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Li Yu (Southern Tang)

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Li Yu
李り煜
Ruler of Southern Tang (more...)
an illustration from Sancai Tuhui (1609)
3rd and last ruler[1] of Southern Tang
Reignsummer 961 – 1 January 976[2]
PredecessorLi Jing, father
Born937 or early 938[3]
likely modern Nanjing, Jiangsu, Southern Tang
Died(978-08-15)15 August 978 (aged 40–41[4])
modern Kaifeng, Henan, Northern Song
Spouse
Issue
Another son died young		Li Zhongyu, son
Names
Surname: Lǐ (李り)
Given name: Cóngjiā (從したがえ嘉よしみ), later changed to Yù (煜)
Courtesy name: Chóngguāng (重おも光ひかり)
Royal titles
Before enthronement:
Before 959: Duke of Anding 安定あんてい公こう
959–961: Prince of Wu 吳くれ王おう
As ruler of Southern Tang:
961–971: King of Tang 唐から國主こくしゅ
971–975: King of Jiangnan 江南えな國主こくしゅ
After surrender:
After 975: Marquess Wei Ming 違たがえ命いのち侯こう
Era dates
Jianlong (建たて隆たかし):[5] 961[6]–963
Qiande (乾德けんとく):[5] 963–968
Kaibao (開ひらき寶たから):[5] 968–974
None:[7] 974–975
Posthumous name
None
HouseLi
DynastySouthern Tang
FatherLi Jing
MotherEmpress Zhong
In this Chinese name, the family name is Li.
Li Yu
Chinese李り煜

Li Yu (Chinese: 李り煜; c. 937[3] – 15 August 978[4]), before 961 known as Li Congjia (李り從したがえ嘉よしみ), also known as Li Houzhu (李り後ご主ぬし; literally "Last Ruler Li" or "Last Lord Li") or Last Lord of Southern Tang (南みなみ唐とう後ご主ぬし), was the third ruler[1] of the Southern Tang dynasty of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned from 961 until 976, when he was captured by the invading Northern Song dynasty armies which annexed his state.

Li Yu was sentenced to death by poisoning by Emperor Taizong of Song after 2 years as an exiled prisoner.

Li Yu was an incompetent ruler[8] and poisoned Lin Renzhao and Pan You (潘はん佑たすく) to death.[9][10]

Family

[edit]

Parents

  • Father: Li Jing
  • Mother: Empress Guangmu (光ひかり穆きよし皇后こうごう; d.965) of the Zhong clan (鍾氏)

Consort and their respective issue(s)

  • Queen Zhaohui (昭惠あきえ國こく后きさき), of the Zhou clan (周しゅう氏し), personal name Ehuang (娥皇)
    • Li Zhongyu (李り仲なか寓ぐう; 958–994), Duke Qingyuan (清きよし源みなもと郡ぐん公おおやけ), first son
    • Li Zhongxuan (李り仲なか宣せん; 961–964), Prince Huaixian (岐懷獻けんじ王おう), second son
  • Queen Zhou the Younger (小しょう周しゅう后きさき), of the Zhou clan (周しゅう氏し)
  • Baoyi, of the Huang clan (保ほ儀ぎ黃き氏し)
  • Gongren, of the Bao clan (宮人みやびと喬たかし氏し)
  • Gongren, of the Zang clan (宮人みやびと臧氏)

Early life

[edit]

In the same Chinese year Li Congjia was born, his grandfather Xu Zhigao, also known as Xu Gao (Li Bian) founded the state Qi (齊ひとし), renaming it Tang (known as the Southern Tang) 2 years later. When Li Congjia was 6, his father Li Jing became the next Southern Tang emperor. With Li Jing naming his younger brother Li Jingsui his heir apparent, his sixth eldest son Li Congjia seemed unlikely to ever succeed the throne. However, many of Li Congjia's brothers died very young, and after the death of the second eldest brother Li Hongmao (李り弘ひろし茂しげる) in 951, Li Congjia all of a sudden found himself right behind Li Hongji — the eldest brother — and uncle Li Jingsui in the succession line.[11][12]

