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Jingnan campaign

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Jingnan campaign

Map of Jingnan campaign
Date8 August 1399 – 13 July 1402
Location
North China Plain
Result Yan victory
Belligerents
Princedom of Yan
Princedom of Ning		 Ming central government
Commanders and leaders
Zhu Di, Prince of Yan
Zhu Gaochi, Hereditary Prince of Yan
Zhu Gaoxu, Prince of Gaoyang Comm.
Yao Guangxiao
Qiu Fu
Zhu Neng
Zhang Yu †
Zhang Fu
Zheng He
Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning
Three Guards of Doyan		 Zhu Yunwen, the Jianwen Emperor (MIA)
Geng Bingwen
Tie Xuan Executed
Li Jinglong Surrendered
Xu Huizu
Qi Tai Executed
Huang Zicheng Executed
Fang Xiaoru Executed
Sheng Yong Surrendered
Strength
120,000 500,000[1]
Casualties and losses
Unknown Heavy
Jingnan campaign
Chinese靖やすし難なん之の役やく
Literal meaningPacification (靖やすし) of crisis (難なん)
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJìngnàn Zhīyì
IPA[dʑînnân dzípjɛ̂n]

The Jingnan campaign, or Jingnan rebellion, was a three-year civil war from 1399 to 1402 in the early years of the Ming dynasty of China. It occurred between two descendants of the Ming dynasty's founder Zhu Yuanzhang: his grandson Zhu Yunwen by his first son, and Zhu Yuanzhang's fourth son Zhu Di, Prince of Yan. Though Zhu Yunwen had been the chosen crown prince of Zhu Yuanzhang and been made emperor upon the death of his grandfather in 1398, friction began immediately after Yuanzhang's death. Zhu Yunwen began arresting Zhu Yuanzhang's other sons immediately, seeking to decrease their threat. But within a year open military conflict began, and the war continued until the forces of the Prince of Yan captured the imperial capital Nanjing. The fall of Nanjing was followed by the demise of the Jianwen Emperor, Zhu Yunwen. Zhu Di was then crowned the Ming Dynasty's third emperor, the Yongle Emperor.[2]

Background

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After establishing the Ming Dynasty in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–1398), otherwise known as the Hongwu Emperor, began to consolidate the authority of the royal court. He assigned territories to the members of the royal family and stationed them across the empire. He had 26 sons, and of those who survived to adulthood, these princes were often assigned considerable land and forces. These members of the royal family did not have the administrative power over their territory, but they were entitled to a personal army that ranged from 3,000 to 19,000 men.[3] Royal members that were stationed in the northern frontier were entitled to even larger forces. For instance, Zhu Yuanzhang's 17th son Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning, was said to have had an army of over 80,000 men.[4]

The original crown prince, Yuanzhang's first son Zhu Biao, died before Yuanzhang at the age of 36 in 1392. Instead of declaring another of his sons as crown prince, Yuanzhang then declared Biao's surviving eldest teenaged son Zhu Yunwen (1377–1402) as the new heir to the throne. Zhu Yunwen was thus the nephew of Yuanzhang's other sons the feudal princes and felt threatened by their military power.

Prelude

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Jianwen Emperor

In May 1398, when his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang died, Zhu Yunwen ascended to the throne and was named the Jianwen Emperor. He immediately issued an order that his uncles should remain in their respective territories, and then with the assistance of his close associates Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, made plans to demand the reduction of the military power of these perceived rivals.[5][6] The first to be considered was Zhu Yuanzhang's fourth son Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, since he had the largest territory, but the proposal was declined.[7]

Soon after, in July 1398, the Jianwen Emperor arrested his fifth uncle Zhu Su, Prince of Zhou in Kaifeng, on treason charges. The prince and his family members were stripped of royal status and exiled to Yunnan.[8] In April 1399, three more of Zhu Yuanzhang's sons, the princes of Qi, Dai, and Xiang, and their family members were stripped of their royal status. The princes of Qi and Dai were placed under house arrest in Nanjing and Datong, respectively, while the Prince of Xiang committed suicide.[9] Two months later another son, the Prince of Min, also lost his royal status and was exiled to Fujian.[10] As the rift between the regional princes and their emperor nephew grew, the Prince of Yan, who was the eldest surviving uncle of the emperor, and commanded the most powerful military, effectively assumed the leadership role among the uncles.

Initial stage, 1399

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Attack on Beiping

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Yongle Emperor

In December 1398, to prevent what he believed was a potential attack from his uncle, the Prince of Yan, the Jianwen Emperor had appointed several imperial staff to Beiping (present day Beijing) where Zhu Di was stationed. In response, Zhu Di pretended to be ill while preparing for the anticipated war. However, the conspiracy was reported to the imperial staff in Beiping by one of the staff in Yan court.[11] As a result, the arrest for the Prince of Yan was ordered by the imperial court. Zhang Xin, one of the imperial staff, decided to leak the imperial order to the Prince of Yan.[12] To prepare for the imminent arrest, Zhu Di ordered his general Zhang Yu to gather 800 men to patrol the Yan residence in Beiping.[13]

In July, the imperial staff surrounded the Yan residence, and Zhu Di responded by executing the imperial staff and then storming the gates of Beiping.[14] By nightfall, Zhu Di was in control of the city and had officially rebelled against the imperial court.[15][16] For the next several days, the Yan forces captured Tongzhou, Jizhou, Dunhua and Miyun. By the end of July, Juyong Pass, Huailai and Yongping all fell to the Yan forces and the entire Beiping area was effectively under Yan control.[17]

As the Yan forces captured Huailai, the Prince of Gu fled to Nanjing from his territory in Xuanfu, which was situated near the Yan forces.[18] In August, an imperial order demanded that the Princes of Liao and Ning return to Nanjing. The Prince of Liao accepted the order while the Prince of Ning rejected it.[19][20] The Prince of Dai intended to support the Yan forces, but was forced to remain under house arrest in Datong.[21]

Government response, 1399–1400

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First offensive

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In July 1399, news of the rebellion had arrived in Nanjing. The Jianwen Emperor ordered the removal of royal status from the Prince of Yan and began to assemble an attack on Yan forces.[22][23] A headquarters for the expedition was set up in Zhending, Hebei province.[24]

Since many of the generals in the Ming court had either died or been purged by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang, the lack of experienced military commanders was a major concern.[25] With no other options, the 65-year-old Geng Bingwen was appointed as the commander and led 130,000 government forces north on an expedition against the Yan forces.[26] On 13 August, the government forces arrived in Zhending.[27] To prepare for the offensive, the forces were divided and stationed in Hejian, Zhengzhou and Xiongxian separately. However, on 15 August 1399, the Yan forces assaulted Xiongxian and Zhengzhou by surprise and captured both of the cities also annexing their forces.[28]

One of the generals in Geng Bingwen's camp surrendered to Zhu Di and informed him of the positions of Geng Bingwen forces. Zhu Di instructed the general to return the message that the Yan forces were approaching soon, to convince Geng Bingwen to gather his forces together to prepare for the general attack.[29]

On 24 August 1399, the Yan forces arrived in Wujixian. Based on the information gathered from the locals and the surrendered troops, they began to prepare to raid the government forces.[30]

The Yan forces launched a surprise raid on Geng Bingwen the next day, and a full-scale battle ensued. Zhu Di personally led a strike force against the flank of government forces, and Geng Bingwen suffered a crushing defeat as a result. Over 3,000 men surrendered to the Yan forces, and the remainder of the government forces fled back to Zhending. General Gu Cheng surrendered to Zhu Di.[31][32] For the next several days, the Yan forces attempted to capture Zhending but were unable to succeed. On 29 August 1399, the Yan forces withdrew back to Beiping.[33] Gu Cheng was sent back to Beiping to assist Zhu Gaochi with the defense of the city.[34]

Second offensive

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As the news of Geng Bingwen's defeat reached back to Nanjing, the Jianwen Emperor became increasingly concerned about the war. Li Jinglong was proposed by Huang Zicheng as the new commander, and the proposal was accepted despite opposition from Qi Tai.[35] On 30 August 1399, Li Jinglong led a total of 500,000 men and advanced to Hejian.[1] As the news reached the Yan camp, Zhu Di was certain of a Yan victory by outlining the weaknesses of Li Jinglong.[36][37]

Defense of Beiping

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On 1 September 1399, government forces from Liaodong began to lay siege to the city of Yongping.[38] Zhu Di led the Yan forces to reinforce the city on 19 September and defeated the Liaodong forces by 25 September. Following the victory, Zhu Di decided to raid the city of Daning controlled by Prince of Ning in order to annex his army.[39] The Yan forces reached Daning on 6 October, and Zhu Di went inside the city.[40] He was able to coerce the Prince of Ning and the troops in Daning to submit to him, and the strength of the Yan forces increased significantly.[41]

Upon learning that Zhu Di was away in Daning, the government forces led by Li Jinglong crossed Lugou Bridge and began to attack Beiping. However, Zhu Gaochi was able to hold off the attacks.[42] On one occasion, the government forces almost broke into the city, but the attack was held back by a suspicious Li Jinglong.[43] The temperature in Beiping is sub-zero during the month of October, and the Yan defenders poured water on the city walls at nightfall. As the walls were covered in ice the next day, the government forces were prevented from scaling the walls.[44] The government forces were composed of soldiers from the south, and they were unable to sustain their attack in the cold weather.[45]

Battle of Zhengcunba

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Ming pikemen

On 19 October 1399, the Yan forces gathered in Huizhou and began its march back to Beiping.[46] By 5 November, the Yan forces were in the outskirts of Beiping and defeated the scout forces of Li Jinglong.[47] The main army of each side engaged in Zhengcunba for a major battle in the same day, and the forces of Li Jinglong suffered a crushing defeat.[48][49] At nightfall, Li Jinglong retreated from Zhengcunba hastily, and the remaining attack force in Beiping was subsequently surrounded and defeated by the Yan forces.[50][51]

The Battle of Zhengcunba was concluded by the retreat of Li Jinglong back to Dezhou.[52] The government forces lost more than 100,000 men in this battle.[53] On 9 November 1399, Zhu Di returned to Beiping and wrote to the imperial court about his intention to remove Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng from their post. Jianwen Emperor declined to respond.[54] In December, Wu Gao was dismissed from his post in Liaodong by the imperial court, and Zhu Di decided to attack Datong.[55] The Yan forces reached Guangchang on 24 December, and the garrison surrendered.[56] On 1 January 1400, the Yan forces reached Weizhou and met with no resistance yet again.[57] On 2 February, the Yan forces reached Datong and began its siege on the city. The strategic importance of Datong was significant to the imperial court, and Li Jinglong was forced to reinforce the city in a hurried manner. However, Zhu Di returned to Beiping before the government forces could arrive, and the government forces suffered a considerable number of non-combat casualties.[58] With his troops exhausted, Jinglong wrote to Zhu Di and requested an armistice.[59] During the attack in Datong, several forces from Mongolia surrendered to the Yan forces.[60] In February, the garrison at Baoding also surrendered.[61]

Battle of Baigou River

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In April, Li Jinglong mobilized 600,000 men and began advancing northwards toward the Baigou River. On 24 April 1400, the Yan forces engaged with the government forces in a decisive battle.[62] The government forces ambushed Zhu Di, and the Yan forces suffered a series of defeats initially. Landmines were placed in the retreat path of the Yan forces by the government forces, which inflicted heavy losses on the Yan army on their way back to the camp.[63][64] A new battle ensued the following day, and the government forces were successful in attacking the rear of the Yan forces.[65] Zhu Di led a personal charge against the main force of Li Jinglong, and the battle turned into a stalemate as Zhu Gaochi arrived with reinforcements.[66][67] At this point, the wind started to blow and snapped the flag of Li Jinglong in half, which led to chaos in the government camp. Zhu Di seized the opportunity and launched a general assault and defeated the government forces.[68] More than 100,000 government troops surrendered to the Yan forces, and Li Jinglong retreated back to Dezhou once again.[69][70][71]

On 27 April, the Yan forces began marching toward Dezhou to lay siege to the city. The Yan forces captured Dezhou on 9 May 1400, and Li Jinglong was forced to flee to Jinan. The Yan forces followed up immediately and encircled the city of Jinan on 15 May, and Li Jinglong fled back to Nanjing.[72] Despite losing the entire army and being condemned by the imperial court, Li Jinglong was spared execution.[73]

Stalemate, 1400–1401

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Battle of Jinan

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Temple of Tie Xuan in Daming Lake, Jinan

As the city of Jinan was under siege by the Yan forces, the defenders led by Tie Xuan and Sheng Yong refused to surrender.[74] On 17 May 1400, the Yan forces diverted the river to flood the city.[75] Tie Xuan pretended to surrender and lured Zhu Di to the city gate.[76] As Zhu Di approached the city gate, he was ambushed by the government forces and fled back to the camp. The siege continued for the next three months.[77] The strategic importance of Jinan was crucial, and Zhu Di was determined to capture the city. After suffering several setbacks during the siege, Zhu Di turned to the use of cannons. In response, the defenders resorted to placing several plaques written with the name of Zhu Yuanzhang, father of Zhu Di, on top of the city walls. Zhu Di was forced to stop the bombardment.[78]

In June, Jianwen Emperor dispatched an envoy to negotiate for peace, but it was rejected by Zhu Di.[79] The government reinforcements arrived in Hejian around July, and disrupted the supply line of the Yan forces.[80] With the supply line threatened, Zhu Di was forced to withdraw back to Beiping on 16 August. The garrison in Jinan followed up and recaptured the city of Dezhou.[81] Both Tie Xuan and Sheng Yong were promoted to replace the commanding post previously led by Li Jinglong. The government forces advanced back north and settled in Dingzhou and Cangzhou.[82]

Battle of Dongchang

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In October, Zhu Di was informed that the government forces were marching northwards, and decided to launch a pre-emptive strike on Cangzhou. Departing from Tongzhou on 25 October, the Yan forces reached Cangzhou by 27 October 1400 and captured the city in two days.[83][84] The Yan forces crossed the river and arrived in Dezhou on 4 November.[85] Zhu Di attempted to summon Sheng Yong to surrender, but was refused. Sheng Yong was defeated while leading an attack on the rear of the Yan Army.[86] In November, the Yan forces arrived in Linqing, and Zhu Di decided to disrupt the government supply line to force Sheng Yong to abandon Jinan.[87] To counter this, Sheng Yong planned for a decisive battle in Dongchang, and armed his troops with gunpowder weapons and poisonous crossbows.[88]

On 25 December 1400, the Yan forces arrived in Dongchang.[89] Sheng Yong successfully lured Zhu Di into his encirclement, in which the Yan general Zhang Yu was killed in action while trying to break Zhu Di out.[90] While Zhu Di was able to flee from the battlefield, the Yan forces suffered another defeat the next day and were forced to withdraw.[91] On 16 January 1401, the Yan forces returned to Beiping.[92] The Battle of Dongchang was the largest defeat suffered by Zhu Di since the onset of the campaign, and he was particularly saddened by the death of Zhang Yu.[93][94] During the battle, Zhu Di was almost killed on numerous occasions. However, the government forces were instructed by Jianwen Emperor to refrain from killing Zhu Di, which the Prince of Yan took advantage of.[95]

News of the victory following the Battle of Dongchang was well received by Jianwen Emperor. In January 1401, Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng were restored to their posts, and the emperor went on to worship the imperial ancestral temple in Nanjing.[96][97][98][99] The military morale of Sheng Yong forces received a significant boost, and the Yan forces stayed clear of Shandong in subsequent attacks.[100]

Battle of Jia River-Gaocheng

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The defeat at Dongchang was a humiliating loss for Zhu Di, but his close advisor Yao Guangxiao supported continuing military operations.[101] The Yan forces mobilised again on 16 February 1401 and marched southwards.[102]

In anticipation of a Yan strike, Sheng Yong stationed himself in Dezhou with 200,000 troops, while placing the remainder of the forces in Zhending. Zhu Di decided to strike Sheng Yong first.[103] On 20 March, the Yan forces encountered the forces of Sheng Yong on Jia River near Wuyi.[104] On 22 March, the Yan forces crossed the Jia River. Seeing that the camp of Sheng Yong was heavily guarded, Zhu Di decided to personally scout the opponent to search for weak spots. Since Jianwen Emperor forbade the killing of Zhu Di, the government forces refrained from shooting at Zhu Di as he scouted around with minimal harassment.[105][106]

After the scouting operation, Zhu Di led the Yan forces and attacked the left wing of Sheng Yong. The ensuing battle lasted until nightfall, in which both sides suffered an equal number of casualties.[107][108] Both sides engaged again the next day. After several hours of intense fighting, the wind suddenly started to blow from the northeast to southwest toward the government positions. The government forces were unable to battle against the wind as the Yan forces ran over their positions. Sheng Yong was forced to retreat to Dezhou.[109][110][111] Government reinforcements from Zhending also retreated after hearing the news of Sheng Yong's defeat.[112]

The Battle of Jia River re-established the military edge for Prince of Yan. On 4 March 1401, Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng were held accountable for the loss and were dismissed from their post. The emperor instructed them to recruit troops from other areas.[113]

After the defeat of Sheng Yong in Jia River, the Yan forces advanced to Zhending. Zhu Di managed to lure the government forces out of the city and engaged them in Gaocheng on 9 March 1401. Facing the gunpowder weapons and crossbows utilised by the government forces, the Yan Army suffered heavy losses.[114][115] The battle ensued the next day, and a severe wind started to blow. The government forces were unable to hold on to its position and were crushed by the Yan forces.[116]

