Human-oriented sexualism
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Human-oriented sexualism (
Etymology and background[edit]
Human-oriented sexuality (
Two-dimensional characters are non-human entities; they are not representations of humans but belong to a distinct category separate from humans.[10][11] Sexuality attracted to two-dimensional characters represents an alternative "sexual orientation," distinct from attraction to flesh-and-blood humans.[12][13] However, under human-oriented sexualism, such sexuality is often rendered invisible.
The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the idea of compulsory sexuality[a] from asexual research and the notion of humanonormativity[b] from objectum sexuality research.[2][7] This concept is often used as similar to the amatonormativity.[2]
Academic research[edit]
Queer studies[edit]
According to queer theorist Yuu Matsuura, human-oriented sexualism is closely related to heteronormativity. Human-oriented sexualism erases the possibility of segmenting sexuality in ways other than the "heterosexual/homosexual" category, thus serving as a precondition for the exclusion of homosexuality.[16] Heteronormativity is positioned as a combination of gender binarism and human-oriented sexualism.[17] Furthermore, it has been observed that human-oriented sexualism shares roots with transphobia, operating within the same structural framework.[18]
Kazuki Fujitaka, associate professor of feminist/queer studies at Kyoto Sangyo University, highly appreciated Matsuura's theory about critique against human-oriented sexualism and described the theory as "a practice of healing those who get hurt by a normative society and of defamiliarizing the world," akin to what bell hooks calls "theory as liberatory practice."[19]
Fan or otaku[edit]
In the field of research on otaku and manga studies, there exists a lineage of debates that contest human-oriented sexualism.[16] Matsuura cites examples such as the "ethics of moe" proposed by Patrick W. Galbraith,[20] the feminist analysis of yaoi by Yukari Fujimoto,[21] the concept of "multiple orientations" advanced by Tamaki Saitō,[22] and Elizabeth Miles' investigation into sexual desire for two dimensional characters as a "third sexual orientation."[12] In philosopher Haruka Tsutsui's study of "Oshi," the potential for non-human-oriented sexuality is discussed as a potential subversion of patriarchal sexual norms facilitated by fan activities.[5]
Obscenity law[edit]
Research on the distribution of obscene materials expresses concerns regarding the regulation of two-dimensional sexual creations.[6] Applying the same logic as that used for regulating the public display of genitalia and sexual acts of real people would imply that two-dimensional sexual expressions are unconditionally considered representations of real flesh and blood. Consequently, two-dimensional sexual expressions might be interpreted as stimulating the desire for sexual intercourse with real people.[6]
Similarly, Matsuura's research on child pornography regulations has criticized the inclusion of two-dimensional sexual creations within such regulations. This criticism arises from the perception that such inclusion aligns with an ethical judgment rooted in human-oriented sexuality, as it implicitly disregards the ontological difference between humans and two-dimensional characters.[23]
Intimacy and family[edit]
The notion that intimate or familial relationships with non-humans, such as AI, robots, and pets, are considered inferior to relationships between humans is discussed as a manifestation of human-oriented sexualism.[4]
Activism[edit]
An organization that critiques human-oriented sexualism is the Taiwan Entrepot of Fictosexuality, a Taiwanese fictosexual activist organization.[1][3] Discussions and movements criticizing human-oriented sexualism are aligned with solidarity with feminism and LGBTQ rights, while simultaneously raising criticisms of human-oriented sexualism within feminist and queer circles.[16][17] Additionally, it has been noted that movements opposing restrictions on two-dimensional sexual creations, such as manga and anime, also serve as a critique against the human-oriented sexualist legal system.[12][13]
Explanatory notes[edit]
- ^ Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".[14]
- ^ Humanonormativity is "the belief that people normally and naturally engage in sexual practices and romantic relationships with other human beings. This is not a norm that constructs such sexualities as superior to just engaging in sexual acts with animals (zoophilia)."[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu. "Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies". researchmap. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ a b c d Matsuura, Yuu (2021). "
日常 生活 の自明 性 によるクレイム申 し立 ての「予 めの排除 /抹消 」――「性的 指向 」概念 に適合 しないセクシュアリティの語 られ方 に注目 して" ["Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation"]. Journal of Social Problems (in Japanese). 36 (36). Japanese Association of Social Problems: 67-83. doi:10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67. - ^ a b 廖希
文 (2023). "紙 性 戀 處 境 及其悖論 :情動 、想像 與 賦 生 關係 ".動 漫遊 台灣 2023:台灣 ACG的 過去 、現在 與 未來 (研 討會論文 ). - ^ a b Yamada, Masahiro (2022). "ペットの
家族 化 の進展 とその帰結 ――ネットモニター調査 による考察 " [Familiarization of Pet in Japan: From an Internet Research] (PDF). The Annual Bulletin of the Institute of Social Sciences, Chuo University (in Japanese). 27: 3–21. - ^ a b
筒井 晴香 (2022). "「推 す」ことの倫理 を考 えるために". In香月 孝史 ・上岡 磨 奈・中村 香住 (ed.). アイドルについて葛藤 しながら考 えてみた:ジェンダー/パーソナリティ/〈推 し〉.青 弓 社 . pp. 46–71. ISBN 978-4-7872-7449-6. - ^ a b c Ueda, Masaki (2023). "わいせつ
規制 をめぐる諸 課題 " [Issues surrounding Crimes of Obscenity]. Criminal Law Journal (in Japanese). 75. Seibundo Publishing: 12–17. ISBN 978-4-7923-8881-2. - ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2023).