Li Hongji, a withdrawn and troubled young man, resented his crown prince uncle, whom he saw as a political enemy standing in his way. He also disliked his younger brother Li Congjia, even though they shared the same biological mother, Empress Zhong. Fearing the possible results of this family enmity, Li Congjia tried hard to be inconspicuous and focused on the arts, including poetry, painting and music. He loved reading, a passion encouraged by his father, also an acclaimed poet.[13] At the age of 17, Li Congjia married Zhou Ehuang, chancellor Zhou Zong's daughter and a year his senior. Lady Zhou was not only highly educated but also multi-talented in music and the arts and the young couple enjoyed a very intimate relationship.[14]

Accession to the throne

[edit]

In 955, a year after Li Congjia's marriage, Southern Tang was invaded by Later Zhou. The resistance war did not end until spring 958, after Li Jing ceded all prefectures north of the Yangtze River to his powerful northern neighbor. Li Jing also relinquished all imperial trappings, degrading his own title from emperor to king (國主こくしゅ).[15] The national humiliation was soon followed by familial tragedy: later that year Li Hongji poisoned uncle Li Jingsui to death, which was followed by his own death a few months later, allegedly hastened by many encounters with Li Jingsui's vengeful ghost.[11]

Not long after Li Hongji's death in 959, Li Congjia was given the post of royal secretary (尚書しょうしょ令れい) so that he could familiarize himself of governmental affairs. However, despite being the king's eldest surviving son, a few ministers considered him too dissolute and weak for the crown prince position, including Zhong Mo, who pleaded to have Li Congjia's younger brother Li Congshan chosen instead. Li Jing found Zhong's suggestion offensive and demoted him.[12][16]

Suffering from poor health, Li Jing decided to transfer all responsibilities to his successor. He named Li Congjia the crown prince in spring 961 to take over in the capital Jinling (金きむ陵りょう; modern Nanjing, Jiangsu) while he retired to the southern city of Hongzhou (洪ひろし州しゅう; modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). A few months later he died, and Li Congjia officially succeeded the throne, not without a last-second effort by Li Congshan to challenge him. By then Zhong Mo had also died, so Li Congshan asked chancellor Xu You to bring Li Jing's last will to him. Xu refused and confided in Li Congjia of Li Congshan's intentions. Li Congjia — changing his name to Li Yu — did not punish his younger brother other than a slight demotion.[13]

As Southern Tang ruler

[edit]

Appeasing the Song Dynasty

[edit]

A year before Li Yu ascended the throne, Southern Tang's nominal overlord Later Zhou had been replaced by the Song dynasty established by former Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin, who had earlier participated in several campaigns against Southern Tang. Knowing the limit of Southern Tang's military strength and trying hard to be subservient to the northern court, Li Yu immediately sent a high official Feng Yanlu with a letter — whose language was of extreme humility[17] — to inform Song of his succession. Things got to a rocky start: during his accession to the throne Li Yu built a golden rooster, a symbol of imperial power, the news of which infuriated Zhao Kuangyin. In the end, the Southern Tang ambassador in the Song capital of Bianliang (汴梁; modern Kaifeng, Henan) had to give the explanation that the golden rooster was actually a "weird bird" to satisfy the Song emperor.[16]

Such an embarrassing relationship would define Li's entire reign, as tribute payments, both regular and irregular, drained the Southern Tang treasury. Essentially Li was ready to fulfill Emperor Taizu of Song's every demand except go to Bianliang himself. In 963, Li Congshan who accompanied a tributary mission was held hostage in Bianliang and had to write letters on behalf of the Song emperor asking his elder brother also join him at the Song court. Li Yu, naturally, did not heed the request.[11]

Successive deaths in the family

[edit]

Li Yu remained close to his wife Zhou Ehuang — Queen Zhou — so close that he sometimes canceled government meetings to enjoy her performances. The absences continued until a censor (監かん察御史し) spoke out against it.[14]