From Baigou River to Jia River and Gaocheng, the Yan forces were aided by the wind in all of these occasions. Zhu Di was convinced that the Yan forces were destined for victory.[117]

Ensuing battles

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In the immediate aftermath of Battle of Jia River-Gaocheng, the Yan forces took the initiative and marched southwards with no resistance.[118] Zhu Di demanded peace talks, and Jianwen Emperor consulted with advisor Fang Xiaoru for opinions. Fang Xiaoru suggested to pretend to negotiate while ordering the forces in Liaodong to strike Beiping.[119][120] The strategy did not work as planned, and in May Sheng Yong sent out an army to attack the supply line of the Yan Army.[121][122] Zhu Di claimed that Sheng Yong refused to stop military actions with ill intentions, and managed to convince Jianwen Emperor to imprison Sheng Yong.[123][124]

As both sides ceased to negotiate, Zhu Di decided to raid the supply line of the government forces to starve the defenders in Dezhou. On 15 June, the Yan forces successfully destroyed the main food storage of the government forces in Pei, and Dezhou was on the brink of collapse.[125] In July, the Yan forces captured Pengde and Linxian.[126] On 10 July 1401, government forces from Zhending launched a raid on Beiping. Zhu Di divided the army to reinforce Beiping and defeated the government forces by 18 September.[127] In hope to reverse the tides of the battle, imperial advisor Fang Xiaoru attempted to intensify the existing distrust between the first and second son of Zhu Di, Zhu Gaochi and Zhu Gaoxu, but the strategy failed once again.[128]

On 15 July 1401, government forces led by Fang Zhao from Datong began to approach Baoding, threatening Beiping, and Zhu Di was forced to withdraw.[129] The Yan forces had a decisive victory in Baoding on 2 October, and Fang Zhao retreated back to Datong.[130] On 24 October, the Yan forces returned to Beiping. The government forces from Liaodong attempted to raid the city again, but the attack was repelled.[131]

The Jingnan Campaign had been ongoing for more than two years up until this point. Despite numerous victories, the Yan forces were unable to hold on to territories due to lack of manpower.[132]

Yan offensives, 1401–1402

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Advancing south

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By the winter of 1401–1402, Zhu Di decided to alter the general offensive strategy. The Yan forces were to skip the strongholds of the government forces, and advance straight south toward the Yangtze River.[133][134]

On 2 December 1401, the Yan forces mobilised and began advancing southward. In the month of January, the Yan forces stormed across Shandong and captured Dong'e, Dongping, Wenshang, and Pei. On 30 January 1402, the Yan forces reached Xuzhou, the major transportation hub.[135]

In response to the mobilisation of the Yan forces, Jianwen Emperor ordered Mei Yin to defend Huai'an, and ordered Xu Huizu to reinforce Shandong.[136][137] On 21 February 1401, the government forces in Xuzhou refused to engage with the Yan forces to focus on defending the city after suffering a defeat.[138]

Battle of Lingbi

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Zhu Di decided to skip Xuzhou and continued to advance southward. The Yan forces went past Suzhou, defended by Pin An, and reached Bengbu by 9 March 1402.[139] Ping An pursued the Yan forces but was ambushed by Zhu Di at Fei River on 14 March, which forced the Pin An to retreat back to Suzhou.[140]

On 23 March 1402, Zhu Di dispatched an army to disrupt the supply line of Xuzhou.[141] The Yan forces arrived at the Sui River on 14 April, and settled across the river facing the government camp. A battle broke out on 22 April in which the government forces led by Xu Yaozu were victorious.[142] As the government forces had victories one after another, the military morale of the Yan forces started to plummet. Soldiers of the Yan forces were mostly from the north, and they were unaccustomed to the heat as summertime approached. The generals of Zhu Di proposed a withdrawal to regroup, which Zhu Di rejected.[143]

During this time, the imperial court received rumours that the Yan forces had retreated back north. Jianwen Emperor recalled Xu Yaozu back to Nanjing, which reduced the government strength north of the Yangtze River.[144] On 25 April 1402, the government forces moved the camp to Lingbi and began to set up fortifications. A series of battles ensued, and the government forces gradually ran out of food supply as the Yan forces successfully blocked their supply line.[145] With the imminent shortage of food supply, the government forces planned to break out of Yan encirclement and regroup in the Huai River. The break out signal was decided as three shots of cannon fire. On the next day, the Yan forces happened to attack Lingbi fortification with the same signal. The government forces completely collapsed in a state of confusion as the Yan forces stormed to take over and ended the battle.[146][147][148]

The main strength of the government forces was crushed decisively in the Battle of Lingbi, and the Yan forces were now unmatched north of the Yangtze River.

Fall of Nanjing

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After the Battle of Lingbi, the Yan forces advanced straight toward the southeast and captured Sizhou on 7 May 1402.[149] Sheng Yong attempted to set up a defensive line on the Huai River to prevent the Yan forces from crossing. As the attack was halted in Huai’an, Zhu Di divided the army and launched a converging attack on Sheng Yong. Sheng Yong was defeated, and the Yan forces captured Xuyi.[150][151]

On 11 May 1402, the Yan forces marched toward Yangzhou, and the city surrendered one week later.[152] The nearby city of Gaoyou also surrendered soon after.[153]

The fall of Yangzhou was a devastating blow for the government forces, as the imperial capital Nanjing was now exposed to a direct attack. After discussing with Fang Xiaoru, the Jianwen Emperor decided to negotiate again with Zhu Di to delay the attack while calling for help from other provinces.[154] The nearby provinces of Suzhou, Ningbo, and Huizhou all dispatched an army to protect the imperial capital.[155]

On 22 May 1402, Zhu Di rejected the negotiation for armistice.[156] On 1 June, the Yan forces were about to cross the Yangtze River, but was met with firm resistance from Sheng Yong. After suffering a few setbacks, Zhu Di was considering whether to accept the peace offer and withdraw back to the north. Zhu Gaoxu arrived with reinforcement in a decisive moment and crushed the forces of Sheng Yong.[157] During the preparation for river crossing, the Yan forces obtained several warships from the government navy. The Yan forces crossed the Yangtze River from Guazhou on 3 June, and Sheng Yong was once again defeated. On 6 June, Zhenjiang fell to the Yan forces.[158][159]

By 8 June 1402, the Yan forces advanced to 30 km east of Nanjing. The imperial court was in a state of panic, and the Jianwen Emperor frantically dispatched several envoys in hopes to negotiate for armistice. Zhu Di rejected the notion and the Yan forces marched toward the imperial capital.[160]

Nanjing was effectively isolated by 12 June. All messengers dispatched to other provinces were intercepted by the Yan forces, and no reinforcement was in sight for the imperial capital.[161] On 13 July 1402, the Yan forces arrived in Nanjing. The city defenders decided to open up the city gate and surrender without resistance.[162][163][164] With the fall of Nanjing to the Prince of Yan Army, the Jingnan Campaign had drawn to an end.

Aftermath

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As the Yan forces marched into Nanjing, Jianwen Emperor set the imperial palace on fire in despair. While the body of Empress Ma was located afterwards, the body of Jianwen Emperor had vanished and was never found.[165][166] The emperor was alleged to have escaped through the tunnels and went into hiding.[167]

Zhu Di decided to go on and hold an imperial funeral for the emperor to imply his death to the general public.[168] On 17 June 1402, Zhu Di was crowned at the imperial palace and became the Yongle Emperor.[169] All of the Jianwen policies were reversed to the original policies set during the reign of Hongwu Emperor.[170]

On 25 June 1402, Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and Fang Xiaoru were all executed, and their families exterminated.[171] Various other imperial advisors to the Jianwen Emperor were either executed or committed suicide, and their families were exiled by the new government.[172] Majority of these families were pardoned and allowed to return to their homeland during the reign of Hongxi Emperor.[173]

Influences

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During the early reign of the Yongle Emperor, the territorial princes were restored of their positions. However, they were relocated away from the frontiers, and gradually stripped of their military power. With the subsequent policies enforced by the Yongle Emperor, the emperor was successful in consolidating the power of the central government.[174] In 1426, the Xuande Emperor managed to force all of the territorial princes to renounce their remaining personal army after suppressing the rebellion of Zhu Gaoxu.[174]

