

[edit]

Golmud is a romanization of a Mongolian word meaning "rivers". Ge'ermu is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the same name's transcription into Chinese characters; it is sometimes misspelled Geermu. Ko-erh-mu was the same name romanized using the Wade–Giles system; Golmot was the romanization used by the Chinese Postal Map.[4] The Wylie romanization of the Tibetan form of the name is Nagormo.

History

[edit]

Golmud is a rather young city. It was first established in 1954 when the Transportation regiments of Qinghai-Tibet Corps set up a food distribution base, staffed by 10 people, at the current location, and in May of that year, construction on the Qinghai-Tibet Highway commenced.[5][6] Scientific exploration of the mineral resources of Qarhan were undertaken in the 1950s, leading to the discovery of the area's potash and gas fields. Systematic surveying was undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s, with the railway permitting industrial exploitation from the 1980s. The first oil pipeline[7] and potassium fertilizer factory were opened in 1989. The 28 km2 (11 sq mi) Golmud Kunlun Economic Development Zone was opened in 1992. In 2004, a second pipeline arrived.[7] In the 2010s, an influx of further investment followed realization of the importance of the Sanhu's supplies of lithium and rare earths for modern personal electronics and electric cars.[citation needed] In 2016, over 85% of goods movement with Tibet passed through Golmud.[5]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Golmud is divided into 5 subdistricts, 2 towns, 2 townships:[8][9][10]

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Tibetan Wylie Mongolian (traditional script) Mongolian (Cyrillic) Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Kunlun Road Subdistrict 昆こん仑路街道かいどう Kūnlúnlù Jiēdào ཁུ་ནུ་སྲང་ལམ། khu nu srang lam ᠺᠦᠨᠯᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Кунлүн замын зээл гудамж 632801001
Huanghe Road Subdistrict 黄河こうが路ろ街道かいどう Huánghélù Jiēdào རྨ་ཆུ་ལམ་སྲང་ལམ། rma chu lam srang lam ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠾᠧ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Хуан ге замын зээл гудамж 632801002
Jinfeng Road Subdistrict 金峰きんぽう路ろ街道かいどう Jīnfēnglù Jiēdào གསེར་རིའི་སྲང་ལམ། gser ri'i srang lam ᠵᠢᠨ ᠹᠧᠩ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Гийн фен замын зээл гудамж 632801003
Hexi Subdistrict 河西かさい街道かいどう Héxī Jiēdào ཆུའི་རུབ་སྲང་ལམ། chu'i rub srang lam ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Голын баруунтах зээл гудамж 632801004
Xizang Road Subdistrict 西藏にしくら路ろ街道かいどう Xīzànglù Jiēdào བོད་ལྗོངས་ལམ་སྲང་ལམ། bod ljongs lam srang lam ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ Баруун төвд зам даахь зээл гудамж 632801005
Towns
Golmud Town 郭かく勒木德とく镇 Guōlèmùdé Zhèn ཀོལ་མོ་གྲོང་རྡལ། kol mo grong rdal ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠮᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤᠨ Голмд балгас 632801100
Dangla Town 唐古からこ拉ひしげ镇 Tánggǔlā Zhèn ལྡང་ལ་གྲོང་རྡལ། ldang la grong rdal 632801101
Townships
Gêlêg Qênboi Township 大だい格かく勒乡 Dàgélè Xiāng དགེ་ལེགས་ཆེན་པོའི་ཡུལ་ཚོ། dge legs chen po'i yul tsho ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠨ Дагуур суман 632801200
Urt Moron Township 乌图美び仁じん乡 Wūtúměirén Xiāng བུ་ཐུར་མེད་རིན་ཡུལ་ཚོ། bu thur med rin yul tsho ᠤᠷᠲᠤᠮᠥ᠋ᠷᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠨ Уртмран суман 632801201

Others:

  • Qairhan Administrative Committee (察尔汗あせ行政ぎょうせい委い员会)
  • Golmud Agricultural Reclamation Co., Ltd (格かく尔木农垦有限ゆうげん公司こうし)

Demographics

[edit]