In around 964, the second of the couple's two sons, a three-year-old still called by his milk name Ruibao (瑞みず保ほ),[18] died unexpectedly. Li would mourn his son by himself so as not to sadden his wife more than necessary,[11] but Queen Zhou was completely devastated and quickly deteriorated in health. During her illness, Li attended her and did not disrobe for days.[14] When the queen finally succumbed to illness, Li mourned so bitterly until "his bones stuck out and he could stand up only with the aid of a staff."[17] In addition to several grieving poems, he chiseled the roughly 2000 characters of his "Dirge for the Zhaohui Queen Zhou" (昭惠あきえ周しゅう后きさき誄) — "Zhaohui" being her posthumous name — to her headstone himself.[14] Part of the dirge read (as translated by Daniel Bryant):[19]

孰謂逝者 Who is it says, of those departed,
荏苒じんぜん彌わたる疏 they grow more remote as times goes by?
我わが思おもえ姝子 I long for her, that beautiful lady,
永えい念ねん猶なお初はつ eternally remembering, just as at first.
愛あい而不見み "I love her but I cannot see her";
我わが心しん毀如 my heart seems to blaze and burn.
寒さむ暑あつ斯疚 With chills and fever I am afflicted,
吾われ寧やすし禦諸 can I ever overcome this?

Li Yu cheated on his wife while she was dying. During her last days he also engaged in a secret sexual relationship with Queen Zhou the Younger, the queen's younger sister, who was only around 14 at that time. Worst of all, the queen discovered the "affair"[20] which probably hastened her demise and multiplied Li Yu's regret. A few months later, in late 965, disaster stroke again: Queen Dowager Zhong died after several months of attentive care-taking by Li. The subsequent mourning period delayed Li's marriage to the younger Lady Zhou until 968.[14]

Deaths of Lin Renzhao and Pan You

[edit]

After conquering Jingnan, the Hunan region and Later Shu, the Song Dynasty army set off to invade Southern Han in 971, Southern Tang's southwestern neighbor. Lin Renzhao, the Southern Tang military governor of Zhenhai Command (鎮海軍ぐん) centering in Wuchang (in modern Hubei), believed the opportunity golden to attack the Song cities around Yangzhou (in modern Jiangsu) as the main Song army would be a long distance away and already severely fatigued. Li Yu immediately rejected Lin's request: "Stop the nonsense talks, (stop) destroying (our) country!"[9]

What Li was perhaps unaware was a year before, the Song military had gotten hold of an important chart with detailed measurements of Yangtze River crossing points, provided by a Southern Tang defector named Fan Ruoshui. After the conquest of Southern Han, their next step was to eliminate Lin Renzhao. In 974, Emperor Taizu of Song got hold of a Lin portrait through agents working in Southern Tang, and Li Congshan, the hostage kept in Bianliang, was then made to believe that Lin's loyalty was with Song. When Li Yu was told of this, he without a thorough investigation secretly poisoned Lin to death. Chancellor Chen Qiao angrily reacted to Lin's death: "Seeing loyal ministers killed, I don't know where I will die!"[9]

Li Yu also murdered Pan You (潘はん佑たすく) by poisoning him.[9][10]

Fall of Southern Tang

[edit]
See also: Conquest of Southern Tang by Song

Li was an incompetent ruler who spent more time on literature and art, with little regard to the Song dynasty that was eyeing its weaker neighbor. In 971, Houzhu dropped the name of Tang from its Kingdom's name, in a desperate move to please the mighty Emperor Taizu of Song.

Of the many other kingdoms surrounding the Southern Tang, only Wuyue to the east had yet to fall. The Southern Tang's turn came in 974, when, after several refusals to summons to the Song court, on the excuse of illness, Song dynasty armies invaded. After a year long siege of the Southern Tang capital, modern Nanjing, Li Houzhu surrendered in 975. He and his family were taken as captives to the Song capital at present-day Kaifeng.[21] In a later poem, Li wrote about the shame and regret he had on the day he was taken away from Jinling (as translated by Hsiung Ting[22]):

四よん十じゅう年來ねんらい家か國こく For forty years my country and my home —
三さん千せん里さと地ち山河さんが Three thousand li of mountains and rivers.
鳳おおとり閣かく龍りゅう樓ろう連れん霄漢 The Phoenix Pavilion and Dragon Tower reaching up to the Milky Way,
玉樹たまき瓊枝作さく烟けむり蘿 Jade trees and jasper branches forming a cloudy net —
幾いく曾識干戈かんか Not once did I touch sword or spear!
一旦いったん歸かえり為ため臣しん虜とりこ Suddenly I became a captive slave.
沈腰潘はん鬢びん銷磨 Frail my waist, gray my temples, grinding away.
最さい是ぜ倉皇そうこう辭じ廟びょう日び Never shall I forget the day when I bade hasty farewell at the ancestral temple.
教きょう坊ぼう猶なお奏そう別離べつり歌か The court musicians played the farewell songs,
揮淚對たい宮みや娥 My tears streamed as I gazed at the court maidens.