The Yongle Emperor began the preparation for relocating the imperial capital to Beiping in 1403, a process that lasted throughout his entire reign.[175][176] The construction of the future Forbidden City along with the restructuring of the Grand Canal were constantly ongoing. In 1420, the reconstruction of Beiping City was completed, and the Ming Dynasty officially relocated the imperial capital to Beiping and renamed the city to Beijing.[177] With the exception of Republic of China between 1928 and 1949, Beijing remains to be the fixed capital of China ever since.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Taizong Shilu, Volume 4: （九きゅう月がつ）戊つちのえ寅とら，諜報ちょうほう曹國公こう乘じょう傳でん至德しとく州しゅう，收集しゅうしゅう耿炳文ぶん敗亡はいぼう將卒しょうそつ并調各かく處しょ軍馬ぐんば五ご十じゅう萬まん，進しん營河間あいだ。
  2. ^ Liang 2007, p. 78
  3. ^ Every prince is entitled to three "Wei" (三さん護衛ごえい) of guards. There are approximately 5000–6000 men in each "Wei".
  4. ^ History of Ming, Volume 7: 寧やすし獻けんじ王權おうけん，太ふとし祖そ第だい十じゅう七なな子し。洪ひろし武ぶ二に十じゅう四よん年ねん封ふう。逾二に年ねん，就藩大だい寧やすし。大だい寧やすし在ざい喜き峰ほう口外こうがい，古いにしえ會かい州しゅう地ち，東ひがし連れん遼りょう左ひだり，西にし接せっ宣せん府ふ，為ため巨きょ鎮。帶おび甲かぶと八はち萬まん，革かわ車しゃ六ろく千せん，所屬しょぞく朵顏三衛騎兵皆驍勇善戰。權けん數すう會かい諸王しょおう出で塞ふさが，以善謀はかりごと稱しょう。
  5. ^ History of Ming, Volume 3: 遺のこ詔みことのり曰：「朕ちん膺天命いのち三さん十じゅう有ゆう一いち年ねん，憂ゆう危積心しん，日勤にっきん不ふ怠だる，務つとむ有益ゆうえき於民。奈起自じ寒かん微ほろ，無む古人こじん之の博はく知ち，好こう善惡ぜんあく惡あく，不ふ及遠矣。今こん得とく萬物ばんぶつ自然しぜん之の理り，其奚哀あい念ねん之の有ゆう。皇すめらぎ太ふとし孫まご允まこと炆仁明にんみょう孝友たかとも，天下てんか歸心きしん，宜むべ登とう大だい位い。內外文ぶん武臣ぶしん僚同心こころ輔政，以安吾われ民みん。喪も祭儀さいぎ物ぶつ，毋用金玉きんぎょく。孝こう陵りょう山川やまかわ因いん其故，毋改作かいさく。天下てんか臣民しんみん，哭臨三さん日にち，皆みな釋しゃく服ふく，毋妨嫁よめ娶めと。諸王しょおう臨國中ちゅう，毋至京師けいし。諸しょ不在ふざい令れい中ちゅう者しゃ，推此令れい從事じゅうじ。」
  6. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 11: 至いたり是ぜ燕つばめ王おう自じ北平きたひら奔喪，援遺詔みことのり止どめ之の，於是諸王しょおう皆みな不ふ悅えつ，流言りゅうげん煽動せんどう，聞于朝廷ちょうてい。謂いい子こ澄きよし曰：「先生せんせい憶昔東ひがし角かく門もん之の言げん乎？」對たい曰：「不ふ敢忘。」於是始はじめ與あずか泰たい建けん削そぎ藩はん之の議ぎ。
  7. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 1: （洪ひろし武ぶ三さん十じゅう一いち年ねん）六ろく月がつ，戶部とべ侍さむらい郎ろう卓たく明あかり請徙封ふう燕つばめ王おう棣於南みなみ昌あきら，不ふ聽。
  8. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 1: 乃命曹國公こう李り景けい隆たかし以備邊べ為ため名めい，猝至開封かいふう，圍かこえ王宮おうきゅう，執と之これ以歸。......乃廢橚為庶人，竄蒙化か。諸子しょし皆みな別べつ徙。
  9. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: （建けん文ぶん元年がんねん）夏なつ四よん月がつ，湘王柏かしわ自じ焚死，齊ひとし王おう榑、代だい王おう桂かつら有罪ゆうざい，廢はい為ため庶人。柏かしわ膂力りょりょく過か人ひと，握にぎ刀かたな槊弓矢ゆみや，馳はせ馬ば若わか飛ひ。至いたり是ぜ有ゆう告つげ其反者しゃ。帝みかど遣や使つかい即そく訊，柏かしわ焚其宮室きゅうしつ，彎弓躍おど馬うま，投とう火中かちゅう死し。榑累歷れき塞ふさが上じょう，以武功こう喜き，時じ與あずか燕つばめ通どおり，為ため府中ふちゅう人じん所しょ告つげ；會かい代だい郡ぐん亦また上うえ變へん，乃廢二王におう為ため庶人，錮榑京師けいし，幽かそけ桂かつら大同だいどう。
  10. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: （建けん文ぶん元年がんねん）六ろく月がつ，岷王楩有罪ざい，廢はい為ため庶人：西平にしだいら侯こう沐晟奏そう楩不法ほう，廢はい為ため庶人，徙漳州しゅう。
  11. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: （六ろく月がつ）己おのれ酉とり，燕つばめ山さん百ひゃく戶こ倪亮上じょう變へん，告つげ燕つばめ官かん校こう於諒、周しゅう鐸等陰かげ事ごと，詔みことのり逮至京師けいし，皆みな戮之。復ふく詔みことのり責せめ燕つばめ王おう。王おう遂とげ稱たたえ疾やまし篤あつし，佯狂ようきょう走はし呼よび市し中ちゅう，奪だつ酒食しゅしょく，語ご多た妄亂，或ある臥が土壤どじょう彌わたる日び不ふ甦よみがえ。張ちょう昺、謝しゃ貴とうと入にゅう問とい疾やまし，王おう盛夏せいか圍かこえ爐ろ播顫曰：「寒かん甚。」宮中きゅうちゅう亦また杖つえ而行。昺等稍やや信之のぶゆき，長ちょう史ふみ葛かずら誠まこと密みつ語ご之の曰：「王おう本ほん無む恙，公おおやけ等とう勿懈。」
  12. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 初はつ，張ちょう信之のぶゆき至いたり燕つばめ也，與あずか昺等同どう受密旨むね，憂ゆう懼不知ふち所出しょしゅつ。以告母はは，母はは大だい驚おどろき曰：「吾われ聞燕都と有ゆう王おう氣き，王おう當爲とうい天子てんし。汝なんじ慎まき勿妄舉，取と赤あか族ぞく禍か也。」至いたり是ぜ又また密みつ敕信，使つかい執と王おう，信しん見事みごと急きゅう，三造みつぞう燕つばめ邸てい，辭じ不ふ見み，乃乘婦人ふじん車しゃ徑みち至いたり門もん，固かた請之。王おう召入，信しん拜はい牀ゆか下か，密みつ以情輸王。王おう猶なお佯為風ふう疾やまし，不能ふのう言ごと，信しん曰：「殿下でんか毋爾也。臣しん今いま奉たてまつ詔みことのり禽王，王おう果はて無む意い，當とう就執，如有意ゆうい，幸こう勿誨臣しん。」王おう察其誠まこと，下しも拜はい曰：「生なま我わが一家いっか者しゃ，子し也！」於是召僧道どう衍謀舉兵。
  13. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 會かい昺等部署ぶしょ衛まもる卒そつ及屯田とんでん軍ぐん士し，布ぬの列れつ城じょう中ちゅう，一いち面めん飛ひ章あきら奏聞そうもん。布ぬの政司せいじ吏李り有ゆう直ちょく竊其草そう，獻けんじ之の府中ふちゅう，燕つばめ王おう亟呼護衛ごえい張ちょう玉たま、朱しゅ能のう等とう率りつ壯士そうし八はち百ひゃく人にん入いれ衛まもる。
  14. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 秋あき，七なな月がつ，詔みことのり至いたり，「逮燕府ふ官かん屬ぞく」，於是張ちょう昺、謝しゃ貴とうと等とう率りつ諸しょ衛士えじ以兵圍かこえ府ふ第だい，......壬みずのえ申さる，王おう稱しょう疾やまし愈いよいよ，御ご東殿ひがしとの，伏ふく壯士そうし左右さゆう及端禮れい門もん內，遣や人ひと召昺、貴たか，不ふ至いたり，復ふく遣や中ちゅう使つかい示しめせ以所逮姓名めい，乃至ないし。......一時いちじ伏兵ふくへい盡つき起おこり，前ぜん禽昺、貴たか，捽葛誠まこと、盧の振ふ下殿しもとの。王おう擲杖起おこり曰：「我わが何なに病びょう！為ため若輩じゃくはい奸臣かんしん所しょ逼耳。」昺、貴き及誠等とう不屈ふくつ，皆みな斬き之これ。
  15. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 2: 是ぜ夜よる，（張ちょう）玉たま等とう攻おさむ九きゅう門もん，黎明れいめい已やめ克かつ其八，惟おもんみ西にし直門じきもん未み下した。上うえ令れい指揮しき唐から雲くも解かい甲かぶと騎馬きば，導しるべ從したがえ如平時じ，過か西にし直門じきもん，見み闘たたかえ者しゃ，呵しか之これ曰：「汝なんじ眾喧閧，欲よく何なん為ため者しゃ？誰だれ令れい爾しか為ため此不義ふぎ，是ぜ自じ取と殺ころせ身み耳みみ。」眾聞雲くも言ごと，皆みな散ち，乃盡克かつ九きゅう門もん，遂とげ下か令れい安やす集しゅう城中じょうちゅう，人民じんみん安堵あんど，諸しょ司つかさ官吏かんり視し事こと如故。北平きたひら都と指揮しき使し俞填走はし居きょ庸いさお關せき，馬うま瑄走薊あざみ州しゅう]]，宋そう忠ただし率りつ兵へい至いたり居きょ庸いさお關せき，知事ちじ不ふ齊ひとし，退すさ保ほ懷ふところ來らい，留とめ俞填守もり居きょ庸いさお。
  16. ^ 《皇すめらぎ明あかり祖そ訓くん•法律ほうりつ》：如朝無む正臣まさおみ，内うち有ゆう奸惡かんあく，則のり親王しんのう訓くん兵へい待命たいめい，天子てんし密みつ詔みことのり諸王しょおう，統みつる領りょう鎮兵討平之の。
  17. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 2: 甲きのえ戌いぬ，通とおり州しゅう衛まもる指揮しき房ぼう勝かち等とう率りつ眾以城じょう來らい歸き。
    丙へい子こ，馬うま宣せん在ざい薊あざみ州しゅう，謀はかりごと起おこり兵へい來らい攻おさむ。上うえ遣や指揮しき朱しゅ能のう等とう攻おさむ拔其城じょう，遂とげ生なま擒とりこ馬ば宣せん。遵化衛まもる指揮しき蔣玉、密雲みつうん衛まもる指揮しき郭かく亨とおる各かく以城來らい歸き。
    己おのれ卯う，命いのち指揮しき徐じょ安やすし、鐘しょう祥さち、千戶徐祥等討填，安やす等とう攻おさむ破やぶ其城（居きょ庸いさお關せき），填はま走はし懷ふところ來らい，依よ宋そう忠ただし。
    甲きのえ申さる，至いたり懷ふところ來らい。......宋そう忠ただし余あまり眾蒼黃き列れつ陣じん未成みせい，上うえ麾師渡河とか，鼓つづみ噪直沖おき其陣，宋そう忠ただし大敗たいはい，奔入城にゅうじょう。......都と指揮しき莊そう得とく單騎たんき遁走とんそう，餘よ眾悉降，即そく散ち遣や歸かえり原はら衛まもる。
    丙へい戌いぬ，永えい平ひら守將しゅしょう趙ちょう彝つね、郭かく亮あきら以城來らい歸き。
    乙未おとみ，......乃作詒卜萬まん書しょ，盛もり稱しょう獎萬而極毀詆亨，緘識牢ろう密みつ，召一卒そつ飲いん之の酒さけ，且厚賚之，而置書しょ其衣中ちゅう，俾歸與あずか萬まん。其同獲え之これ卒そつ竊窺之の，問もん守もり者しゃ曰：「彼かれ何なに為ため者しゃ？」守もり者しゃ曰：「遣や歸き通どおり意い，故こ得とく厚あつ賚。」卒そつ跪曰：「告つげ守もり者しゃ能のう為ため我わが請得偕行，惟おもんみ命いのち是ぜ從したがえ，不ふ敢望賚。」守もり者しゃ如所言げん為ため請，遂とげ俱遣而不與あずか賚，不ふ得とく賚者終おわり不平ふへい，至いたり即發そくはつ其事。劉りゅう真しん、陳ちん亨とおる搜さがせ卒そつ衣ころも，得とく與あずか卜ぼく萬まん書しょ，遂とげ疑うたぐ萬ばん，執と下獄げごく，籍せき其家。
  18. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 壬みずのえ辰たつ，谷たに王おう橞聞燕つばめ兵へい破やぶ懷ふところ來らい，自じ宣せん府ふ奔京師し。
  19. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 燕つばめ兵へい起おこり，朝あさ廷慮（朱しゅ）權けん與あずか燕つばめ合あい，召權及遼王おう植うえ歸京ききょう師し。植うえ泛海還かえ，權けん不ふ至いたり，坐すわ削そぎ護衛ごえい。
  20. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 3: 齊泰なりやす等とう慮おもんばか遼りょう王おう植しょく、寧やすし王權おうけん為ため上之うえの助すけ，建議けんぎ悉召還しょうかん京きょう，惟おもんみ植うえ至いたり，遂とげ遣や敕削權けん護衛ごえい。
  21. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 陳ちん質ただし者しゃ，建けん文ぶん元年がんねん宋そう忠之ただゆき敗はい，質しつ以參將はた退すさ守もり大同だいどう，代だい王おう欲よく舉兵應おう燕つばめ，質しつ持じ之の不ふ得とく發はつ。
  22. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 棣反書しょ聞。帝みかど告つげ太ふとし廟びょう，削そぎ棣屬籍せき，廢はい為ため庶人。詔みことのり示しめせ天下でんか。以（耿）炳文太ふとし祖そ時じ宿將しゅくしょう，拜はい征せい虜とりこ大將軍だいしょうぐん。
  23. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 是これ月がつ，燕つばめ王おう反はん書しょ聞。齊泰なりやす請削燕つばめ屬ぞく籍せき，聲こえ罪ざい致討。或ある難なん之の，泰たい曰：「明あきら其為賊ぞく，敵てき乃可克かつ。」遂とげ定てい議ぎ伐き燕つばめ，布告ふこく天下でんか。
  24. ^ History of Ming, Volume 142: 暴昭，潞州人じん。......燕つばめ兵へい起おこり，設しつらえ平ひら燕つばめ布ぬの政司せいじ於真定じょう，昭あきら以尚書しょ掌てのひら司し事ごと，與あずか鐵てつ鉉輩悉心經けい畫が。
  25. ^ According to History of Ming, there were over 60 people granted nobility during the reign of Hongwu Emperor. By 1398, 35 of them died, and 26 of them were executed by Zhu Yuanzhang. The ones remaining were Geng Bingwen, Guo Ying and Yu Yuan.
  26. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 炳文等とう瀕ひん行ぎょう，上うえ戒之曰：「昔むかし蕭しょう繹舉兵へい入京にゅうきょう，而令其下曰：『一門いちもん之の內，自じ極きょく兵へい威い，不祥ふしょう之の甚。』今こん爾なんじ將士しょうし與あずか燕つばめ王おう對たい壘るい，務つとむ體からだ此意，毋使朕ちん有ゆう殺ころせ叔父おじ名めい。」
  27. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 八はち月がつ，己おのれ酉とり，耿炳文ぶん師し次じ真ま定じょう。
  28. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 壬みずのえ子こ，......，夜半やはん，至いたり雄おんどり縣けん，襲かさね其城。（潘はん）忠ちゅう援兵えんぺい不ふ至いたり，前ぜん鋒ほこさき麾下きか九きゅう千せん人にん皆みな戰沒せんぼつ。......命いのち護衛ごえい千戶譚淵率壯士千餘，伏ふく月がつ漾橋水中すいちゅう，......，俟忠等とう援軍えんぐん已やめ過か，即そく出で據よりどころ橋きょう，王おう遣や兵へい逆ぎゃく擊げき忠ちゅう，敗はい之の。
    Taizong Shilu, Volume 3: 上うえ問とい忠ちゅう等とう：“莫州軍馬ぐんば幾何きか？”忠ちゅう雲くも：“尚なお有ゆう戰士せんし萬まん余あまり、馬うま九きゅう千せん餘よ匹ひき，今こん聞臣敗はい必走，急きゅう取と可か得とく也。”上うえ率りつ精銳せいえい百ひゃく余あまり為ため前ぜん鋒ほこさき，趨鄚州しゅう，徑みち薄うす其營，悉降之の，盡つき獲え其人馬ば輜重しちょう。
  29. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 會かい炳文部將ぶしょう張ちょう保たもつ來き降ぶ，言げん「炳文兵へい三さん十じゅう萬まん，先さき至いたり者しゃ十じゅう三さん萬まん，分ふん營滹沱河南北なんぼく。」王おう厚あつし撫なで保たもて，遣や歸き，使つかい詐いつわり言ごと「被ひ執と得え脫ぬげ，且具陳雄のぶお、鄚敗狀じょう，燕つばめ兵へい旦夕たんせき至いたり。」......炳文聞保言ごと，果はて移うつり南みなみ營過河かわ。