In 2017, the population of the total area of Golmud was approximately 240,494.[citation needed] A 2018 publication by the National Ethnic Affairs Commission reported that ethnic Han Chinese comprise 69.82% of the city's population, and minority ethnic groups comprise 30.18%.[11] The city's is home to 33 ethnic minorities, of which, the largest are the Mongols, Tibetans, and Hui people.[11]

Geography

[edit]

Golmud is part of Haixi Prefecture in western Qinghai Province. Despite being nominally a "city", the built-up urban area of Golmud comprises only 72 km2 (28 sq mi) of the county's 124,500 square kilometres (48,100 sq mi). Most of the county lies in the southern Qaidam Basin and in the foothills of the Kunlun Mountains. A large southern exclave is administered as the "town" of Tanggula, separated from the rest of the county by the western panhandle of the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The northern part borders Xinjiang to its northwest; the southern exclave borders the Tibetan Autonomous Region to its southwest.

Golmud proper is at an elevation of 2,809 m (9,216 ft). It grew up alongside the Golmud River, which gave it its name.

North of Golmud is the Qarhan Playa, a 5,856 km2 (2,261 sq mi) salt flat with about ten perennial salt lakes. The largest is Dabusun Lake, which receives the waters of the Golmud. The more important smaller lakes are Suli, South Suli, Dabiele, Xiaobiele, Tuanjie, Xiezuo, Dongling, and North and South Hulsan, which receive the waters of smaller inflowing streams. Qarhan is part of the larger Sanhu Depression, which includes East and West Taijinar Lakes. Other major lakes in the southern exclave of Golmud include Ulan Ul Lake [zh] (Chinese: 乌兰乌拉湖みずうみ; pinyin: Wūlán Wūlā Hú)[12] and Migriggyangzham Co [zh; ru] (Chinese: 赤あか布ぬの张错; pinyin: Chìbùzhāng Cuò, Standard Tibetan: མི་རིག་རྒྱང་གྲམ་མཚོ).[13]

Climate

[edit]

Golmud has a cold arid climate (Köppen BWk), with long, cold winters, and warm summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature drops to −8.4 °C (16.9 °F) in January and rises to 18.5 °C (65 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 5.76 °C (42.4 °F). Precipitation is very low, totaling only 45 millimetres (1.77 in) per annum, falling on 28 days, most of which are during the summer. Relative humidity averages only 32%, with all months below 40%, some of the lowest levels nationally. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 62% in July to 81% in November, the city receives 3,096 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Climate data for Golmud, elevation 2,808 m (9,213 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.5
(95.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.0
(77.0) 		20.4
(68.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		6.4
(43.5) 		0.4
(32.7) 		13.6
(56.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		6.2
(43.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.6
(7.5) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.9
(42.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		0.2
(32.3)
Record low °C (°F) −33.6
(−28.5) 		−26.6
(−15.9) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−20.2
(−4.4) 		−25.4
(−13.7) 		−28.5
(−19.3) 		−33.6
(−28.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.0
(0.04) 		0.6
(0.02) 		0.9
(0.04) 		1.6
(0.06) 		5.0
(0.20) 		9.3
(0.37) 		13.4
(0.53) 		7.8
(0.31) 		4.9
(0.19) 		0.7
(0.03) 		0.8
(0.03) 		0.7
(0.03) 		46.7
(1.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 3.1 4.8 6.4 4.1 3.2 0.8 1.0 1.2 30.2
Average snowy days 3.2 2.5 2.6 2.0 0.8 0 0 0 0.1 1.1 1.5 2.0 15.8
Average relative humidity (%) 38 29 25 23 27 34 37 35 34 31 32 38 32
Mean monthly sunshine hours 211.4 207.6 258.2 275.4 289.6 260.2 270.3 269.8 249.5 269.5 234.4 217.6 3,013.5
Percent possible sunshine 68 67 69 69 66 60 61 65 68 79 77 73 69
Source: China Meteorological Administration[14][15][16]
Climate data for Xiaozaohuo, Golmud, elevation 2,767 m (9,078 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.7
(69.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		0.5
(32.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		4.8
(40.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −18.4
(−1.1) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−17.4
(0.7) 		−3.1
(26.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.5
(0.02) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0.7
(0.03) 		3.6
(0.14) 		7.1
(0.28) 		7.9
(0.31) 		5.4
(0.21) 		3.6
(0.14) 		0.6
(0.02) 		0.4
(0.02) 		0.3
(0.01) 		30.8
(1.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.7 2.7 4.0 5.6 3.5 2.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 23.3
Average snowy days 2.2 1.3 2.0 1.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 0.9 1.2 1.3 11.1
Average relative humidity (%) 38 29 27 27 28 33 38 36 35 33 36 39 33
Mean monthly sunshine hours 227.6 216.6 262.8 276.4 291.0 264.2 271.7 272.6 256.2 276.7 243.8 231.3 3,090.9
Percent possible sunshine 73 70 70 70 66 60 61 66 70 81 81 78 71
Source: China Meteorological Administration[17][18]