Death

[edit]

He was poisoned by the Song emperor Taizong in 978, after he had written a poem that, in a veiled manner, lamented the destruction of his empire and the rape of his second wife Empress Zhou the Younger by the Song emperor. After his death, he was posthumously created the Prince of Wu (吳ご王おう).

Writing

[edit]

Li was interested in cí poetry, which sometimes seems to characterize poetry of the Song Dynasty. However, he is not a Song poet: the Southern Tang is more a successor of Tang and precursor of the Song side that existed during the Tang-Song transition, also known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Li Yu represents both a continuation of the Tang poetry tradition, as well as representing the cí poetic style associated with the poetry of Song.

Li Houzhu devoted much of his time to pleasure-making and literature, and this is reflected in his early poems. A second phase of Li's cí poems seems to have been the development of an even sadder style after the death of his wife, in 964.[23] His saddest, poems were composed during the years of his captivity, after he formally abdicated his reign to the Song, in 975. He was created the Marquess of Disobeyed Edicts (違たがえ命いのち侯こう), a token title only. Actually, he was a prisoner, though with the outward accoutrements of a prince. Li's works from this period dwell on his regret for the lost kingdom and the pleasures it had brought him.

He developed the ci by broadening its scope from love to history and philosophy, particularly in his later works. He also introduced the two stanza form, and made use of contrasts between longer lines of nine characters and shorter ones of three and five. Only 45 of his ci poems survive, thirty of which have been verified to be his authentic works, the other of which are possibly composed by other writers. Also, seventeen shi style poems remain to his credit.[23] His story is the subject of Cantonese operas.

Cí poetry

[edit]
Further information: Ci (poetry)

The roughly 40 (some of which incomplete owing to damaged manuscripts) cí poems possibly written by Li Yu are summarized in the table below. The cí as a poetic form follows set patterns or tunes (詞し牌ぱい).

A few poems have been set to music in modern times, most notably the three songs in Teresa Teng's 1983 album Light Exquisite Feelings. Some of the songs are mentioned below.