  30. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 3: 壬みずのえ戌いぬ，未み至いたり真ま定じょう二に十じゅう裡うら，獲え采さい樵きこり者しゃ，詢知炳文軍ぐん惟おもんみ備西北きた，其東南無なむ備。上うえ率りつ三さん騎き先さき至いたり東門ひがしもん，突入とつにゅう其運糧かて車しゃ中ちゅう，擒とりこ二に人にん問とい之の，其南岸がん之の營果移うつり於北岸がん，由ゆかり西門にしもん而營，直ちょく抵西山やま。
  31. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 炳文出城でしろ逆ぎゃく戰せん，張ちょう玉たま、譚たん淵ふち、朱しゅ能のう等とう率りつ眾奮擊げき，王おう以奇兵へい出で其背，循城夾攻，橫よこ衝其陣じん，炳文大敗たいはい，奔還。朱しゅ能のう與あずか敢死士し三さん十じゅう餘よ騎き，追つい奔至滹沱河東かとう。炳文眾尚數すう萬まん，復ふく列れつ陣じん向こう能のう。能のう奮勇大呼たいこ，衝入炳文陣じん，南みなみ軍ぐん披靡，蹂藉死者ししゃ甚眾，棄甲降くだ者しゃ三さん千せん餘人よにん。
  32. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 3: 上うえ將すすむ輕けい騎き數すう十じゅう，繞にょう出で城西じょうさい，先さき破やぶ其二そのじ營。適てき炳文送おく使つかい客きゃく出で，覺さとし之の奔還，......炳文出城でしろ迎むかえ戰せん，張ちょう玉たま、譚たん淵ふち、朱しゅ能のう、馬うま雲くも等とう率りつ眾奮擊げき之の，上うえ以奇兵へい出で其背，循城夾擊きょうげき，橫よこ透とおる敵陣てきじん，炳文大敗たいはい，急きゅう奔入城にゅうじょう。軍ぐん爭そう門もん，門もん塞ふさが不ふ得とく入いれ，相そう蹈藉死者ししゃ甚眾，乃自相しょう斮，然しか後ご得え入にゅう而闔門もん自じ守もり。丘おか福ぶく等とう殺ころせ入子いれこ城じょう，門もん閉乃退。其左副ふく將軍しょうぐん駙馬都と尉じょう李り堅けん領りょう眾接戰せっせん，我わが騎士きし薛祿引槊刺とげ堅けん墜馬，揮刀斫之。堅けん大呼たいこ曰：「我わが李り駙馬也，勿殺。」祿ろく生せい擒とりこ之の，其右副ふく將軍しょうぐん都と督とく甯忠、左ひだり軍ぐん都と督とく顧成、都と指揮しき劉りゅう遂とげ俱被擒とりこ，斬首ざんしゅ三さん萬まん餘よ級きゅう，積せき屍かばね塞ふさが城しろ壕ごう，溺死できし滹沱河かわ者しゃ無む算さん，獲え馬ば二に萬まん餘よ匹ひき，俘降數すう萬まん，盡つき散ち遣や之これ，有ゆう二に千せん人にん願ねがい留とめ不歸ふき，上うえ從したがえ之これ。
  33. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 3: 丙へい寅とら，攻おさむ真ま定じょう二に日にち未み下した。上うえ曰：「攻おさむ城下じょうか策さく，徒と曠時日び，鈍どん士氣しき。」遂とげ命いのち班はん師し。
  34. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: （顧）成なり遂とげ降ぶ，王おう遣や人ひと送おく北平きたひら，輔世子せいし居きょ守もり。
  35. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 上聞じょうぶん真ま定之さだゆき敗はい，始はじめ有ゆう憂色ゆうしょく，謂いい黃き子こ澄きよし曰：「柰何！」對たい曰：「勝敗しょうはい兵家へいか之の常つね，無む足あし慮おもんばか。」因いん薦こも曹國公こう李り景けい隆たかし可か大任たいにん，齊泰なりやす極言きょくげん其不可ふか，竟用之の。
  36. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4:上うえ語ご諸しょ將しょう曰：「李り九きゅう江こう（李り景けい隆たかし小名しょうみょう），豢養之子ゆきこ，寡謀而驕矜，色しょく厲而中ちゅう餒，忌き刻こく而自用よう，況きょう未み嘗習兵へい，見み戰陣せんじん而輙以五十じゅう萬まん付づけ之の，是ぜ自じ坑あな之の矣。漢かん高祖こうそ大度たいど知人ちじん，善ぜん任にん使し，英雄えいゆう為ため用よう，不ふ過か能のう將しょう十じゅう萬まん，九江何等才而能將五十萬？趙ちょう括くく之これ敗はい可か待まち矣。」
  37. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4: 上うえ笑えみ曰：「兵法ひょうほう有ゆう五ご敗はい，景けい隆たかし皆みな蹈之。為ため將はた政令せいれい不ふ脩おさむ，紀律きりつ不整ふせい，上下じょうげ異い心しん，死生しせい離はなれ志こころざし，一也かずや；今北いまきた地ち早はや寒さむ，南みなみ卒そつ裘褐きゅうかつ不足ふそく，披冒霜雪そうせつ，手足てあし皸ひび瘃，甚者墮指，又また士し無む贏糧，馬うま無宿むしゅく槁けやき，二に也；不ふ量りょう險けん易えき，深入ふかいり趨利，三也みつや；貪むさぼ而不治ふち，智信とものぶ不足ふそく，氣き盈みつる而愎，仁ひとし勇いさむ俱無，威令いれい不ふ行くだり，三軍さんぐん易やす撓たわわ，四よん也；部ぶ曲きょく喧嘩けんか，金きむ鼓こ無む節ふし，好こう諛喜佞，專任せんにん小人こども，五ご也。九きゅう江え五ご敗はい悉備，保ほ無能むのう為ため。然しか吾われ在ざい此，必不敢至，今須います往援永なが平たいら，彼かれ知し我わが出で，必來攻おさむ城じょう，回かい師し擊げき之の，堅けん城じょう在ざい前まえ，大軍たいぐん在ざい後ご，必成ひっせい擒とりこ矣。」
  38. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4: 九きゅう月がつ戊つちのえ辰たつ朔ついたち，永えい平ひら守將しゅしょう郭かく亮あきら馳はせ報ほう：江こう陰かげ侯こう吳くれ高だか、都と督とく耿瓛等とう以遼東ひがし兵へい圍かこえ城じょう。
  39. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4: 丙へい戌いぬ，上うえ率りつ師し援永平ひらめ，諸しょ將しょう請曰：「必守盧溝橋ろこうきょう，扼李景けい隆之たかゆき沖おき，使つかい不ふ得とく徑みち至いたり地ち城下じょうか。」上じょう曰：「天てん寒かん冰涸，隨處ずいしょ可か度ど，守まもり一いち橋きょう何なん足そく拒こばめ敵てき？舍しゃ之の不ふ守もり，以驕敵てき心しん，使つかい深入ふかいり受困於堅城じょう之の下した，此兵法ほう所謂いわゆる利り而誘之これ者しゃ也。」壬みずのえ辰たつ，吳ご高等こうとう聞上至いたり，倉卒そうそつ盡つき棄輜重しちょう，走はし山海さんかい。上うえ遣や輕けい騎き追おい之の，斬首ざんしゅ數すう千せん級きゅう，俘降亦また數すう千せん人にん，盡つき散ち遣や之これ。上うえ議ぎ攻おさむ大だい寧やすし，......乙未おとみ，師もろ行ゆき。上諭じょうゆ世子せいし嚴げん守備しゅび，敵てき至いたり，慎まき毋與戰せん。
  40. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4: 壬みずのえ寅とら，師し抵大寧やすし，城中じょうちゅう不ふ虞おそれ我が軍ぐん驟至，倉卒そうそつ關門かんもん拒こばめ守もり。上うえ引數ひきすう騎き循繞其城，適てき至いたり西南せいなん隅すみ而城崩くずれ，上うえ麾勇士し先登せんとう，眾蟻附ふ而上，遂とげ克之かつゆき，獲え都と指揮しき房ぼう寬ひろし，撫なで綏其眾，頃ごろ刻こく而定，城中じょうちゅう肅然しゅくぜん無む擾。遣や陳ちん亨とおる家か奴やつ並なみ城中じょうちゅう將士しょうし家か屬ぞく報ほう亨とおる，劉りゅう真しん等とう引軍來援らいえん，軍ぐん士し聞家屬ぞく無む恙，皆みな解かい甲かぶと。時とき寧やすし王權おうけん三護衛為朝廷削奪者尚留城中，至いたり是ぜ皆みな歸き附ふ，上うえ悉以還寧やすし王おう。
  41. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 壬みずのえ寅とら，燕つばめ師し至大しだい寧やすし。王おう單騎たんき入城にゅうじょう，詭言窮きゅう蹙求救すくえ，執と寧やすし王手おうて大だい慟。寧やすし王おう信之のぶゆき，為ため草くさ表ひょう謝しゃ，請赦其死。居きょ數日すうじつ，情じょう好こう甚洽。時どき北平きたひら銳するど卒そつ伏ふく城じょう外がい，吏士得どく稍やや稍やや入城にゅうじょう，陰かげ結ゆい三衛部長及戍卒。己おのれ酉とり，燕つばめ王おう辭去じきょ，寧やすし王おう祖そ之の郊外こうがい，伏兵ふくへい起おこり，擁よう寧やすし王おう行こう，三衛彍騎及諸戍卒一呼畢集。守將しゅしょう朱しゅ鑑あきら不能ふのう禦，力戰りきせん死し，寧やすし府ふ長ちょう史し石せき撰せん不屈ふくつ死し。壬みずのえ子こ，燕つばめ師し南みなみ還かえ，寧やすし王おう同行どうこう，寧やすし妃ひ、世子せいし皆みな從したがえ，悉以三さん衛まもる配はい北きた軍ぐん，大だい寧やすし城じょう為之ためゆき一いち空そら。
  42. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4： 李り景けい隆たかし聞上征せい大だい寧やすし，果はて引軍度ど盧溝橋ろこうきょう，意氣いき驕おご盈みつる，有ゆう輕視けいし之の志こころざし，以鞭擊げき馬ば韂曰：「不ふ守まもり盧溝橋ろこうきょう，吾われ知ち其無能むのう為ため矣。」直ちょく薄うす城下じょうか，築ちく櫐九門もん，遣や別べつ將しょう攻おさむ通とおり州しゅう。時世じせい子こ嚴肅げんしゅく部署ぶしょ，整せい肴さかな守備しゅび，城中じょうちゅう晏然，數すう乘じょう機き遣や勇士ゆうし縋すが城しろ夜よる斫景隆たかし營，殺傷さっしょう甚眾，營中驚おどろき擾，有ゆう自じ相あい蹂踐而者。景けい隆りゅう攻おさむ麗うらら正門せいもん急きゅう，時じ城中じょうちゅう婦女ふじょ皆みな乘じょう城じょう擲瓦石せき擊げき之の，其勢益えき沮。
  43. ^ According to Siku Quanshu version of History of Ming, Volume 142: 瞿能傳でん「與あずか其子帥そち精せい騎き千餘攻張掖門」，臣しん方かた煒按：《明あかり書しょ》-{云うん}-：「能のう從したがえ李り景けい隆りゅう攻おさむ北平きたひら，力戰りきせん，勢いきおい甚銳，與あずか其子獨どく帥そち精せい騎き千餘人殺入彰義門。」彰あきら義ぎ門もん，金之かねゆき西門にしもん，元もと所謂いわゆる南城なんじょう也，今いま之の廣こう寧やすし門もん；人じん猶なお呼よび為ため彰あきら義ぎ。外城とじょう雖建於嘉靖やすし時じ，意い金城きんじょう故ゆえ址し在ざい明あかり初はつ猶なお存そん，使つかい作さく張ちょう掖わき，音おと轉てん之の訛なまり耳みみ。疑うたぐ即そく彰あきら義ぎ他た書しょ，但ただし無む可か證しょう，謹識闕疑。
  44. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 燕つばめ世子せいし高だか熾おき堅守けんしゅ，夜よる遣や勇士ゆうし縋すが城じょう出いずる斫營，營中驚おどろき擾，驟退。都と督とく瞿能攻おさむ張ちょう掖わき門もん，垂たれ克かつ。景けい隆たかし忌き能のう功こう，令れい止とめ之の。燕つばめ人じん夜よる汲水きゅうすい沃城，明日あした冰凝，不ふ得とく上じょう。
  45. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 景けい隆たかし日夕にっせき戒嚴かいげん，不ふ恤士卒そつ，皆みな植うえ戟立雪せつ中ちゅう，凍死とうし者しゃ相しょう踵かかと。於是北平きたひら之の守もり益えき堅けん。
  46. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 4: 乙おつ卯う，我わが軍ぐん至いたり會かい州しゅう，命いのち張ちょう玉將ぎょくしょう中ちゅう軍ぐん，鄭てい亨とおる、何なに壽ことぶき充たかし中ちゅう軍ぐん左ひだり、右みぎ副將ふくしょう；朱しゅ能のう將はた左ひだり軍ぐん，朱しゅ榮さかえ、李り浚充左ひだり軍ぐん左ひだり、右みぎ副將ふくしょう；李り彬あきら將はた右みぎ軍ぐん，徐じょ理さとし、孟はじめ善ぜん充たかし右みぎ軍ぐん左ひだり、右みぎ副將ふくしょう；徐じょ忠ただし將はた前まえ軍ぐん，陳ちん文あや、吳ご達いたる充たかし前ぜん軍ぐん左ひだり、右みぎ副將ふくしょう；房ぼう寬ひろし將しょう後ご軍ぐん，和かず允まこと中ちゅう、毛もう整せい充たかし後ご軍ぐん左ひだり、右みぎ副將ふくしょう；以大寧やすし歸き附ふ之の眾分隸各軍ぐん。丁ちょう巳み，師し入にゅう松まつ亭てい關せき。
  47. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 5: 庚午こうご，師し至いたり孤こ山さん，訊知李り景けい隆たかし軍ぐん鄭てい村むら壩。我わが邏騎至いたり白河しらかわ，還かえ言げん河水こうすい流りゅう澌，兵へい不可ふか度ど，又また聞景隆たかし列れつ陣じん于白河西かさい。是ぜ日び，大雪おおゆき初はつ霽。上うえ默だま禱曰：「天若あまわか助じょ予よ，則のり河かわ冰合。」是ぜ夜よる，起おこり營。達いたる曙あけぼの白しろ，河かわ冰已合あい。於是會かい師し畢度。諸しょ將しょう進しん賀が曰：「同どう符ふ光武みつたけ滹沱之の瑞みず，上天じょうてん祐助ゆうすけ之の徵ちょう也。」上じょう曰：「成敗せいばい亦また惟おもんみ聽於天てん耳みみ。」時じ景けい隆たかし遣や都みやこ督ただし陳ちん暉あきら領りょう騎き萬餘來哨而行道相左，暉あきら探知たんち我わが軍ぐん度ど河かわ，從したがえ後ご追つい躡，其眾方かた度ど，上うえ率りつ精せい騎き還かえ擊げき之の，斬首ざんしゅ無む算さん，暉あきら餘あまり眾奔度ど，河かわ冰忽解かい，溺死できし甚眾，獲え馬ば二に十じゅう餘よ匹ひき，暉あきら僅以身み免めん。
  48. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 5: 諜報ちょうほう景けい隆たかし馭軍嚴げん刻こく，士卒しそつ多た躡履執と戟，盡つき夜立よだち雪せつ中ちゅう，不ふ得とく息いき，凍死とうし及墮指ゆび者しゃ甚眾，臨戰りんせん率りつ不能ふのう執と兵へい。上うえ曰：「違たがえ天てん時じ以自敝，可か不勞ふろう而勝之の。」乃率諸しょ軍ぐん列れつ陣じん而進，遙はるか望のぞむ敵てき軍ぐん讙動。上うえ曰：「彼かれ亂らん而囂，可か擊げき也。」以精騎き先進せんしん，連破れんぱ其七なな營，諸しょ軍ぐん繼つぎ之の交戰こうせん，自じ午うま至いたり酉とり，上うえ益えき張ちょう奇き兵へい，左右さゆう衝擊しょうげき，大敗たいはい景けい隆たかし兵へい，斬首ざんしゅ數すう萬まん級きゅう，降くだ者しゃ數すう萬まん，悉縱遣や之これ。
  49. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 辛からし未み，戰せん於鄭村むら壩，連破れんぱ其七なな營，遂とげ逼景隆たかし。燕つばめ將すすむ張ちょう玉たま等とう列れつ陣じん而進，乘じょう勝かち抵城下か，城中じょうちゅう兵へい亦また鼓こ噪而出で，內外夾攻，景けい隆たかし師し潰つぶせ，宵よい遁。
  50. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 5: 是ぜ夜よる，景けい隆たかし盡つき棄其輜重しちょう，拔眾南みなみ遁，遂とげ獲え馬ば二に萬まん餘よ匹ひき。諸しょ將しょう請追之の，上うえ歎曰：「殺傷さっしょう多た矣，降くだ皆みな釋しゃく之の，遁者不ふ須追也。況きょう天氣てんき冱寒，饑ひだる凍こお而死者しゃ亦また不ふ少しょう，宜むべ抑止よくし鋒ほこさき銳するど，勿過傷きず生せい。」諸しょ將しょう乃止。
  51. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 5: 時とき敵てき兵へい違たがえ九門者尚未知景隆遁，猶なお固守こしゅ不ふ退すさ。癸みずのと酉とり，上うえ率りつ兵へい攻おさむ之の，破やぶ其四營，其餘望もち風ふう奔遁，所しょ獲え兵へい資し器き仗不可ふか勝かち計けい。
  52. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 翌日よくじつ，九きゅう壘るい猶なお固守こしゅ，燕つばめ兵次へいじ第だい破やぶ其四よん壘るい。餘よ眾聞景けい隆たかし已やめ走はし，遂とげ棄兵糧ひょうろう，晨夜南みなみ奔。景けい隆たかし退すさ還かえ德とく州しゅう。
  53. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: ......內外夾攻，諸しょ軍ぐん皆みな潰つぶせ。喪も士卒しそつ十じゅう餘あまり萬まん。
  54. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 乙おつ亥い，燕つばめ王おう再さい上書うわがき自じ理り，謂いい「朝廷ちょうてい所しょ指ゆび為ため不軌ふき之の事こと凡八，皆みな出で齊泰なりやす、黃き子こ澄きよし等とう奸臣かんしん所しょ枉，請誅之の以告天下でんか。」不ふ報ほう。
  55. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 5: 先さき是ぜ，上うえ語ご左右さゆう曰：「遼東りゃおとん雖隔山海さんかい而數擾永平ひらめ，當とう思おもえ所以ゆえん靖之やすゆき。吳くれ高だか雖怯而行事ぎょうじ差さ密みつ，楊文粗そ而無謀むぼう，去さ吳くれ高だか，則のり楊文不足ふそく慮おもんばか矣。然しか非ひ用よう智さとし不能ふのう去さ之これ。」遂とげ遣や人ひと齎書諭さとし二人ふたり，與あずか文書ぶんしょ則そく盛もり毀辱之の，與あずか吳くれ高だか書しょ則そく盛もり稱たたえ譽ほまれ之の，而故易えき其函，若わか誤あやま置おけ者しゃ。於是二に人にん皆みな以聞於朝，朝廷ちょうてい果はて疑うたぐ吳くれ高だか，削そぎ其爵，徙廣西にし，獨どく命いのち楊文守もり遼東りゃおとん。由よし是ぜ兵へい無む紀律きりつ，人にん懷疑かいぎ貳に，不ふ敢數出で矣。
  56. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 5: 庚申こうしん，师至广昌，守まもり备汤胜等举城降くだ。
  57. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 二に年ねん正月しょうがつ丙へい寅とら朔ついたち，上うえ至いたる蔚州，......城中じょうちゅう恟惧，将はた王おう忠ただし、李り远等城じょう举降。