Economy

[edit]
Salt harvesting in Golmud (Qinghai) in summer 1993

The Qarhan Playa has China's largest reserves of salt, potassium, and magnesium,[19] as well as other valuable minerals. Taken together, the mineral resources in the playa were estimated to be worth over 15 trillion renminbi (RMB) as of 2002.[19] The area's salt has also trapped valuable hydrocarbons. The Sebei-1 and Sebei-2 fields near Suli Lake are also China's 4th-largest onshore reserves of natural gas[7] and the entire area may have reserves as high as 1 trillion m³ (35 trillion cu. ft.).[19] The larger Sanhu Depression includes East and West Taijinar, which hold China's largest reserves of lithium.

The surrounding countryside also produces gold, copper, jade, lead, and zinc.[19]

A pipeline delivers crude oil from Huatugou Oilfield to a refinery at Golmud.[7] The refinery has a capacity of 1 million metric tons a year; is able to produce 100,000 metric tons a year of methanol and 20,000 MT/yr of polypropylene; and has a 100,000 MT/yr gas fractionator.[7]

According to the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, the per capita disposable income in Golmud was 6,852 yuan in the first quarter of 2017, a 9.3% increase from the one year prior.[11] Golmud has been one of the areas included in China's Targeted Poverty Alleviation program, which the Commission states has entailed the reconstruction of houses in the city with subpar living conditions, and subsidizing low-income students in the city.[11] The commission also states that the government has been developing the production of traditional woodworking, embroidery, and other local crafts through designated "demonstration areas" (Chinese: 示しめせ范区; pinyin: shìfàn qū).[11]

Statistics for 2001 show that the city's nominal GDP totaled 2.213 billion RMB, a rise of 31.9% from the previous year[19][why?] and the highest growth rate since 1990.[20]

Transportation

[edit]

Railway

[edit]
See also: Golmud railway station and Golmud South railway station

Golmud lies along the Qinghai–Tibet railway, a 1,956 km (1,215 mi) railway that starts from Xining and ends at Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The Golmud-Lhasa section, with a length of 1,142 km (710 mi), was the last and most challenging part of the railway to be completed. After five years of construction, the first train for Lhasa left Golmud on 1 July 2006.

In October 2012 construction started on the Golmud–Dunhuang Railway. It will actually branch off the Qinghai–Tibet Railway at the Yinmaxia station north of Golmud, and will cross the Qaidam Basin and the Altyn-Tagh/Qilian system on the way to Dunhuang in the neighboring Gansu province.[21]

The Golmud-Korla Railway running north west from Golmud into Korla, Xinjiang began construction in November 2014 and was completed in 2020.[22][23]

Highways

[edit]

Airport

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Golmud is twinned with:

[edit]