Tune First line Notes
Cǎi Sāng Zǐ (采さい桑子くわご) Lù Lú Jīn Jǐng Wú Tóng Wǎn (轆轤ろくろ金井かない梧桐あおぎり晚ばん)
Tíng Qián Chūn Zhú Hóng Yīng Jìn (庭前ていぜん春はる逐紅英えい盡つき)
Cháng Xiāng Sī (長ちょう相思そうし) Yún Yī Guā (雲くも一いち緺)
Dǎo Liàn Zǐ Ling (搗練子こ令れい) Shēn Yuàn Jìng (深ふか院いん靜せい)
Dié Liàn Huā (蝶ちょう戀こい花はな) Yáo Yè Tíng Gāo Xián Xìn Bù (遙はるか夜よる亭ちん臯閑信しん步ふ)
Huàn Xī Shā (浣溪沙すな) Hóng Rì Yǐ Gāo Sān Zhàng Tòu (紅べに日び已やめ高だか三さん丈たけ透とおる)
Làng Táo Shā (浪なみ淘よなげ沙すな) Lián Wài Yǔ Chán Chán (簾すだれ外がい雨う潺潺) Tune written as Làng Táo Shā Lìng (浪なみ淘よなげ沙すな令れい)
Wǎng Shì Zhǐ Kān Āi (往事おうじ只ただ堪こらえ哀あい)
Lín Jiāng Xiān (臨江仙せん) Qín Lóu Bù Jiàn Chuī Xiāo Nǚ (秦はた樓ろう不ふ見み吹簫女おんな) Tune written as Xiè Xīn Ēn (謝しゃ新しん恩おん)
Missing one character in the sixth line
Yīng Táo Luò Jìn Chūn Guī Qù (櫻桃おうとう落盡春はる歸き去さ) Authenticity of the last 3 lines questioned[24]
Liǔ Zhī (柳やなぎ枝えだ) Fēng Qíng Jiàn Lǎo Jiàn Chūn Xiū (風情ふぜい漸やや老ろう見み春はる羞)
Pò Zhèn Zǐ (破やぶ陣じん子こ) Sì Shí Nián Lái Jiā Guó (四よん十じゅう年來ねんらい家か國こく) Shiao Lih-ju sang it in Mandarin[25]
Pú Sà Mán (菩薩ぼさつ蠻) Huā Míng Yuè Àn Lóng Qīng Wù (花はな明月めいげつ暗くら籠こめ輕けい霧きり)
Péng Lái Yuàn Bì Tiān Tái Nǚ (蓬よもぎ萊院閉天台だい女おんな)
Rén Shēng Chóu Hèn Hé Néng Miǎn (人生じんせい愁恨何なん能のう免めん) Tune written as Zǐ Yè Gē (子こ夜よる歌うた)
Tóng Huáng Yùn Cuì Qiāng Hán Zhú (銅どう簧韻脆もろ鏘寒竹ちく)
Xún Chūn Xū Shì Xiān Chūn Zǎo (尋ひろ春はる須是先さき春はる早はや) Tune written as Zǐ Yè Gē (子こ夜よる歌うた)
Qīng Píng Yuè (清きよし平樂へいらく) Bié Lái Chūn Bàn (別べつ來春らいしゅん半はん)
Ruǎn Láng Guī (阮郎歸き) Dōng Fēng Chuī Shuǐ Rì Xián Shān (東風こち吹水日び銜山) Possibly by Feng Yansi[26]
Sān Tái Lìng (三さん臺だい令れい) Bù Mèi Juàn Cháng Gèng (不ふ寐倦長更ながふけ) Authorship questioned[27]
Wàng Jiāng Nán (望もち江南こうなん) Duō Shǎo Hèn (多少たしょう恨)
Duō Shǎo Lèi (多少たしょう淚なみだ)
Xián Mèng Yuǎn (閑夢遠とお)
2nd line: Nán Guó Zhèng Fāng Chūn (南國なんごく正ただし芳春よしはる)		 Tune written as Wàng Jiāng Méi (望もち江こう梅うめ)
Xián Mèng Yuǎn (閑夢遠とお)
2nd line: Nán Guó Zhèng Qīng Qiū (南國なんごく正ただし清秋きよあき)
Wū Yè Tí (烏がらす夜啼よなき) Zuó Yè Fēng Jiān Yǔ (昨夜さくや風ふう兼けん雨あめ)
Xǐ Qiān Yīng (喜き遷鶯) Xiǎo Yuè Zhuì (曉あかつき月がつ墜)
Xiāng Jiàn Huān (相あい見み歡) Lín Huā Xiè Liǎo Chūn Hóng (林はやし花はな謝しゃ了りょう春はる紅べに) Teresa Teng sang it in Mandarin[28]
Wú Yán Dú Shàng Xī Lóu (無言むごん獨どく上西かみにし樓ろう) Teresa Teng sang it in Mandarin[29]
Shiao Lih-ju sang it in Mandarin[30]
Xiè Xīn Ēn (謝しゃ新しん恩おん) Jīn Chuāng Lì Kùn Qǐ Huán Yōng (金きむ窗まど力りょく困こま起おこり還かえ慵) Missing the rest of the poem
Rǎn Rǎn Qiū Guāng Liú Bù Zhù (冉冉秋光あきみつ留とめ不ふ住じゅう) Possibly missing lines and/or characters[31]
Tíng Kōng Kè Sàn Rén Guī Hòu (庭にわ空そら客きゃく散人さんじん歸き後ご)
Yīng Huā Luò Jìn Chūn Jiāng Kùn (櫻さくら花落はなおち盡つき春はる將はた困こま) Missing 2 lines
Yīng Huā Luò Jìn Jiē Qián Yuè (櫻さくら花落はなおち盡つき階かい前月ぜんげつ)
Yī Hú Zhū (一いち斛珠) Wǎn Zhuāng Chū Guò (晚ばん妝初過か)
Yú Fù (漁父ぎょふ) Làng Huā Yǒu Yì Qiān Chóng Xuě (浪花なにわ有意ゆうい千せん重じゅう雪ゆき)
Yī Zhào Chūn Fēng Yī Yè Zhōu (一いち棹さお春風しゅんぷう一いち葉よう舟ぶね)
Yù Lóu Chūn (玉樓ぎょくろう春はる) Wǎn Zhuāng Chū Liǎo Míng Jī Xuě (晚ばん妝初了りょう明あきら肌はだ雪ゆき) Chang Chen sang it in Mandarin[32]
Yú Měi Rén (虞おそれ美人びじん) Chūn Huā Qiū Yuè Hé Shí Liǎo (春はる花はな秋月しゅうげつ何なん時じ了りょう) Teresa Teng sang it in Mandarin[33]
Chan Ho Tak sang it in Cantonese[34]
Huang Yee-ling and others sang it in Taiwanese[35]
Huang Fei sang it in Taiwanese[36]
Fēng Huí Xiǎo Yuàn Tíng Wú Lǜ (風ふう回かい小しょう院いん庭にわ蕪かぶら綠みどり)