  58. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 我わが師し攻おさむ大同だいどう，李り景けい隆たかし果はて來援らいえん，引軍出で紫むらさき荊關。上うえ率りつ師し由よし居きょ庸いさお關せき回かい，景けい隆たかし軍ぐん凍こお餒死者しゃ甚眾，墮指者しゃ什二に三さん，棄鎧伏ふく於道，不可ふか勝かち計けい。
  59. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 癸みずのと亥い，景けい隆たかし遺のこ燕つばめ王おう書しょ，請息兵へい，王おう答こたえ書しょ索さく齊泰なりやす、黃き子こ澄きよし等とう，又また以「前ぜん兩次りょうじ上書うわがき悉不賜たまもの答こたえ，此必奸臣かんしん慮おもんばか非ひ己おのれ利り，匿不以聞，今こん備錄送おく觀かん之の。」景けい隆たかし得とく書しょ，遂とげ有ゆう貳に志こころざし。
  60. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 丁未ていみ（二に月がつ十じゅう二に），韃靼だったん國こく公おおやけ趙ちょう脫だつ列れつ幹みき、司つかさ徒と趙ちょう灰はい鄰帖木き兒じ、司つかさ徒と劉りゅう哈剌帖じょう木き兒じ自じ沙漠さばく率りつ眾來歸き，賜たまもの賚有差さ。
  61. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 是これ月がつ，保ほ定てい知ち府ふ雒僉叛降於燕。
  62. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 乙おつ卯う，燕つばめ師し渡わたり玉だま馬ば河かわ，營於蘇そ家か橋きょう。
  63. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 己おのれ未み，遇ぐう（平たいら）安やす兵へい於河側がわ，安やす伏ふく精兵せいびょう萬まん騎き邀擊ようげき。燕つばめ王おう曰：「平安へいあん，豎子じゅし耳みみ。往歲おうさい從したがえ出で塞ふさが，識我用兵ようへい，今こん當とう先さき破やぶ之これ。」及戰，安やす素もと驍勇，奮矛直前ちょくぜん，都と督とく瞿能父子ふし繼つぎ之の，所しょ向こう披靡，燕つばめ師し遂とげ卻。會かい千せん戶こ華はな聚、百戶谷允陷陣而入，斬首ざんしゅ七なな級きゅう，又また執と我わが（南みなみ軍ぐん）都と指揮しき何なん清きよし。日にち色しょく已やめ暝，遂とげ收おさむ軍ぐん。是ぜ役やく也，真ま定之さだゆき師し亦また至いたり，合ごう兵へい六ろく十じゅう萬まん，陣列じんれつ河上かわかみ，郭かく英えい等とう預あずか藏ぞう火器かき於地中ちゅう，燕つばめ師し多た死し。王おう從したがえ三さん騎き殿どの後ご，夜よる，迷失道どう，下馬伏しもまぶし地ち視し流ながれ，燒やき稍やや辨わきまえ東西とうざい，始はじめ知ち營所在しょざい，倉くら猝渡河とか而北。王おう還かえ營，令れい諸しょ軍ぐん蓐食。
  64. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 敵てき藏ぞう火器かき於地，其所謂いわゆる「一いち窠蜂」、「揣馬丹に」者しゃ，著しる入にゅう馬うま皆みな穿ほじ，而我軍ぐん俱無所しょ複ふく。時とき夜よる深ふか，各かく收おさむ軍ぐん還かえ營，上うえ親ちかし殿どの后きさき，從者じゅうしゃ惟おもんみ三さん騎き，迷所營處。上下じょうげ馬ば，視し河かわ流りゅう，辨べん東西とうざい，營在上流じょうりゅう，遂とげ度ど河かわ，稍やや增ぞう至いたり七なな騎き。是ぜ夜よる，營白溝みぞ河北かほく，令れい軍ぐん士し秣まぐさ馬ば蓐食，俟旦畢度。
  65. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 明日あした再戰さいせん，能のう及安擣燕將はた房ぼう寬ひろし陣じん，敗はい之の。
  66. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 乃令都と指揮しき丘おか福ぶく等とう以萬餘騎沖其中堅不動，上じょう以精銳せいえい數すう十じゅう突入とつにゅう敵てき軍ぐん左ひだり掖わき，殺傷さっしょう甚眾，......於是複ふく進しん戰せん不ふ已やめ。敵てき眾飛矢や如注，上所かみところ乘馬じょうば凡三さん易えき三さん被ひ創そう，所しょ射い矢や三さん服ふく皆みな盡つき，乃提劍けん左右さゆう奮擊，劍けん鋒ほこさき缺かけ折おり不堪ふかん擊げき，乃稍卻。敵てき來らい逼而限げん以二に堤つつみ，上うえ複ふく馳はせ馬越うまごえ堤つつみ逆ぎゃく之の，佯以鞭むち招後，敵てき疑うたぐ有ゆう伏ふく，不ふ敢越堤つつみ而止，遂とげ相しょう持じ。
  67. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 燕つばめ王おう見事みごと急きゅう，親おや冒おかせ矢や石せき，又また令れい大將たいしょう丘おか福ぶく衝其中堅ちゅうけん，不ふ得とく入いれ，王おう盪其左ひだり，突景隆たかし兵へい繞にょう出で王おう後ご，飛ひ矢や雨う注ちゅう。王おう馬ば三さん創そう，凡三さん易えき，所しょ射い矢や三さん服ふく皆みな盡つき，乃提劍けん，劍けん鋒ほこさき復ふく折おり，馬うま阻於堤つつみ，幾いく為ため瞿能、平安へいあん所しょ及。王おう亟走登とう堤つつみ，佯舉鞭むち招後騎き，景けい隆たかし疑うたぐ有ゆう伏ふく，不ふ敢進，會かい高だか煦救至いたり，乃得免めん。
  68. ^ History of Ming, Volume 118: 白しろ溝みぞ河かわ之の戰たたかえ，成なり祖そ幾いく為ため瞿能所しょ及，高こう煦帥精せい騎き數すう千せん，直前ちょくぜん決戰けっせん，斬き能のう父子ふし于陣。
  69. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 比ひ日にち晡，瞿能復ふく引眾搏戰，大呼たいこ滅めつ燕つばめ，斬き馘くび數すう百ひゃく。越えつ雋侯俞通淵ふち、陸りく涼すずか衛まもる指揮しき滕聚，引眾赴之。會かい旋風せんぷう起おこり，折おり大將たいしょう旗き，南みなみ軍陣ぐんじん動どう，王おう乃以勁騎繞にょう其後，乘じょう風ふう縱たて火ひ。能のう父子ふし及通淵ふち、聚皆死し，安やす與あずか朱しゅ能のう亦また敗はい，官軍かんぐん大亂たいらん，奔聲如雷。郭かく英えい等とう潰つぶせ而西，景けい隆たかし潰つぶせ而南，棄其器械きかい輜重しちょう殆盡。燕つばめ師し追つい至いたり月がつ樣さま橋きょう，降くだ十じゅう餘あまり萬まん人にん。景けい隆たかし走はし德とく州しゅう。
  70. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 會かい旋風せんぷう折おり其大將たいしょう旗幟きし，眾大亂みだれ，我わが軍ぐん乘じょう風ふう縱たて火ひ，燔其營，煙けむり焰漲天てん，郭かく英えい等とう潰つぶせ而西，李り景けい隆たかし等とう潰つぶせ而南，棄輜重しちょう、器械きかい、孳畜不可ふか勝かち計けい，所しょ賜たまもの斧鉞ふえつ皆みな得どく之の，斬首ざんしゅ數すう萬まん級きゅう，溺死できし十じゅう余あまり萬まん，追つい至いたり雄おんどり縣けん月がつ樣さま橋きょう，殺ころせ溺おぼれ蹂躪死者ししゃ複數ふくすう萬まん，橫よこ屍かばね百ひゃく餘あまり裡うら，降くだ者しゃ十じゅう余あまり萬まん，悉放遣や之これ，李り景けい隆たかし單騎たんき走はし德とく州しゅう。
  71. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: ......會かい旋風せんぷう起おこり，折おり景けい隆たかし大將たいしょう旗はた，陣じん動どう。棣以勁騎繞にょう其後，乘じょう風ふう縱たて火ひ，煙けむり焰漲天てん。能のう父子ふし及通淵ふち、聚皆死し，安やす與あずか朱しゅ能のう戰せん，亦また敗はい。官軍かんぐん大亂たいらん，奔聲如雷。郭かく英すぐる潰つぶせ而西，景けい隆たかし潰つぶせ而南。盡つき棄其所しょ賜たまもの璽書斧鉞ふえつ，走はし德とく州しゅう。
  72. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 壬みずのえ戌いぬ，我わが軍ぐん乘じょう勝かち進取しんしゅ德とく州しゅう。辛からし未み，李り景けい隆たかし聞我軍ぐん且至，拔德州しゅう之の眾宵遁。癸みずのと酉とり，命いのち陳ちん亨とおる、張ちょう信しん入にゅう德とく州しゅう，籍せき吏民，收おさむ府ふ庫こ，得とく糧かて儲もうか百ひゃく余あまり萬まん。......李り景けい隆たかし奔濟南みなみ。（庚かのえ辰たつ）詰つめ旦だん，至いたり濟ずみ南みなみ，李り景けい隆たかし眾十余あまり萬まん倉卒そうそつ佈陣未定みてい，......，遂とげ進擊しんげき之の，大敗たいはい景けい隆たかし，斬首ざんしゅ萬まん餘よ級きゅう，獲え馬ば萬まん七なな千せん餘よ匹ひき。景けい隆たかし單騎たんき遁。
  73. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 冬ふゆ十じゅう月がつ，詔みことのり李り景けい隆たかし還かえ。赦不誅。御ご史し大夫たいふ練ねり子こ寧やすし、宗人むねと府ふ經歷けいれき宋そう徵ちょう、御ご史し葉は希まれ賢けん並なみ言げん景けい隆たかし失しつ律りつ喪も師し，懷ふところ貳心ふたごころ，宜むべ誅。黃き子こ澄きよし亦また請正其罪以謝天下でんか。皆みな不ふ聽。子こ澄きよし拊膺曰：「大事だいじ去さ矣！薦こも景けい隆たかし誤あやま國くに，萬死ばんし不足ふそく贖罪しょくざい！」
  74. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 燕つばめ師し遂とげ圍かこえ濟ずみ南みなみ，鉉與庸いさお等とう乘じょう城じょう守もり禦。王おう知とも不可ふか驟克，令れい射い書しょ城中じょうちゅう趣おもむき降くだ。
  75. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 6: 辛からし巳み，隄水灌濟南城なんじょう。
  76. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 鉉乃佯令守もり陴（牆頭）者しゃ皆みな哭，撤守具ぐ，遣や千せん人にん出城でしろ詐いつわり降くだ。王おう大喜だいぎ，軍ぐん中ちゅう懽呼。鉉設計せっけい，預あずか懸鐵かんかね板いた城門じょうもん上じょう，伏ふく壯士そうし闉堵（甕う城じょう）中ちゅう，候こう燕つばめ王おう入いれ，下板しもいた擊げき之の，又また設しつらえ伏ふく，斷だん城じょう外がい橋きょう以遏歸き師し。
  77. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 比ひ王おう入門にゅうもん中ちゅう，人にん呼よび千せん歲さい，鐵板てっぱん下か稍やや急きゅう，傷きず燕つばめ王おう馬首うまくび。王おう驚おどろき覺さとし，易えき馬ば而馳。伏ふく發はつ，橋きょう倉くら猝不可ふか斷だん，王おう鞭むち馬ば自じ橋はし逸はぐれ去ざ，憤いきどお甚，復ふく設しつらえ長ちょう圍かこえ攻おさむ之これ。鉉隨宜よろし守もり禦，燕つばめ師し持久じきゅう頓ひたすら城下じょうか者しゃ凡三さん閱月，卒そつ不能ふのう下か。
  78. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 初はつ，燕つばめ王おう之の攻おさむ真ま定てい也，三日みっか不ふ下した，即そく解かい兵へい去さ。惟おもんみ自じ以得濟ずみ南みなみ足あし以斷南みなみ北道ほくどう，即そく不ふ下した金きん陵りょう，畫かく疆自守もり，亦また足あし以徐圖ず江こう、淮，故こ乘じょう此大破たいは景けい隆之たかゆき銳するど，盡力じんりょく攻おさむ之の，期き於必拔。不意ふい鉉等屢挫其鋒，又また令れい守もり陴者詈燕，燕つばめ王おう益えき憤いきどお，乃以大だい炮攻城じょう。城中じょうちゅう不ふ支ささえ，鉉書高だか皇帝こうてい神しん牌ぱい，懸かか之これ城じょう上じょう，燕つばめ師し不ふ敢擊。
  79. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 六月ろくがつ，上聞じょうぶん濟ずみ南みなみ危急ききゅう，用よう齊泰なりやす、黃き子こ澄きよし計けい，遣や使つかい赦燕罪ざい以緩其師。己おのれ酉とり，命いのち尚なお寶たから丞すすむ李り得とく成なり詣まい燕つばめ師し，諭さとし王おう罷やめ兵へい。王おう不ふ聽，留とめ之の，得とく成なり遂とげ附ふ於燕。
  80. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 秋あき，七なな月がつ，都と督とく平安へいあん將兵しょうへい二に十じゅう萬まん，進しん次じ河間こうま之の單たん家いえ橋きょう，謀はかりごと出御しゅつぎょ河かわ，斷だん燕つばめ餉道。
  81. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: （八はち月がつ）戊つちのえ申さる，燕つばめ師し解かい圍かこえ去ざ，盛もり庸いさお、鐵てつ鉉追擊げき，敗はい之の。金かね兵へい德とく州しゅう，燕つばめ守將しゅしょう陳ちん旭あさひ遁，遂とげ復ふく德とく州しゅう。
  82. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 九きゅう月がつ，辛からし未み，擢鐵鉉山東さんとう布ぬの政せい使し，參まいり贊さん軍務ぐんむ，尋ひろ進すすむ兵部ひょうぶ尚書しょうしょ。封ふう盛もり庸いさお為ため曆れき城しろ侯こう，授平燕つばめ將軍しょうぐん，以代景けい隆たかし，都みやこ督ただし陳ちん暉あきら、平安へいあん副ふく之これ。詔みことのり庸いさお屯たむろ德とく州しゅう，平安へいあん及吳傑すぐる屯たむろ定じょう州しゅう，徐じょ凱屯滄州，相そう為ため犄角以困北平きたひら。
  83. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 丙午ひのえうま，下した令れい征せい遼東りゃおとん。......壬みずのえ子こ，密みつ令れい徐じょ理さとし、陳ちん旭あさひ等とう朱しゅ詣まい直ちょく沽，造みやつこ浮橋うきはし濟ずみ師し。丙へい辰たつ，移うつり師し還かえ通とおり州しゅう，循河而南。......戊つちのえ午うま，我わが軍ぐん過か直ちょく沽。上うえ語ご諸しょ將しょう曰：「徐じょ凱等所しょ設備せつび，惟おもんみ青あお縣けん、長ちょう盧の而已，塼垛兒じ、灶兒坡數程ほど皆みな無水むすい，皆みな不備ふび，趨此可か徑みち至いたり滄州城じょう不ふ？」是ぜ夜よる二に更さら，啟行ひろゆき，晝夜ちゅうや三さん百ひゃく裡うら，敵てき兩りょう發はつ哨騎皆みな不ふ相あい遇ぐう。明あきら旦だん，至いたり監かん倉くら，遇ぐう敵てき哨騎數すう百ひゃく，盡つき擒とりこ之の。食しょく時じ，至いたり滄州，敵てき猶なお未み覺さとし，督とく軍ぐん士し築城ちくじょう。我わが軍ぐん既すんで至いたり城下じょうか，始はじめ蒼あお黃き分ぶん，守もり城じょう垛眾皆みな股また栗ぐり，不ふ及擐甲かぶと。我わが軍ぐん四面しめん急きゅう攻おさむ之の，上うえ麾壯士し由よし城じょう之の東北とうほく角かく登とう，逾時拔其城じょう。而先已やめ遣や人ひと斷だん敵てき歸路きろ，遂とげ斬首ざんしゅ萬まん餘よ級きゅう，獲え馬ば九きゅう十じゅう餘よ匹ひき，而生擒とりこ都と督とく徐じょ凱、程ほど暹、都と指揮しき俞琪、趙ちょう滸、胡えびす原ばら、李り英すぐる、張ちょう傑すぐる並なみ指揮しき以下いか百ひゃく余人よにん，餘あまり眾悉降，咸給牒遣。
  84. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 丙へい辰たつ，自じ通とおり州しゅう循河而南，渡わたり直ただし沽，晝夜ちゅうや兼行けんこう。戊つちのえ午うま，師し至いたり滄州城下じょうか，凱等方かた四よん出で伐木ばつぼく，晝夜ちゅうや築城ちくじょう，倉くら猝收筑具出で戰せん。燕つばめ師し四よん面めん攻おさむ之の，張ちょう玉たま率りつ壯士そうし由よし城東北じょうとうきた隅すみ肉薄にくはく而登，庚申こうしん，拔之。
  85. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 棣自長ちょう蘆あし渡河とか，至德しとく州しゅう。
  86. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: （十じゅう一いち月がつ）甲子きのえね。......上うえ慮おもんばか德とく州しゅう盛もり庸いさお之の眾要之の，乃率諸しょ軍ぐん自じ長ちょう蘆あし度ど河かわ，循河而南至いたり景けい州しゅう，遂とげ至德しとく州しゅう，遣や人ひと於城下か招盛庸いさお，庸いさお堅けん壁かべ不出ふしゅつ。時とき我わが軍ぐん皆みな已やめ過か，上うえ獨どく率りつ數すう十じゅう騎き殿どの后きさき，庸いさお覘知之の，遣や騎き數すう百ひゃく來襲らいしゅう後ご，上うえ返かえし兵へい擊げき之の，殺ころせ百ひゃく餘人よにん，生なま擒とりこ千せん戶こ蘇そ瓛，餘あまり悉降。
  87. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 壬みずのえ申さる，駐ちゅう軍ぐん臨清。上うえ語ご諸しょ將しょう曰：「盛もり庸いさお聚眾德とく州しゅう，而仰給きゅう禦河運うん糧かて，若わか邀其糧かて，彼かれ乏とぼし食くえ，必不得とく而出，出で必虛聲ごえ躡我之これ後ご，其實欲ほし向こう南みなみ就食。今こん覘伺其出，還かえ軍ぐん擊げき之の，蔑不破ふわ矣。」甲きのえ戌いぬ，移うつり軍ぐん館かん陶すえ，遣や輕けい騎き哨至大名だいみょう，盡つき得え其糧舟ぶね，遂とげ取ど其糧，焚其舟ぶね。我わが軍ぐん至いたり館かん陶すえ渡河とか，至いたり冠かんむり縣けん，過か莘縣，遂とげ向東むかいひがし阿おもね、東平とうへい，以誘敵てき眾。
  88. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 乙おつ卯う，燕つばめ師し抵東昌あきら，庸いさお背せ城じょう而陣，列火れっか器き毒どく弩いしゆみ以待。