The Golmud Railway is featured as an online multiplayer map in the video game Battlefield 4.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "海かい西にし州しゅう第だい七次全国人口普查公报（第だい二に号ごう）——各市かくし县、行くだり委い常住じょうじゅう人口じんこう情じょう况" (in Chinese). Government of Haixi Prefecture. 2 July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  2. ^ "Reservoir nearing collapse poses threat to Qinghai Tibet railway". Phayul. Dharamsala. 9 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  3. ^ "Gé'ĕrmù Shì (County-level City, China) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  4. ^ Stanford (1917), p. 21.
  5. ^ a b 张建设 (1 May 2016). 柴しば达木文ぶん史し丛书.第だい5辑.格かく尔木长镜头 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7-999066-08-8.
  6. ^ 王おう宗そう仁ひとし (1 October 2001). 苍茫青あお藏ぞう (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7-5065-4113-8.
  7. ^ a b c d e CNPC, p. 19.
  8. ^ 格かく尔木市し历史沿革えんかく [Goldmud City Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2018. 2000年ねん第だい五ご次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，格かく尔木市し总人口じんこう135897人にん，其中：昆こん仑路街道かいどう38214人にん，金峰きんぽう路ろ街道かいどう26567人にん，河西かさい街道かいどう27417人にん，郭かく勒木德とく乡15771人にん，大だい格かく勒乡2106人にん，乌图美び仁じん乡1808人にん，唐古からこ拉ひしげ山やま乡1880人にん，格かく尔木铁路12249人にん，格かく尔木农场9883人にん。{...}2005年ねん，格かく尔木市し调整乡镇行政ぎょうせい区く划：撤销郭かく勒木德とく乡，设立郭かく勒木德とく镇，镇政府せいふ驻地和わ镇区行政ぎょうせい区く划范围不变，实行镇管村むら体制たいせい。2、撤销唐古からこ拉ひしげ山やま乡，设立唐古からこ拉ひしげ山やま镇，镇政府せいふ驻地和わ镇区行政ぎょうせい区く划范围不变，实行镇管村むら体制たいせい。
  9. ^ 2020年ねん统计用よう区く划代码（格かく尔木市し） [2020 Statistical Division Codes (Golmud)] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  10. ^ 世界せかい盐湖城じょう—青海あおみ格かく尔木市し门户网站 概がい览 [World Salt Lake City - Qinghai Golmud City Web Portal Overview] (in Simplified Chinese). Golmud People's Government. Retrieved 27 November 2018. 昆こん仑经济开发区 东城区く工こう行ぎょう委い 西城にししろ区く工こう行ぎょう委い 察尔汗あせ工こう行ぎょう委い 乌图美び仁じん乡 大だい格かく勒乡 郭かく勒木德とく镇 唐古からこ拉ひしげ山やま镇 昆こん仑路街道かいどう办事处 黄河こうが路ろ街道かいどう办事处 河西かさい办事处 金きん锋路办事处 西藏にしくら路ろ办事处
  11. ^ a b c d e 青海あおみ海うみ西にし蒙こうむ古こ族ぞく藏ぞう族ぞく自治じち州しゅう格かく尔木市し [Qinghai Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Golmud]. www.neac.gov.cn (in Chinese). National Ethnic Affairs Commission. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  12. ^ Ulan Ul Hu (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  13. ^ Migriggyangzham Co (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  14. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  15. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  16. ^ 中国ちゅうごく地面じめん国こく际交换站气候标准值月值数据すえ集しゅう（1971－2000年ねん）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  17. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  18. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e "City in Gobi Desert Aims High", Shanghai Daily, Shanghai, 10 July 2002{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  20. ^ "Golmud City Set to Become China's Salt Lake City". Alexander's Gas and Oil Connections. Xinhua News Agency. 28 June 2002. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2006.
  21. ^ 格かく尔木至いたり敦煌とんこう铁路开工. Huochepiao.com. 20 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  22. ^ 人民じんみん铁道网 - 中国ちゅうごく铁路新しん闻门户新疆库尔勒至いたり格かく尔木铁路拟11月がつ开建 - 运输 -. Tianshannet. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2020 – via peoplerail.com.
  23. ^ "首くび趟列车出发！12月9日にち格かく库铁路ろ新しん疆段正式せいしき通どおり车运营_【高こう铁网】". news.gaotie.cn. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  24. ^ 格かく尔木市し戮力打だ造づくり丝路开放新しん高地こうち. Haixi Prefecture Science and Technology Bureau. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.

Bibliography

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