Poetry Examples

[edit]

Poems like these are often invoked in later periods of strife and confusion by literary figures.

Alone Up the Western Tower (獨どく上西かみにし樓ろう)

"Alone Up the Western Tower" was written after his capture. Here the poem is translated by Chan Hong-mo:[37]

無言むごん獨どく上西かみにし樓ろう Alone to silence, up the western tower, I myself bestow.
月つき如鉤 Like silver curtain hook, so does the moon glow.
寂寞せきばく梧桐あおぎり The fallen leaves of one forsaken parasol
深ふか院いん鎖くさり清秋きよあき Make deeper still the limpid autumn locked up in the court below.
剪不斷ふだん Try cutting it, it is still profuse –
理り還かえ亂らん More minding will but more confuse –
是ぜ離愁りしゅう Ah, parting's such enduring sorrow!
別べつ有ゆう一いち番ばん滋味じみ在ざい心頭しんとう It leaves behind a very special taste the heart alone could know.

This was also rendered into a song by Teresa Teng.

Jiangnan Remembrance (望もち江南えな), second stanza

多少たしょう恨， Such hatred,
昨夜さくや夢ゆめ魂たましい中ちゅう。 Last night I departed in my dream.
還かえ似に舊時きゅうじ游ゆう上うえ苑えん， To enjoy the park as of yore,
車くるま如流水りゅうすい馬ば如龍， The carriages flow like water and the horses like dragon,
花月かげつ正せい春風しゅんぷう。[38][39] Blossoms and the moon in the spring breeze.

Shi poetry

[edit]
Further information: Shi (poetry)

Li Yu's poems in the form of shi include:

  • "Bìng Qǐ Tí Shān Shě Bì" (病やまい起おこり題だい山やま舍しゃ壁かべ; "Getting up while Ill: Written Upon the Wall of My Mountain Lodge")
  • "Bìng Zhōng Gǎn Huái" (病やまい中ちゅう感懷かんかい; "Feelings while Ill")
  • "Bìng Zhōng Shū Shì" (病やまい中書ちゅうしょ事ごと; "Written while Ill")
  • "Dào Shī" (悼詩; "Poem of Mourning")
  • "Dù Zhōng Jiāng Wàng Shí Chéng Qì Xià" (渡わたり中江なかえ望のぞむ石城せきじょう泣下; "Gazing at Stone City from Mid-River and Weeping")
  • "Gǎn Huái" (感懷かんかい; "My Feelings") — 2 poems
  • "Jiǔ Yuè Shí Rì Ǒu Shū" (九きゅう月がつ十じゅう日にち偶書; "Jotted Down on the Tenth Day of the Ninth Month")
  • "Méi Huā" (梅花ばいか; "Plum Blossoms") — 2 poems
  • "Qiū Yīng" (秋あき鶯うぐいす; "Autumn Warbler")
  • "Shū Líng Yán Shǒu Jīn" (書しょ靈れい筵むしろ手巾しゅきん; "Written on the Napkin for a Sacrificial Banquet")
  • "Shū Pí Pá Bèi" (書しょ琵琶びわ背せ; "Written on the Back of a Pipa")
  • "Sòng Dèng Wáng Èr Shí Dì Cóng Yì Mù Xuān Chéng" (送おく鄧王二に十弟從益牧宣城; "On Saying Farewell to My Younger Brother Chongyi, the Prince of Deng, Who is Going Away to Govern Xuancheng") — including a long letter
  • "Tí jīn lóu zi hòu" (題だい金きん樓ろう子こ後ご; "Written at the end of the Jinlouzi") — including a preface
  • "Wǎn Chí" (輓辭; "Poem of Mourning") — 2 poems