  89. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 乙おつ卯う，我わが師し至いたり東あずま昌あきら，盛もり庸いさお背せ城じょう而出。
  90. ^ History of Ming, Volume 118: 及成祖そ东昌之の败，张玉战死，成なり祖そ只ただ身み走はし，适高煦引师至，击退南みなみ军。
  91. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 燕つばめ王おう直前ちょくぜん薄うすき庸いさお軍ぐん左翼さよく，不動ふどう；復ふく衝中堅ちゅうけん，庸いさお開ひらき陣じん縱たて王おう入いれ，圍かこえ之の數すう重じゅう。燕つばめ將すすむ朱しゅ能率のうりつ番ばん騎き來らい救すくえ，王おう乘じょう間あいだ突圍出で。而燕軍ぐん為ため火器かき所しょ傷きず甚眾，大將たいしょう張ちょう玉たま死し於陣。會かい平安へいあん至いたり，與あずか庸いさお合ごう兵へい。丙へい辰たつ，又また戰たたかえ，復ふく大敗たいはい之の，前後ぜんご斬き馘くび數すう萬まん人にん。燕つばめ師し遂とげ北きた奔，庸いさお等とう趣おもむき兵へい追おい之の，復ふく擊げき殺ころせ無む算さん。
  92. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 丁ちょう巳み，師し至いたり館かん陶すえ。時とき盛もり庸いさお馳はせ報むくい真ま定じょう，於是敵てき眾四出で，以要我わが歸き師し。......（三さん年ねん正月しょうがつ）丙へい子こ，師し至いたり北平きたひら。
  93. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 王おう聞張玉だま敗はい沒ぼつ，痛哭つうこく曰：「勝負しょうぶ常つね事こと，不足ふそく慮おもんばか；艱難かんなん之の際さい，失しつ此良將はた，殊こと可か悲恨！」
  94. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 上うえ複ふく曰：「勝負しょうぶ固かた兵家へいか常つね事こと，今こん勝負しょうぶ亦また相當そうとう，未み至大しだい失しつ，所しょ恨者失しつ張ちょう玉たま耳みみ。艱難かんなん之の際さい，喪も此良輔りょうすけ，吾われ至いたり今いま寢ね不ふ帖じょう席せき，食しょく不ふ下した嚥えん也。」
  95. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 是ぜ役やく也，燕つばめ王おう瀕ひん於危者しゃ數すう矣，諸しょ將しょう徒と以奉上じょう詔みことのり，莫敢加か刃ば。王おう亦また陰かげ自恃じじ，獨どく以一いち騎き殿どの後ご，追おい者しゃ數すう百ひゃく人にん不ふ敢逼。適てき高だか煦領指揮しき華はな聚等至いたり，擊退げきたい庸いさお兵へい，獲え部將ぶしょう數すう人にん而去。
  96. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: （建けん文ぶん元年がんねん十じゅう一いち月がつ）罷やめ兵部ひょうぶ尚書しょうしょ齊泰なりやす、太ふとし常つね寺てら卿きょう黃き子こ澄きよし：棣以前まえ所しょ上書うわがき不ふ報むくい，再さい上書うわがき，請去泰たい、子こ澄きよし。帝みかど為ため罷やめ二に人にん以謝燕つばめ。陰かげ留とめ之の京師けいし，仍參密議みつぎ。
  97. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 辛からし巳み三さん年ねん，春はる正月しょうがつ。復ふく齊泰なりやす、黃き子こ澄きよし官かん。
  98. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 丁ちょう丑うし（正月しょうがつ初はつ七なな），享とおる太ふとし廟びょう，告つげ東あずま昌あきら捷とし。
  99. ^ Those Ming Dynasty Stuff, Volume 1: 朱しゅ允まこと炆大喜き過か望もち，決定けってい去さ祭祀さいし太ふとし廟びょう，想そう來らい祭祀さいし內容無む非ひ是ぜ告訴こくそ他た的てき爺じい爺じい朱しゅ元もと璋あきら，你的孫子まごこ朱しゅ允まこと炆戰勝かつ了りょう你的兒じ子こ朱しゅ棣。真ま不知ふち如朱元もと璋あきら在天ざいてん有ゆう靈れい，會かい作さく何なん感想かんそう。
  100. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 庸いさお軍勢ぐんぜい大だい振ふ。自じ燕つばめ人じん犯はん順じゅん，轉てん鬭兩年ねん，奉たてまつ銳するど甚。至いたり是ぜ失しつ大將たいしょう，燕つばめ軍ぐん奪だつ氣き。其後定じょう計けい南下なんか，皆みな由ゆかり徐じょ沛，不ふ敢復道どう山東さんとう。
  101. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 棣恥東あずま昌之まさゆき敗はい，意い殆欲稍やや休きゅう，道みち衍力趣おもむき之の。謂いい棣曰：臣しん前言ぜんげん師し行ぎょう必克，但ただし費ひ兩日りょうじつ；兩日りょうじつ者しゃ，昌あきら字じ也，自じ此全勝ぜんしょう矣。
  102. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 二に月がつ庚かのえ寅とら朔ついたち。戊つちのえ戌いぬ，命いのち僧そう修おさむ齋とき，薦こも陣じん亡ほろび將士しょうし，上うえ親おや為ため文ぶん祭さい之の。祭まつり畢，上流じょうりゅう涕言曰：「奸惡かんあく橫よこ加か毒害どくがい於我，爾なんじ等とう憫我無辜むこ，奮力戰りきせん鬥，為ため我わが而死，含無窮きゅう之の冤於地下ちか。每まい念ねん及之，痛切つうせつ於心。」遂とげ脫だっ所しょ服ふく袍ほう，焚于前まえ，諸しょ將しょう趨進，亟止之の。......乙おつ巳み，上うえ率りつ師し南出みなみで
  103. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 乙おつ巳み，燕つばめ師し復ふく南下なんか。己おのれ酉とり，次じ保ほ定じょう。盛もり庸いさお合ごう諸しょ軍ぐん二に十じゅう萬まん駐ちゅう德とく州しゅう，吳ご傑すぐる、平安へいあん出で真ま定じょう。燕つばめ王おう與あずか諸しょ將しょう議ぎ所しょ向むこう，丘おか福ぶく等とう請攻定じょう州しゅう，王おう曰：「野戰やせん易えき，攻おさむ城しろ難なん。今こん盛もり庸いさお在ざい德とく州しゅう，吳ご傑すぐる、平安へいあん在ざい真ま定じょう，我わが若わか頓ひたぶる兵へい城下じょうか，彼かれ必合勢ぜい來援らいえん。堅けん城じょう在ざい前まえ，強敵きょうてき在ざい後ご，此危道也みちや。今こん真しん定てい距德州しゅう二に百ひゃく餘あまり里さと（注ちゅう：真ま定てい即そく石せき家か莊そう附近ふきん，離はなれ德とく州しゅう約やく四よん百ひゃく里り，應おう是ぜ記載きさい有ゆう誤あやま），我わが軍ぐん介かい其中，敵てき必出迎でむかえ戰せん，取と其一軍ぐん，餘よ自じ膽きも破やぶ。」諸しょ將しょう曰：「腹背ふくはい受敵，奈何いかん？」王おう曰：「百ひゃく里り之の外そと，勢いきおい不ふ相あい及，兩りょう軍ぐん相しょう薄うす，勝敗しょうはい在ざい呼吸こきゅう間あいだ，雖百ひゃく步ほ不能ふのう相しょう救すくえ，況きょう二に百ひゃく里さと哉！」明日あした，遂とげ移うつり軍ぐん東出とうで
  104. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: （三さん月がつ）己おのれ卯う，偵知盛もり庸いさお軍營ぐんえい夾河，遂とげ進すすむ師し迫せり之の。庚かのえ辰たつ，距敵營てきえい四よん十じゅう裡うら駐兵ちゅうへい。
  105. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 棣將輕けい騎き來らい覘，掠かすめ陣じん過か，庸いさお遣や千せん騎き追おい之の。
  106. ^ Those Ming Dynasty StuffVolume 1: 然しか而朱棣並未み接近せっきん自己じこ所しょ佈陣型がた，而是從したがえ旁つくり掠かすめ過か，很明顯あらわ他た的てき目的もくてき是ぜ偵察ていさつ。然しか而此時じ盛もり庸いさお終おわり於發現はつげん，自己じこ並なみ不能ふのう把わ朱しゅ棣怎麼樣！對たい付づけ這種偵察ていさつ騎兵きへい，最さい好このみ的てき方法ほうほう就是給きゅう他た一いち槍やり，把わ他た打だ下馬げば來らい，然しか而皇帝こうてい陛下へいか的てき教導きょうどう始終しじゅう縈繞在ざい耳みみ邊あたり，無論むろん如何いか是ぜ不能ふのう開ひらけ槍やり或ある者もの射い箭や的てき，因いん為ため那な會かい讓ゆずる仁慈じんじ的てき皇帝こうてい陛下へいか擔負殺害さつがい叔叔的てき罪名ざいめい。......他た只ただ能のう派出はしゅつ自己じこ的てき騎兵きへい去さ追擊ついげき對たい方かた，結果けっか當然とうぜん是ぜ不ふ了りょう了りょう之これ。
  107. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 辛からし巳み，庸いさお軍ぐん及燕兵へい遇ぐう於夾河かわ。庸いさお結ゆい陣じん甚堅，陣じん旁つくり火ひ車しゃ銳するど弩いしゆみ齊ひとし列れつ。燕つばめ王おう以輕騎き掠かすめ陣じん過か，庸いさお追つい卻之，乃復以步騎き攻おさむ其左掖わき，不能ふのう入いれ。燕つばめ將すすむ譚たん淵ふち，從したがえ中ちゅう軍ぐん望見ぼうけん塵ちり起おこり，遽出兵しゅっぺい逆ぎゃく擊げき之の。都と指揮しき莊そう得え，率りつ眾殊死し戰たたかえ，遂とげ合あい庸いさお軍ぐん，斬き淵ふち及其部下ぶか董ただし真保しんぼ於陣。燕つばめ王おう與あずか朱しゅ能のう、張ちょう武たけし等とう，復ふく以勁騎き繞にょう出で南みなみ軍ぐん背せ，乘じょう暮くれ掩擊，莊そう得え陷おちい陣じん死し，又また殺ころせ楚すわえ智さとし、張ちょう皂旗。
  108. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 是ぜ日び戰せん酣たけなわ，殺傷さっしょう皆みな相當そうとう。
  109. ^ Ming Tongjian, 卷まき十じゅう：既すんで還かえ營，復ふく嚴げん陣じん約やく戰せん。謂いい諸しょ將しょう曰：「昨日きのう譚たん淵ふち逆ぎゃく擊げき太ふと早はや，故こ不能ふのう成功せいこう。......，兩りょう陣じん相當そうとう，將はた勇者ゆうしゃ勝しょう，此光武之たけゆき所しょ以破王おう尋ひろ也。」
  110. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 壬みずのえ午うま，復ふく戰せん。庸いさお軍ぐん西南せいなん，燕つばめ軍ぐん東北とうほく。燕つばめ王おう臨陣，張ちょう奇き兵へい左右さゆう衝擊しょうげき，自じ辰たつ至いたり未み，兩りょう軍ぐん互有勝負しょうぶ。會かい東北とうほく風ふう大起だいき，塵埃じんあい漲みなぎ天てん，兩りょう軍ぐん咫尺しせき不ふ相あい見み，北きた軍ぐん乘じょう風ふう大呼たいこ，縱たて左右さゆう翼つばさ擊げき之の，庸いさお軍ぐん大敗たいはい，棄兵走はし。燕つばめ師し追つい至いたり滹沱河かわ，踐溺死者ししゃ甚眾，其降者しゃ王おう悉縱遣や之これ。庸いさお遂とげ退ずさ保德やすのり州しゅう。
  111. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 忽ゆるがせ大風おおかぜ東北とうほく起おこり，飛ひ埃ほこり蔽天，庸いさお軍ぐん面めん迎むかえ沙すな礫つぶて，咫尺しせき不辨ふべん物ぶつ。棣兵縱たて左右さゆう翼つばさ橫よこ擊げき，斬首ざんしゅ數すう萬まん。庸いさお大敗たいはい，走はし德とく州しゅう。
  112. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 先さき是ぜ，吳ご傑すぐる等とう引軍出で，與あずか盛もり庸いさお合ごう，未み至いたり八はち十じゅう里り，聞庸敗はい，複ふく還かえ真ま定じょう。
  113. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 閏月じゅんげつ，癸巳きし，上うえ以夾河かわ之の敗はい，罷やめ齊泰なりやす、黃き子こ澄きよし，謫於外がい，蓋ぶた使し之の募兵ぼへい也。
  114. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 7: 是ぜ日び，軍ぐん士し四よん出で取ど糧かて，又また令れい校こう尉じょう荷擔かたん抱だき嬰兒えいじ，偽作ぎさく避兵者しゃ，奔入真ま定じょう城じょう，揚言ようげん北きた軍ぐん皆みな出で取ど糧かて，營中無む備。傑すぐる等とう聞而信之のぶゆき，遂とげ出で軍ぐん襲かさね我が。
  115. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: （閏うるう三さん月がつ）戊つちのえ戌いぬ，遇ぐう燕つばめ師し於藳城じょう。傑すぐる等とう列れつ方陣ほうじん於西南せいなん，燕つばめ王おう謂いい諸しょ將しょう曰：「方陣ほうじん四よん面めん受敵，豈あに能取のとろ勝かち！我わが以精兵へい攻おさむ其一隅すみ，一隅敗則其餘自潰矣。」乃以軍ぐん縻其三さん面めん，而自率りつ精銳せいえい攻おさむ東北とうほく隅すみ。燕つばめ將すすむ薛祿，出入でいり敵陣てきじん，馬うま蹶け，為ため南みなみ軍ぐん所しょ執と，奪だつ敵てき刀がたな斬き數すう人にん，復ふく跳とべ而免。王おう復ふく率りつ驍騎循滹沱河出陣しゅつじん後ご，傑すぐる、安やす等とう預あずか藏ぞう火器かき，發はつ大だい弩いしゆみ射しゃ王おう，矢や集しゅう王おう所しょ建けん旗き，勢いきおい如猬毛げ，燕つばめ師し中ちゅう火器かき及弩，死傷ししょう甚眾，竟不及王。
  116. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 會かい大風おおふう起おこり，發はつ屋や拔樹，燕つばめ軍ぐん乘じょう之の，傑すぐる等とう師し大だい潰つぶせ。燕つばめ王おう麾兵四よん向こう蹙之，斬首ざんしゅ六ろく萬まん餘あまり級きゅう。追つい奔至真ま定てい城下じょうか，傑すぐる等とう走入はしり城じょう。
  117. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 燕つばめ師し自白じはく溝みぞ河かわ至いたり藳城，凡三捷とし，皆みな得どく風ふう助すけ，王おう以為此天授てんじゅ，非人ひにん力也りきや。
  118. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 己おのれ酉とり，燕つばめ師し掠かすめ順德じゅんとく。辛からし亥い，掠かすめ廣平ひろへい。癸みずのと丑うし，次じ大名だいみょう。諸しょ郡ぐん縣けん皆みな望もち風ふう降くだ燕つばめ。
  119. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 王おう聞罷齊ひとし、黃き以為緩なる兵へい之の計けい，復ふく上書うわがき曰：「比ひ聞奸臣かんしん竄逐，臣しん亦また將はた休きゅう兵へい就藩。而吳傑すぐる、平安へいあん、盛もり庸いさお之の眾，猶なお聚境上じょう，是ぜ奸臣かんしん雖出而其計けい實行じっこう，臣しん不ふ敢奉詔みことのり。」
  120. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 8: 書しょ至いたり，建たて文あや君くん以示方かた孝こう孺。孝こう孺觀畢，曰：「我わが方ほう將はた怠だる之これ，此奏之の來き正ただし宜よろし。今こん各かく處しょ兵へい已やめ多た集しゅう，獨どく雲南うんなん兵へい來らい至いたり，燕つばめ軍ぐん久ひさし駐ちゅう大名だいみょう，暑あつ雨う為ため沴，不戰ふせん將はた自じ困こま。今いま調ちょう遼東りゃおとん兵へい攻おさむ永ひさし平ひらめ，德とく州しゅう擾北平ひらめ，根本ねもと受敵，彼かれ必歸援，我わが大軍たいぐん躡其後ご，有ゆう必擒之の勢いきおい矣。今こん辜遣人じん報ほう之の，往復おうふく一いち二に月がつ，吾われ師し必集矣。」建たて文あや君くん善ぜん其策，遂とげ命いのち孝こう孺草詔みことのり，宣言せんげん欲よく罷やめ兵へい。......遂とげ令れい大だい理り少しょう卿きょう薛嵓齎至軍ぐん中ちゅう密みつ散ち之これ，以懈我わが將士しょうし心しん。
  121. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 嵓至見み燕つばめ王おう，王おう問とい：「上意じょうい云うん何なに？」嵓曰：「朝廷ちょうてい言げん殿下でんか旦だん釋しゃく甲かぶと，暮くれ即そく旋師。」王おう曰：此不可ふか紿三さん尺しゃく兒じ。嵓惶懼不能ふのう對たい。
  122. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 8: 五月ごがつ己おのれ丑うし朔ついたち，吳ご傑すぐる、平安へいあん、盛もり庸いさお俱發兵へい擾我餉道。
  123. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 己おのれ丑うし，燕つばめ王おう復ふく使し指揮しき武勝むしょう詣まい京師けいし上書うわがき，謂いい：「朝廷ちょうてい已やめ許もと罷やめ兵へい，而庸等とう攻おさむ北きた，絕ぜっ我わが糧かて餉，與あずか詔みことのり旨むね相違そうい，此必有ゆう主ぬし之これ者しゃ。」上じょう得とく書しょ，欲よく竟罷之の。孝こう孺曰：「兵へい一罷不可復聚，若わか使つかい彼かれ長驅ちょうく犯はん闕，何なに以禦之の？」上じょう從したがえ其言，乃下武勝むしょう於獄。
  124. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 帝みかど乃誅勝以かつもち絕ぜっ燕つばめ。