対人 性愛 中心 主義 批判 の射程 に関 する検討 ――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物 性愛 研究 を踏 まえて [Humanonormativity and Human Oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective]. Human Science Sociology and Anthropology (in Japanese). 12 (13). Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University. doi:10.15017/7151776. - ^ Iwasaki, Hanae (2024). "フツーの
恋愛 、性愛 ってなに?『ACE アセクシュアルから見 たセックスと社会 のこと』刊行 記念 トークレポ". me and you little magazine & club. Retrieved 2024-03-10. - ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "
抹消 の現象 学 的 社会 学 :類型 化 されないことをともなう周縁 化 について" [Phenomenological Sociology of Erasure : Marginalization Involving Untypification]. Japanese Sociological Review (in Japanese). 74 (1). The Japan Sociological Society: 158-174. - ^ Nozawa, Shunsuke (2013). "Characterization". Semiotic Review (3).
- ^ Aoyagi, Hiroshi; Galbraith, Patrick W.; Kovacic, Mateja (2021). Idology in Transcultural Perspective: Anthropological Investigations of Popular Idolatry. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ a b c Miles, Elizabeth (2020). "Porn as Practice, Porn as Access: Pornography Consumption and a ʻThird Sexual Orientationʼ in Japan". Porn Studies. 7 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1080/23268743.2020.1726205.
- ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2021). "
二 次元 の性的 表現 による「現実 性愛 」の相対 化 の可能 性 ――現実 の他者 へ性的 に惹 かれない「オタク」「腐女子 」の語 りを事例 として" [The Possibility of Relativization of Compulsory Sexuality by Nonrealistic Sexual Fantasy: Based on the Narration of "Otaku" and "Fujoshi" Who Do Not Experience Sexual or Romantic Attraction to Real People]. Japan Sociologist (in Japanese) (5). Shinyosha: 116–136. ISBN 9784788517073. - ^ Pryzybylo, Ela (2022). "Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality". In Fischer, Nancy L.; Westbrook, Laurel; Seidman, Steven (eds.). Introducing the New Sexuality Studies (4th ed.). Routledge.
- ^ Motschenbacher, Heiko (2018). "Language and Sexual Normativity". In Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14. ISBN 978-0-19-021292-6.
- ^ a b c Matsuura, Yuu (2022). アニメーション
的 な誤 配 としての多重 見当 識――非 対人 性愛 的 な「二 次元 」へのセクシュアリティに関 する理論 的 考察 [Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects]. Gender Studies (Thesis) (in Japanese). Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University. p. 139-157. doi:10.24567/0002000551. - ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "フィクトセクシュアルから
考 えるジェンダー/セクシュアリティの政治 " [The Politics of Gender and Sexuality from a Fictosexual Perspective]. researchmap. Retrieved 2024-01-16. - ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2022). "
対人 性愛 中心 主義 とシスジェンダー中心 主義 の共通 点 :「萌 え絵 広告 問題 」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用 問題 」から" [The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism]. Retrieved 2024-01-16. - ^ Hanyu, Yuki (2024). "Against Compulsory (Hetero)Sexuality: From Asexual Perspectives" (PDF). Gender & Sexuality. 19. Center for Gender Studies at International Christian University: 137.
- ^ Galbraith, Patrick W. (2021). The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood. Stockholm University Press. ISBN 978-9176351598.
- ^ Fujimoto, Yukari (1991). "Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen'ai' no imi" [The meaning of boys’ love in girls’ comics]. New Feminism Review (in Japanese). 2. Gakuyo Shobo: 280–284.
- ^ Saitō, Tamaki; Vincent, Keith; Lawson, Dawn; Azuma, Hiroki; Saitō, Tamaki; Saitō, Tamaki (2011). Beautiful fighting girl. Minneapolis, Minn: Univ. of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5451-2.
- ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "グローバルなリスク
社会 における倫理 的 普遍 化 による抹消 ――二 次元 の創作 物 を「児童 ポルノ」とみなす非難 における対人 性愛 中心 主義 を事例 に" [Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography”]. Social Analysis (in Japanese) (50). Japan Sociological Association for Social Analysis: 57-71.