"To the Tune of Liǔ Zhī" mentioned in the cí section may also be classified as a shi.

Prose writing

[edit]

Li's surviving prose are miscellaneous in character. For example, "Dirge for the Zhaohui Queen Zhou" is rhymed and almost entirely in regular four-character metre, resembling the fu form a millennium before.

Calligraphy

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"Traveling on the River in First Snow" (江こう行こう初雪はつゆき) by the Southern Tang painter Zhao Gan (趙ちょう幹みき), National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. The column of 11 characters on the right edge of the painting, which specified the artist and the title, was written by Li Yu.

Li Yu's calligraphy style has been dubbed "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金きむ錯刀) for its perceived force. As one Song Dynasty writer noted: "The large characters are like split bamboo, the small ones like clusters of needles; altogether unlike anything done with a brush!"[40]

Television series

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Three independent television series focused on the complex relationships between Li Yu (Li Houzhu), Emperor Taizu of Song (Zhao Kuangyin) and the various women in their lives. They are:

  • The Sword and the Song (絕ぜっ代だい雙そう雄ゆう), a 1986 Singaporean series starring Li Wenhai as Li Yu.
  • Love, Sword, Mountain & River (情じょう劍けん山河さんが), a 1996 Taiwanese series starring Chin Feng as Li Yu.
  • Li Houzhu and Zhao Kuangyin (李り後ご主おも與あずか趙ちょう匡ただし胤たね), a 2006 Chinese series starring Nicky Wu as Li Yu.