  125. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 8: 辛からし酉とり，獲え其諜者しゃ，言げん武勝むしょう等とう已やめ下獄げごく。上うえ謂いい諸しょ將しょう曰：「我わが駐ちゅう軍ぐん於此三さん月がつ，以俟息いき兵へい之の命いのち。武勝むしょう既すんで執と，則のり其志不可ふか轉うたて矣，我わが豈あに能のう塊かたまり然しか坐すわ此，為ため人じん所しょ擒とりこ哉？彼かれ軍ぐん萃德州しゅう，資し糧かて皆みな通どおり徐じょ、沛來，但ただし調しらべ輕けい騎き數すう千せん邀而毀之，德とく州しゅう無む所しょ仰おおせ給きゅう，必困，縱たて欲求よっきゅう戰せん，我わが嚴げん師し待まち之の，以逸擊げき勞ろう，以飽擊げき餓かつえ，有ゆう必勝ひっしょう之の道みち，勝之かつゆき而後求もとめ息いき兵へい，或ある冀能從したがえ。」諸しょ將しょう皆みな曰：「善ぜん。」遂とげ遣や李り遠とお等とう率りつ騎兵きへい六ろく千せん擾其餉道，上うえ令れい遠とお軍ぐん皆みな易やす彼かれ甲かぶと胄，使つかい遙はるか見み不ふ疑うたぐ，又また恐おそれ臨戰りんせん相しょう雜ざつ難なん辨べん，令れい各かく插柳枝えだ一握於背為識。......壬みずのえ申さる，李り遠とお等とう如上じょじょう旨むね，至いたり濟ずみ甯穀亭てい沙すな河かわ，沛縣敵てき望もち之の，皆みな不覺ふかく。我わが軍ぐん焚其糧かて舟ぶね數すう百ひゃく艘そう，糧かて數すう百ひゃく萬まん石せき，軍資ぐんし器械きかい不可ふか勝かち計けい，河水こうすい盡つき熱ねつ，魚さかな鱉皆浮死，其運糧かて軍ぐん士し盡つき散ち走はし。京師けいし大震たいしん，而德州兵しゅうへい氣き稍やや索さく矣。
  126. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 秋あき，七なな月がつ，己おのれ丑うし，燕つばめ師し掠かすめ彰あきら德とく。......丙へい申さる，燕つばめ師し陷おちい林はやし縣けん。
  127. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 丁ちょう酉とり，平安へいあん自じ真ま定じょう乘じょう虛きょ攻おさむ北平きたひら，營於平たいら村むら，離はなれ城じょう五ご十じゅう里り，擾其耕こう牧まき。燕つばめ世子せいし督とく眾固守こしゅ，遣や人ひと詣まい燕つばめ師し告つげ急きゅう。時どき王おう在ざい大名だいみょう，遣や將はた劉りゅう江こう率りつ兵へい往援。......九月くがつ，甲きのえ辰たつ，燕つばめ將すすむ劉りゅう江こう與平よへい安やす戰せん於北平ひらめ，敗はい之の，安やす退ずさ保たもて真ま定じょう。
  128. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 8: 戊つちのえ戌いぬ，方ほう孝たかし孺言於朝曰：「今こん河かわ師し老ろう無む功こう，而德州しゅう餉道又また絕ぜっ，事こと勢ぜい可か憂ゆう，向こう以罷兵へい之の說せつ誘さそえ之これ，既すんで不能ふのう行ぎょう，則のり當別とうべつ圖ず一策いっさく，安やす可か坐視ざし？臣しん有ゆう一策いっさく。」建たて文あや君くん曰：「試ためし言ごと之の。」對たい曰：「燕つばめ世子せいし孝こう謹仁厚あつ，得とく國こく人心じんしん，燕つばめ王おう最愛さいあい之の，而其弟おとうと高だか燧ひうち狡ずる譎，素もと忌き其寵，屢讒之の于父不信ふしん。今いま但ただし用もちい計けい離間りかん其世子せいし，彼かれ既すんで疑うたぐ世子せいし，則のり必趣歸かえり北平きたひら，即そく吾われ德とく州しゅう之の餉道通どおり矣，餉道通どおり即そく兵へい氣振けぶり，可か圖ず進取しんしゅ也。」......遂とげ令れい孝こう孺草書しょ貽世子せいし，令れい背せ父ちち歸朝きちょう，許もと以燕王おう之の位くらい，而令錦にしき衣ころも衛まもる千戶張安齎詣世子，世子せいし得とく書しょ不ふ啟けい封ふうじ，並なみ安やす遣や人ひと送おく軍ぐん前まえ。時どき中ちゅう官かん黃き儼げん奸險，素す為ため世子せいし所しょ惡あく，而高燧ひうち深ふか結ゆい之の為ため己おのれ地ち。及安持じ書しょ至いたり，儼げん已やめ先遣せんけん人じん馳はせ報ほう上じょう曰：「朝あさ廷與世子せいし已やめ通どおり密謀みつぼう。」上じょう不信ふしん，高こう煦時侍さむらい上じょう，亦また替がえ儼げん言げん非ひ謬，上じょう亦また不信ふしん。語かたり竟，世子せいし所しょ遣や人ひと以書及張安やす皆みな至いたり。上覽じょうらん書しょ，歎曰：「甚矣，奸人之の險けん詐いつわり。吾われ父子ふし至いたり親愛しんあい，猶なお見み離間りかん，況きょう君臣くんしん哉？」
  129. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 8: 壬みずのえ寅とら，諜報ちょうほう大同だいどう敵てき將はた房ぼう昭あきら引兵入にゅう紫むらさき荊關，侵掠しんりゃく保ほ定てい屬ぞく縣けん，......房ぼう昭あきら據よりどころ易えき州しゅう西水にしみず寨，寨在萬まん山中さんちゅう，四面しめん極きょく險けわし，惟おもんみ一いち徑みち扳緣可か上じょう。房ぼう昭あきら欲よく守まもる此為持久じきゅう計けい，以窺伺北平たいら。上うえ曰：「保ほ定じょう，北平きたひら股肱ここう郡ぐん，豈あに可か不ふ援？」遂とげ班はん師し。
  130. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 八はち月がつ，丁ちょう巳み朔ついたち，燕つばめ師し渡わたり滹沱河かわ，留とめ其將孟はじめ善ぜん鎮保定じょう，而自率りつ兵へい圍かこえ水すい西にし寨。......冬ふゆ，十じゅう月がつ，丁ちょう巳み，真ま定てい援兵えんぺい至いたり，燕つばめ師し自じ定じょう州しゅう馳はせ還かえ，合ごう圍かこえ寨之兵へい邀擊ようげき於峨嵋山（在ざい易えき州しゅう西南せいなん百ひゃく里さと）下した，令れい勇士ゆうし卷まき旆登山とざん，潛せん出陣しゅつじん後ご張ちょう旗幟きし，寨中望見ぼうけん大だい駭，與あずか真ま定じょう兵へい俱潰。斬首ざんしゅ萬まん餘よ級きゅう，獲え援將花はな英えい、鄭てい琦等，房ぼう昭あきら、韋諒走はし免めん。
  131. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 己おのれ卯う，燕つばめ師し還かえ北平きたひら。......（十じゅう一いち月がつ）壬みずのえ辰たつ，（劉りゅう）江こう及（楊）文ぶん戰せん於昌黎はじむ，敗はい之の。
  132. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 當とう是ぜ時じ，王おう稱しょう兵へい已やめ三さん年ねん矣，親おや戰陣せんじん，冒おかせ矢や石せき，為ため士卒しそつ先さき，常つね乘じょう勝かち逐北，然しか亦また屢瀕於危。所ところ克かつ城じょう邑，兵へい去さ旋復為ため朝廷ちょうてい守もり，所しょ據よりどころ僅北平ひらめ、保ほ定じょう、永えい平三へいぞう郡ぐん而已。
  133. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 有ゆう以中官かん奉たてまつ使つかい侵おかせ暴為言げん者しゃ，詔みことのり所在しょざい有司ゆうし繫治，於是中ちゅう官かん密みつ遣や人ひと赴燕，具ぐ言げん京師けいし空虛くうきょ可か取と狀じょう。
  134. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 會かい詔みことのり有司ゆうし繫治中ちゅう官かん奉たてまつ使つかい之の不法ふほう者しゃ，先後せんご奔燕，具ぐ言げん京師けいし空虛くうきょ可か取と狀じょう，王おう乃慨然がいぜん曰：「頻しき年とし用兵ようへい，何なん時じ已やめ乎？要よう當とう臨江一決いっけつ，不ふ復ふく反はん顧矣！」道みち衍亦力りょく勸すすむ燕つばめ王おう：「毋下城げじょう邑，疾やまし趨京師し，此批亢擣虛むなし之これ策さく也。」遂とげ定てい計けい。
  135. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 8: （十じゅう二に月がつ）乙おつ卯う朔ついたち。
    丙へい寅とら，上うえ率りつ師し南みなみ征せい。
    壬みずのえ午うま，駐ちゅう師し蠡縣。
    四よん年ねん正月しょうがつ甲かぶと申さる朔ついたち。
    乙未おとみ，由よし館かん陶すえ度ど河かわ。
    丁ちょう丑うし，師し至いたり東ひがし阿おもね舊きゅう縣けん，攻おさむ城じょう不ふ下した，力戰りきせん拔之，斬首ざんしゅ三さん千せん餘よ級きゅう，生なま擒とりこ其守將しゅしょう。
    戊つちのえ戌いぬ，攻おさむ拔東平ひらめ，擒とりこ指揮しき詹璟。
    庚かのえ子こ，攻おさむ拔汶上じょう，擒とりこ指揮しき薛鵬。
    庚かのえ戌いぬ，師し至いたり沛縣，守將しゅしょう以城降くだ，知ち縣けん顏がお伯はく偉えら不ふ出で，為ため我わが軍ぐん所しょ殺ころせ。
    癸みずのと丑うし，師し至いたり徐じょ州しゅう。
  136. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 冬ふゆ十じゅう二に月がつ，詔みことのり駙馬都と尉じょう梅うめ殷いん鎮淮安やす。
  137. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 建たて文ぶん四よん年ねん春はる正月しょうがつ，甲きのえ申さる，召故周しゅう王おう橚於蒙化か，居きょ之の京師けいし。命いのち魏ぎ國こく公おおやけ徐じょ輝あきら祖そ率りつ京きょう軍ぐん往援山東さんとう。
  138. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 甲きのえ戌いぬ，燕つばめ師し攻おさむ徐じょ州しゅう，城中じょうちゅう兵へい出で戰せん，敗はい績，閉城而守。
  139. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 三さん月がつ，甲きのえ申さる，燕つばめ師し趨宿州しゅう。壬みずのえ辰たつ，次じ渦うず河かわ。
  140. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 丁ちょう酉とり，平安へいあん率りつ步ふ騎き四よん萬まん躡燕軍ぐん。燕つばめ王おう設しつらえ伏ふく於淝河かわ，命いのち都と指揮しき王おう真しん與あずか白はく義よし、劉りゅう江こう各かく率りつ百ひゃく騎き逆ぎゃく之の，緣えん路ろ設しつらえ伏ふく。安やす兵へい將はた至いたり，真ま誘さそえ之これ戰せん，，束たば草くさ置おけ囊中如束帛狀，遇ぐう安やす軍ぐん，擲而餌えさ之の，安やす軍ぐん士し競きそえ取ど囊。燕つばめ師し伏ふく發はつ，真率しんそつ壯士そうし直前ちょくぜん，斬き馘くび無む算さん。後こう軍ぐん不ふ繼つぎ，安やす軍ぐん圍かこえ之これ數すう匝，遂とげ斬き真しん。真ま夙稱驍將ぎょうしょう，身み被ひ重じゅう創そう，猶なお格かく殺ころせ數すう十じゅう人にん，燕つばめ王おう嘗曰：「諸しょ將しょう奮勇如王真しん，何事なにごと不ふ成なり！」聞其死し，自じ率りつ兵へい迎むかえ戰せん。安部あべ將すすむ和爾わに和わ（火ひ耳みみ灰はい）挺てい槊大呼たいこ，直前ちょくぜん刺とげ王おう，馬うま忽ゆるがせ蹶け，為ため燕つばめ所しょ禽。安やす軍ぐん乃卻，退すさ屯たむろ宿やど州しゅう。
  141. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 丙午ひのえうま，燕つばめ王おう遣や將はた譚たん清しん率りつ兵へい斷だん徐じょ州しゅう餉道，以平いたいら安やす駐ちゅう宿やど州しゅう為ため持久じきゅう計けい，斷だん其糧餉，可か不ふ攻おさむ而自潰つぶせ也。清せい至いたる徐じょ州しゅう擊げき轉てん餉兵，大破たいは之の，還かえ至大しだい店てん，為ため南みなみ軍ぐん所しょ圍かこえ。燕つばめ軍ぐん望見ぼうけん旗幟きし，亟馳赴援，鐵てつ鉉擊卻之。和爾わに和之かずゆき被ひ禽也，燕つばめ王おう令れい入にゅう宿衛しゅくえい。至いたり是ぜ從したがえ王おう，欲よく立りつ功いさお自じ贖，乃以身み翼つばさ王おう，殺ころせ南みなみ軍ぐん數すう十じゅう人にん，圍かこえ解かい，遁去。
  142. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 夏なつ，四よん月がつ，丙へい寅とら，燕つばめ師し次じ於睢水すい之の小河おがわ，燕つばめ王おう令れい陳ひね文ぶん扼要處しょ為ため橋きょう以濟。丁ちょう卯しげる，平安へいあん列れつ陣じん爭そう橋きょう，會かい何なん福ぶく軍ぐん亦また至いたり，張ちょう左右さゆう翼つばさ，緣えん河かわ而東，擊げき敗はい燕つばめ軍ぐん，遂とげ斬き陳ひね文ぶん於陣。安やす轉戰てんせん至いたり北坂きたさか，橫よこ槊刺王おう，幾いく及之，燕つばめ番ばん將はた王おう琪，躍おど馬入ばにゅう陣じん掖わき燕つばめ王おう，得とく脫だっ。南みなみ軍ぐん奪だつ橋はし而北，勇氣ゆうき百ひゃく倍ばい。燕つばめ將すすむ張ちょう武たけし率りつ勇敢ゆうかん士し自じ林間りんかん突出とっしゅつ，與あずか王おう騎き合あい，擊げき卻之。於是南みなみ軍ぐん駐ちゅう橋きょう南みなみ，北きた軍ぐん駐ちゅう橋きょう北きた，相あい持じ者しゃ數日すうじつ，南みなみ軍ぐん糧かて盡つき。燕つばめ王おう曰：「更さら待まち一いち二に日にち，南みなみ軍ぐん饟稍集しゅう，未み易えき攻おさむ也。」乃留兵へい千せん餘あまり守橋もりはし，而潛移うつり諸しょ軍ぐん輜重しちょう去さ南みなみ營三さん十じゅう里り，夜半やはん，渡河とか繞にょう出で南みなみ軍ぐん後ご，安あん等ひとし大だい驚おどろき。而徐輝てる祖そ之の援兵えんぺい適てき至いたり，甲きのえ戌いぬ，與あずか燕つばめ兵へい大戰たいせん於齊おさい眉山びざん，自じ午うま至いたり酉とり，南みなみ軍ぐん輒勝，斬き燕つばめ驍將ぎょうしょう李り斌あきら。
  143. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 維時王師おうし再さい捷とし，燕つばめ人じん兇懼。會かい淮土暑あつ濕しめ薰かおる蒸ふけ，北きた軍ぐん疾やまし疫，乙おつ亥い，燕つばめ諸しょ將しょう請渡河とか，擇よ地ち休息きゅうそく士し馬ば，俟釁而動。燕つばめ王おう曰：「兵事へいじ有ゆう進しん無な退すさ。」乃下令れい：「欲よく渡河とか者しゃ左ひだり，不ふ欲よく者しゃ右みぎ。」諸しょ將しょう多た趨左，王おう怒いか曰：「任にん公おおやけ等とう自じ為之ためゆき！」朱しゅ能のう曰：「諸しょ軍ぐん勉つとむ旃！漢かん高だか十じゅう戰せん而九不ふ勝かち，卒そつ有ゆう天下でんか。況きょう敵てき已やめ饑ひだる疲つかれ，邀其餉道，可か以坐困こま。利り已やめ在ざい我が，豈あに可か有ゆう退すさ心こころ！」諸しょ將しょう乃不復ふく言ごと。
  144. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 而帝聞訛言ごと，謂いい燕つばめ兵へい已やめ北きた，召輝祖そ還かえ。福ぶく軍ぐん遂とげ孤こ。
  145. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 丁ちょう丑うし，何なに福ぶく移うつり營，與平よへい安やす合ごう軍ぐん靈れい壁かべ，深ふか塹高壘るい為ため持久じきゅう計けい，而糧運うん為ため燕つばめ兵へい所しょ阻，不ふ得とく達たち。時とき南中なんちゅう餽餉五ご萬まん，安やす率りつ馬ば步ふ六ろく萬まん護まもる之これ。己おのれ卯う，燕つばめ王おう率りつ精銳せいえい橫よこ擊げき，截其軍ぐん為ため二に，福ぶく空そら壁かべ來援らいえん，殺ころせ燕つばめ兵へい數すう千せん，卻之。會かい高だか煦伏兵へい突出とっしゅつ，燕つばめ王おう還かえ軍ぐん復ふく戰せん，福ぶく遂とげ敗走はいそう
  146. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 9, Part I: 庚かのえ辰たつ，何なに福ぶく等とう先さき與あずか我わが軍ぐん相對そうたい，深溝ふかみぞ高だか壘るい，欲よく運うん糧かて實じつ其中，為ため持久じきゅう計けい。至いたり是ぜ，軍ぐん敗はい糧かて乏とぼし，眾心離はなれ貳に，乃下令れい期き明あきら旦だん聞炮三さん震ふるえ，即そく出走しゅっそう，約やく聚淮河かわ就糧。辛からし巳み，上うえ命いのち諸しょ軍ぐん攻おさむ敵營てきえい壘るい，而躬率りつ諸しょ將しょう先登せんとう，軍ぐん士し蟻あり附ふ而上。我わが軍ぐん三さん震ふるえ炮，敵てき眾誤為ため己おのれ炮，急きゅう趨門走はし，門もん塞ふさが不ふ得とく出で，營中紛擾ふんじょう，人馬じんば墜濠塹皆滿まん，破やぶ其營，生なま擒とりこ敵てき將はた左ひだり副ふく總そう兵ひょう都と督とく陳ちん暉あきら、右みぎ副ふく總そう兵ひょう都と督とく平安へいあん、右みぎ參さん將しょう都と督とく馬ば溥、都みやこ督ただし徐じょ真しん、都と指揮しき孫まご成なり等とう三さん十じゅう七なな員いん、內官四よん員いん、禮れい部ぶ侍さむらい郎ろう陳ひね性善せいぜん、大だい理り寺てら丞すすむ彭典明あきら、欽天監かん副ふく劉りゅう伯はく完かん、指揮しき王おう貴たか等とう一いち百ひゃく五ご十じゅう員いん，獲え馬ば二に萬まん餘よ匹ひき，降くだ者しゃ無む算さん，悉縱遣や，歡聲かんせい動どう地ち曰：「吾われ屬ぞく自じ此獲安やす矣。」何なに福ぶく單騎たんき脫走だっそう。
  147. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 於是南みなみ軍ぐん糧かて乏とぼし，乃下令れい，期き以明日び聞礮聲ごえ三さん，即そく突圍出で，就糧於淮河かわ。辛からし巳み，燕つばめ師し攻おさむ靈れい壁かべ壘るい，發はつ三さん礮，令れい軍ぐん士し蟻あり附ふ而登。福ぶく軍ぐん誤あやま以為己おのれ號ごう，爭そう門もん走はし，燕つばめ師し乘じょう之の，人馬じんば擾亂じょうらん，遂とげ大だい潰つぶせ。指揮しき宋そう瑄，力戰りきせん死し之の。福ぶく單騎たんき走はし免まぬかれ，安やす及陳暉あきら、馬うま溥、徐じょ真しん、孫まご成なり等とう三さん十じゅう七なな人にん皆みな被ひ執と。
  148. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 諸しょ將しょう請移駐ちゅう淮河就糧，夜よる令れい軍ぐん中ちゅう聞三さん礮即走はし。翌日よくじつ，燕つばめ兵へい猝薄壘るい，亦また發はつ礮三。福ぶく軍ぐん以為己おのれ礮也，爭そう趨門出かどで。燕つばめ兵へい乘じょう之の，遂とげ大亂たいらん，人馬じんば墜壕塹俱滿まん。福ぶく單騎たんき走はし，安やす及都督とく陳ちん暉あきら、侍さむらい郎ろう陳ひね性善せいぜん等とう三さん十じゅう七なな人にん皆みな被ひ執と。
  149. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 己おのれ丑うし，燕つばめ師し下か泗州。王おう謁祖陵りょう，賜たまもの父老ふろう牛うし酒しゅ。
  150. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 盛もり庸いさお獨軍どくぐん而南，以兵數すう萬まん、戰艦せんかん數すう千せん列れつ淮南ワイナン岸がん，棣兵不ふ得とく渡わたり。遣や使つかい至いたり淮安，假かり道みち於駙馬うま都と尉じょう梅うめ殷いん，殷いん劓其使し，曰：「留とめ汝なんじ口こう，還かえ為ため而王言げん君臣くんしん大義たいぎ。」棣氣沮。鳳おおとり陽よう守もり徐じょ安やすし，亦また折おり浮橋うきはし絕ぜっ舟ぶね楫かじ以遏燕つばめ。
  151. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 9, Part I: 辛からし卯う，敵てき將はた盛もり庸いさお領りょう馬ば步兵ほへい數すう萬まん、戰艦せんかん數すう千せん艘そう列れつ淮之南岸なんがん，我わが軍ぐん列れつ北岸ほくがん相對そうたい。上うえ命いのち將士しょうし艤舟編へん筏いかだ，揚あげ旗鼓きこ噪，指ゆび麾若將しょう度ど河かわ者しゃ，敵てき望もち之の有ゆう慎まき色しょく。上うえ別べつ遣や丘おか福ぶく、朱しゅ能のう等とう將はた驍勇數すう百ひゃく人にん西行さいぎょう二に十じゅう里り，以小舟ぶね潛せん濟ずみ，漸近ぜんきん敵營てきえい舉炮，敵てき驚愕きょうがく，福ぶく等とう突沖敵陣てきじん，敵てき眾棄戈ほこ甲かぶと而走，盛もり庸いさお股また戰せん不能ふのう上馬かみうま，其下掖わき之の登とう舟ぶね，遂とげ單たん舸はやぶね脫走だっそう，我わが師し盡つき獲え其戰艦かん，遂とげ濟ずみ淮，駐ちゅう南岸なんがん。是ぜ日び，克かつ盱眙。
  152. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 癸巳きし，燕つばめ師し趨揚州しゅう。己おのれ亥い，至いたり天てん長ちょう，遣や使つかい招諭揚あげ州しゅう守將しゅしょう王おう禮れい。先さき是ぜ，禮れい聞燕師し至いたり，謀はかりごと以城降くだ。監かん察御史し王おう彬あきら巡じゅん江こう淮治揚あげ州しゅう，與あずか指揮しき崇たかし剛つよし嬰城堅守けんしゅ，晝夜ちゅうや不ふ解かい甲かぶと，知ち禮れい有ゆう異い謀はかりごと，執と之これ，與あずか其黨俱繫獄ごく。有力ゆうりょく士し，能のう舉千せん斤きん，彬あきら常つね以自隨したがえ，禮れい弟おとうと崇たかし者しゃ，厚あつ賂まいない力士りきし母はは，呼よび其子出で。會かい彬あきら解かい甲かぶと而浴，為ため千せん戶こ徐じょ政まさし、張ちょう勝まさる所しょ縛ばく，遂とげ出で禮れい於獄，開門かいもん降くだ。彬あきら與あずか剛つよし皆みな不屈ふくつ死し。庚かのえ子こ，燕つばめ師し克かつ揚あげ州しゅう。
  153. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 9, Part I: 壬みずのえ寅とら，高こう郵等衛まもる指揮しき王おう傑すぐる等とう率りつ眾詣軍門ぐんもん降くだ。
  154. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 徵ちょう天下でんか兵へい勤王きんのう。......下した罪ざい己おのれ詔みことのり，遣や慶けい成なる郡ぐん主おも詣まい燕つばめ軍ぐん。
  155. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 壬みずのえ寅とら，詔みことのり天下でんか勤王きんのう，遣や御ご史し大夫たいふ練ねり子こ寧やすし、右みぎ侍さむらい中ちゅう黃き觀かん、修おさむ撰せん王おう叔英等分とうぶん道どう徵兵ちょうへい，召齊泰たい、黃き子こ澄きよし還かえ。於是蘇州そしゅう知ち府ふ姚善、寧やすし波なみ知ち府ふ王おう璡、徽州知ち府ふ陳ひね彥回、樂平よしひら知ち縣けん張ちょう彥方、前ぜん永えい清きよし典てん史し周しゅう縉等，先後せんご入にゅう衛まもる。
  156. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 9, Part I: 孝こう孺言：「乃事急きゅう矣，宜むべ以計稍やや緩なる之これ。」建たて文あや君くん曰：「何なん計けい？」曰：「曷遣人じん許もと以割地ち，稽延數日すうじつ，東南とうなん召募しょうぼ壯丁そうてい，當とう畢集天てん塹之險けわし，北きた軍ぐん不ふ長ちょう於舟楫かじ，相そう與あずか決戰けっせん江上こうじょう，勝敗しょうはい未知みち。」建たて文あや君くん善ぜん其言，乃遣慶けい城じょう郡ぐん主ぬし度ど江こう至いたる軍門ぐんもん，白しろ其事。郡ぐん主ぬし，上うえ之の從したがえ姊也。......（朱しゅ棣）又また曰：「此奸臣かんしん欲よく姑しゅうと緩なる我わが，以俟遠方えんぽう之の兵へい耳みみ。我わが豈あに為ため其所欺哉？」郡ぐん主ぬし默然もくぜん，遂とげ辭じ歸き。
  157. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 六月ろくがつ，癸みずのと丑うし朔ついたち，燕つばめ師し將はた渡江とのえ，盛もり庸いさお扼之於浦子こ口こう，敗はい之の。燕つばめ王おう欲よく且議和わ北きた還かえ，適てき高だか煦引兵へい至いたり，王おう仗鉞拊其背せ曰：「勉つとむ之これ！世子せいし多おお疾やまし。」於是煦率眾殊死し戰たたかえ，庸いさお兵へい失しつ利り，退すさ屯たむろ高だか資し港こう。
  158. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 會かい朝あさ廷遣都と督とく僉事陳ひね瑄率舟ふね師し往援，瑄叛降燕つばめ。
  159. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 甲きのえ寅とら，燕つばめ王おう祭さい大江おおえ。乙おつ卯う，燕つばめ師し自じ瓜ふり洲しゅう渡江とのえ，盛もり庸いさお迎むかえ戰せん於高資し港こう，敗はい績。諸しょ將しょう請徑薄うす京きょう城じょう，燕つばめ王おう曰：「鎮江咽のど吭ふえ，不ふ先さき下か之の，往來おうらい不便ふべん。」戊つちのえ午うま，至いたり鎮江，守將しゅしょう童わらわ俊しゅん以城降くだ。
  160. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 庚申こうしん，燕つばめ師し營於龍りゅう潭，京師けいし大震たいしん。上うえ徘徊はいかい殿でん廷間，召方孝こう孺問計けい。時とき廷臣ていしん勸すすむ上うえ幸みゆき浙或湖こ、湘以圖ず興きょう複ふく，孝こう孺曰：「城中じょうちゅう尚なお有ゆう禁きん兵へい二に十じゅう萬まん，唯ただ有力ゆうりょく守もり以待援兵えんぺい。即事そくじ不ふ濟すみ，國くに君くん死し社稷しゃしょく，正也まさや。無む已やめ，且遣大臣だいじん、諸王しょおう等とう再さい詣まい燕つばめ師し以緩之の。」辛からし酉とり，上うえ遣や李り景けい隆たかし及兵部ぶ尚書しょうしょ茹瑺、都と督とく王佐おうさ復ふく至いたり燕つばめ軍ぐん申さる前ぜん請，燕つばめ王おう曰：「皇考こうこう已やめ分封ぶんぽう，今こん割わり地ち何なん名めい？公おおやけ等とう歸き奏上そうじょう，但ただし奸臣かんしん至いたり，我わが即そく解かい甲かぶと謝罪しゃざい，退すさ謁孝陵りょう，歸き奉たてまつ北きた藩はん。」景けい隆りゅう等ひとし惶懼不能ふのう對たい，遽還。壬みずのえ戌いぬ，上うえ復ふく遣や谷たに王おう橞、安王やすおう楹等往，王おう卒そつ不ふ奉たてまつ詔みことのり，唯ただ與あずか諸王しょおう相しょう勞苦ろうく，宴うたげ罷やめ遣や歸き。
  161. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 甲子きのえね，上うえ遣や人ひと潛せん齎蠟丸まる，四よん出で促援兵へい，皆みな為ため燕つばめ遊ゆう騎き所しょ獲え。是ぜ時じ王おう叔英募兵ぼへい於廣德とく，齊泰なりやす奔往從したがえ之の；姚善起おこり兵へい於蘇州しゅう，黃き子こ澄きよし往從之の；而練子こ寧やすし募兵ぼへい於杭州しゅう，黃き觀かん募兵ぼへい於上游ゆう，皆みな倉くら猝不得とく至いたり。上うえ唯ただ與あずか方かた孝こう孺執手しゅ流涕りゅうてい，命いのち徐じょ輝あきら祖そ等分とうぶん道どう出御しゅつぎょ。谷たに王おう橞，李り景けい隆りゅう等ひとし守もり金川かながわ門もん。時とき左ひだり都と督とく徐じょ增ぞう壽ことぶき，久ひさ蓄異志こころざし，至いたり是ぜ首謀しゅぼう內應。御ご史し魏ぎ冕、大だい理り丞すすむ鄒瑾率りつ同どう官かん毆なぐ之これ，請速加か誅，上じょう猶なお不ふ聽。
  162. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 9, Part II: 乙おつ丑うし，上うえ至いたる金川かながわ門もん。時とき諸王しょおう分ぶん守もり京きょう城門じょうもん，谷たに王おう橞守金川かながわ門もん，橞登城望じょうぼう。上うえ遂とげ按兵而入，城中じょうちゅう軍民ぐんみん皆みな具ぐ香花こうばな夾道迎むかえ拜はい，將士しょうし入城にゅうじょう肅然しゅくぜん，秋毫しゅうごう無む犯おかせ，市し不易ふえき肆，民みん皆みな按堵。
  163. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 乙おつ丑うし，燕つばめ師し薄うす金川かながわ門もん。時どき北兵きたへい駐ちゅう龍りゅう潭，王おう慮おもんばか京師けいし完かん繕つくろえ，勤王きんのう之の師し四よん集しゅう，乃遣劉りゅう保たもつ、華はな聚等領りょう十餘哨至朝陽門，覘知無む備，還かえ報ほう燕つばめ王おう，遂とげ率りつ大隊だいたい整せい兵へい前進ぜんしん。至いたり則そく增ぞう壽ことぶき果はて謀はかりごと內應，上乃うえの手て刃ば之の於左順じゅん門もん。而是時じ谷たに王おう橞、李り景けい隆たかし已やめ開門かいもん納おさめ燕つばめ師し，輝てる祖そ等とう力戰りきせん，敗はい績。
  164. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 棣尋進しん兵へい屯たむろ金川かながわ門もん，左ひだり都と督とく徐じょ增ぞう壽ことぶき謀はかりごと內應，帝みかど手しゅ劍けん斬き之これ。橞、景けい隆りゅう守まもる金川かながわ門もん，登城とじょう望見ぼうけん棣麾蓋ぶた，開門かいもん迎むかえ降ぶ。御ご史し連れん楹叩馬ば欲よく刺とげ棣，被ひ殺ころせ。都城みやこのじょう陷おちい。
  165. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 上うえ知事ちじ不可ふか為ため，縱たて火ひ焚宮，馬うま后きさき死し之の。傳言でんごん「帝みかど自じ地道じみち出で，翰林院かんりんいん編修へんしゅう程ほど濟すみ、御ご史し葉は希まれ賢けん等とう凡四十じゅう餘よ人にん從したがえ。」
  166. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 王おう既すんで入いれ，遣や中ちゅう使つかい出馬しゅつば后きさき屍かばね於火，詭言帝みかど屍かばね，持じ之の泣，曰：「癡ち兒じ，何なに至いたり是ぜ！」
  167. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 宮中きゅうちゅう火ひ起おこり，帝みかど不知ふち所しょ終おわり。棣遣中ちゅう使つかい出で后きさき屍かばね於火，詭云帝みかど屍かばね。越えつ八日ようか，用よう學士がくし王おう景けい言ごと，備禮葬そう之の。然しか葬そう地ち所在しょざい，後ご無む聞焉。或ある曰帝由よし地道じみち出で亡ほろび，其後滇黔巴ともえ蜀しょく間あいだ，皆傳かいでん有ゆう帝みかど為ため僧そう時じ往來おうらい跡あと，世せい遂とげ以帝為ため遜へりくだ國くに云うん。
  168. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 壬みずのえ申さる，葬そう建けん文ぶん皇帝こうてい，蓋ぶた馬ば后きさき也。上うえ以葬禮そうれい詢之王おう景けい，對たい曰：「當とう以天子こ之の禮れい葬そう。」從したがえ之これ。
  169. ^ Taizong Shilu, Volume 9, Part II: 己おのれ巳み，上うえ謁孝陵りょう，欷歔感かん慕，悲不能ふのう止どめ。禮れい畢，攬轡回かい營，諸王しょおう及文武ぶんぶ群臣ぐんしん備法駕が，奉たてまつ寶たから璽，迎むかい上うえ於道，遮さえぎ上馬かみうま不ふ得とく行ぎょう。上うえ固かた拒こばめ再さい言げん，諸王しょおう及文武ぶんぶ群臣ぐんしん擁よう上じょう登とう輦，軍民ぐんみん耆老，萬まん眾夾道どう，俯歡呼かんこ，連れん稱たたえ萬まん歲さい。上うえ不ふ得とく已やめ升ます輦，曰：「諸王しょおう群臣ぐんしん以為我わが奉たてまつ宗廟そうびょう宜よろし，莫如予よ。宗廟そうびょう事ごと重じゅう，予よ不足ふそく，今こん為ため眾心所載しょさい，予よ辭じ弗どる獲え，強つよ循眾志こころざし，然しか宜よろし協きょう心こころ輔予不ふ逮。」遂とげ詣まい奉天ほうてん殿でん，即そく皇帝こうてい位い，諸王しょおう暨文武ぶんぶ群臣ぐんしん上表じょうひょう稱しょう賀が。
  170. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 12: 是これ月がつ（建けん文ぶん二に年ねん正月しょうがつ），詔みことのり均ひとし江こう浙田賦ふ。初はつ，太ふとし祖そ屢蠲蘇そ、松まつ、嘉よしみ、湖みずうみ極ごく重田しげた畝うね，至いたり是ぜ復ふく諭さとし戶部とべ減免げんめん，畝うね不ふ得とく過か一いち斗と。迨革除じょ后きさき，浙西賦ふ復ふく重じゅう云うん。
  171. ^ Ming Tongjian, Volume 13: 丁ちょう丑うし，殺ころせ兵部ひょうぶ尚書しょうしょ齊泰なりやす、太ふとし常つね寺てら卿きょう黃き子こ澄きよし、文學ぶんがく博士はかせ方かた孝こう孺，皆みな夷えびす其族。
  172. ^ History of Ming, Volume 141: 贊さん曰：帝王ていおう成なり事ごと，蓋ぶた由よし天授てんじゅ。成なり祖そ之の得え天下でんか，非ひ人力じんりき所しょ能のう禦也。齊ひとし、黃き、方かた、練ねり之の儔，抱だき謀はかりごと國こく之の忠ちゅう，而乏制勝せいしょう之これ策さく。然しか其忠憤激ふんげき發はつ，視し刀がたな鋸のこ鼎かなえ鑊甘之の若わか飴あめ，百ひゃく世せい而下，凜凜猶なお有生ゆうせい氣き。是ぜ豈あに泄然不ふ恤國事こくじ而以一死自謝者所可同日道哉！由よし是ぜ觀かん之の，固かた未み可か以成敗せいばい之の常見つねみ論ろん也。
  173. ^ History of Ming, Volume 141: 仁じん宗むね即位そくい，谕礼部ぶ：「建けん文ぶん诸臣，已やめ蒙こうむ显戮。家いえ属ぞく籍せき在官ざいかん者しゃ，悉宥为民，还其田土たど。其外亲戍边者，留とめ一いち人にん戍所，余よ放ひ还。」
  174. ^ a b 顧誠《明代あきよ的てき宗室そうしつ》，《明あきら清史きよし国こく际学术讨论会论文集しゅう》，天津てんしん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ1982年ねん7月がつ第だい1版はん
  175. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 二に月がつ，以北いほく平ひらた為ため北京ぺきん。設しつらえ北京ぺきん留守るす，行ぎょう後ご軍ぐん都と督とく府ふ，行部ゆくべ，國子くにこ監かん。改あらため北平きたひら曰順天てん府ふ。
  176. ^ Mingjian Gangmu, Volume 2: 秋あき八はち月がつ，徙富民とみん實じつ北京ぺきん。時どき發はつ流罪るざい以下いか墾北京田きたきょうでん，又また徙直隸、蘇州そしゅう等とう十じゅう郡ぐん、浙江せっこう等とう九省富民實之。
  177. ^ History of Ming, Volume 6: 九きゅう月がつ丁ちょう亥い，诏自明年みょうねん改あらため京きょう师为南京なんきん，北京ぺきん为京师。

References

[edit]
  • Huang, Yingjian (1962), Ming-shilu: Ming-Taizong-shilu, China: Zhongwen Chubanshe
  • Liang, Yuansheng (2007), The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, ISBN 978-9-6299-6239-5
  • Ming Yue, Dang Nian (2009), Those Ming Dynasty Stuff, China: China Customs Press, ISBN 978-7-5057-2246-0
  • Xia, Xie (1999), Ming Tong Jian (First ed.), Changsha: Yuelu Shushe
  • Yin, Luanzhang (1936), Ming Jian Gang Mu (First ed.), Shanghai: Shijie Shuju Chubanshe
  • Zhang, Tingyu (1936), Ming shi (First ed.), Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan
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