See also

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Notes and references

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  1. ^ a b Unlike his father and grandfather, Li Yu never ruled as an emperor. His official title as a ruler was a king (國主こくしゅ), the same as his father after 958. During Li Yu's reign from 961 until 974, Southern Tang was nominally a vassal state of the Song Dynasty. Even after the rejection of the relationship following the Song invasion in 974, Li Yu never declared himself emperor.
  2. ^ Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, ch. 16.
  3. ^ a b From his date and Chinese age at death we can deduct that he was born some time between 13 February 937 and 1 February 938.
  4. ^ a b Book of Southern Tang, ch. 3.
  5. ^ a b c Adopted the era names of Song.
  6. ^ 961 was the 2nd year of Jianlong.
  7. ^ Used the sexagenary cycle calendar without era name.
  8. ^ Indiana Companion p. 555
  9. ^ a b c d Shiguo Chunqiu, ch.24
  10. ^ a b 歐おう陽ひ修おさむ (14 May 2015). 新しん五ご代だい史し三さん十じゅう列傳れつでん: 二に十じゅう五ご史し風流ふうりゅう人物じんぶつ--新しん五ご代だい史し. 谷たに月がつ社しゃ. p. 91. GGKEY:PY4A3ARY4DH.
  11. ^ a b c d Shiguo Chunqiu, ch. 19.
  12. ^ a b Wudai Shiji, ch. 62.
  13. ^ a b Kurz, p. 91.
  14. ^ a b c d e Shiguo Chunqiu, ch. 18.
  15. ^ Shiguo Chunqiu, ch. 16.
  16. ^ a b Shiguo Chunqiu, ch. 17.
  17. ^ a b Bryant, p. xxiv.
  18. ^ The child was posthumously called Li Zhongxuan (李り仲なか宣せん).
  19. ^ Bryant, p. 118.
  20. ^ No Chinese sovereign was expected to be completely faithful to one's spouse.
  21. ^ Wu, 213
  22. ^ Hsiung, p. 332
  23. ^ a b Davis, xx
  24. ^ Bryant, p. 69.
  25. ^ The song, "Shān Hé Lèi" (山河さんが淚なみだ), with music by Lee Shih Shiong and Lee Wei Shiong, served as an ending theme song of the 1986 Singaporean TV series The Sword and the Song, of which Li Yu is a central character. It was also included in her 1986 album Heart Rain (心しん雨う).
  26. ^ Bryant, p. 85.
  27. ^ Bryant, p. 131.
  28. ^ The song, "Yān Zhǐ Lèi" (胭脂淚なみだ), with music by Liu Chia-chang, was included in her 1983 album Light Exquisite Feelings.
  29. ^ The song, "Dú Shàng Xī Lóu" (獨どく上西かみにし樓ろう), with music by Liu Chia-chang, was included in her 1983 album Light Exquisite Feelings.
  30. ^ The song, "Dú Shàng Xī Lóu", with music by Lee Shih Shiong and Lee Wei Shiong, served as an ending theme song of the 1986 TV series The Sword and the Song. It was also included in her 1986 album Heart Rain.
  31. ^ Bryant, p. 97.
  32. ^ The song, "Yù Lóu Chūn", with music by Tso Hung-yuen, served as an ending theme song of the 1996 Taiwanese TV series Love, Sword, Mountain & River, of which Li Yu is a central character. It was also included in the drama's soundtrack album.
  33. ^ The song, "Jǐ Duō Chóu" (幾多いくた愁), with music by Tan Chien-chang, was included in her 1983 album Light Exquisite Feelings. It was later covered by Fei Yu-ching for the ending theme song to the 2006 Chinese TV series Li Houzhu and Zhao Kuangyin, of which Li Yu is a central character.
  34. ^ The song, "Chèun Fà Chàu Yùht" (春はる花はな秋月しゅうげつ), with music by Lai Siu Tin, was included in his 1994 compilation album Greatest Hits (金きむ碟精選せいせん).
  35. ^ The song, "Chhun Hoe Chhiu Go̍at" (春はる花はな秋月しゅうげつ) featuring Cheng Jun-wei, Hsu Fu-kai and Wu Jun-hong, with music by Ho Ching-ching, was included in her 2008 album Telling Myself (講こう乎自己じこ聽).
  36. ^ The song, "Gû Bí Jîn" (虞おそれ美人びじん), with music by Chang Nai-jen, served as the ending theme song of the 2008 Taiwanese TV series Pili Shen Zhou II: The Devil Relics. It was also included in her 2012 compilation album The Best of Huang Fei 2 (盛もり開ひらく).
  37. ^ Chan, p. 169.
  38. ^ "望もち江南えな·多少たしょう恨". 古こ诗文网.
  39. ^ "Fan Calligraphy Zhang Fengju 张风举". Flickr.com. 3 September 2019.
  40. ^ Bryant, p. xxiii.

Sources

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Primary sources
  • (in Chinese) Wu Renchen (1669). Shiguo Chunqiu (十じゅう國こく春秋しゅんじゅう) [Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms].
  • (in Chinese) Toqto'a; et al., eds. (1345). Song Shi (宋そう史し) [History of Song].
  • (in Chinese) Ouyang Xiu (1073). Wudai Shiji (五ご代だい史記しき) [Historical Records of the Five Dynasties].
  • (in Chinese) Li Tao (1183). Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian (續ぞく資し治ち通どおり鑑かん長編ちょうへん) [Extended Continuation to Zizhi Tongjian].
  • (in Chinese) Sima Guang (1086). Zizhi Tongjian (資し治ち通どおり鑑かん) [Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government].
  • (in Chinese) Quan Tangshi (全ぜん唐詩とうし) [Complete Tang Poems]. 1705.
  • (in Chinese) Lu You (1184). Lushi Nantangshu (陆氏南みなみ唐から书) [Book of Southern Tang by Lu You].
Secondary sources
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Wikiquote has quotations related to Li Yu (Southern Tang).
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Zhongzhu of Southern Tang
Li Jing (李り璟)
 Emperor of Southern Tang
961–975 		Succeeded by
None (End of kingdom)
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