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Lu Zhi (Jin dynasty) - Wikipedia Jump to content

Lu Zhi (Jin dynasty)

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Lu Zhi
盧の志こころざし
Chief of the Palace Secretariat (中書ちゅうしょ監かん)
MonarchEmperor Hui of Jin
In office
304–305
Personal details
BornUnknown
Zhuozhou, Hebei
Died312 or 315
Linfen, Shanxi
SpouseLady of the Cui clan of Qinghe
RelationsLu Zhi (great-grandfather)
ChildrenLu Chen
Lu Mi
Lu Shen
ParentLu Ting (father)
Courtesy nameZidao (子道しどう)
PeerageMarquis of Wuqiang (武たけ強つよし侯こう)

Lu Zhi (died 312 or 315), courtesy name Zidao, was a Chinese politician of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Han-Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a close confidant of the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, who, throughout War of the Eight Princes, provided him with vital advice. He was praised by traditional historians for encouraging his prince towards righteous decisions and remaining by his side even after his fall from power and until his death in 306. After the war, he continued to serve the Jin government until his capture by the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao state, where he briefly served before he was executed for treason.

Background

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Lu Zhi was a native of Zhuo County, Fanyang Commandery and was the great-grandson of the Han dynasty military general, Lu Zhi (盧の植しょく; note the different character from his great-grandson's name). His grandfather, Lu Yu, and his father Lu Ting (盧の珽), were both officials for the Cao Wei dynasty, with the latter going on the serve under Wei's successor, Western Jin. Early in his career, Lu Zhi served as an official in the government and Prefect of the Masters of Writing before leaving the capital, Luoyang to serve as the Prefect of Ye.

When the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, was assigned to defend Ye, he met with Lu Zhi and was deeply impressed by his talents. The two men trusted each other, and eventually, Lu Zhi became a key advisor for the prince.[1]

War of the Eight Princes

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Coalition against Sima Lun

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In 301, the Prince of Zhao, Sima Lun, usurped the throne from Emperor Hui of Jin. In response, the Prince of Qi, Sima Jiong, began a coalition to depose Lun and urged Sima Ying to join him. Sima Ying consulted Lu Zhi for a strategy, and he opined, "The Prince of Zhao [Sima Lun] is unjust, acting with tyranny and rebellion. He has aroused the anger of the people and spirits within the Four Seas. Currently, Your Highness commands the three armies, and should we react quickly at the right time, the people will flock to you without being summoned. As we will be sweeping away the wicked and treacherous, conquest can be achieved without a battle. However, military affairs are of the utmost importance and therefore should be cautiously handled by the sages. It is best that we appoint and promote talented individuals to win the support and respect of the people."[2] Sima Ying agreed and made Lu Zhi his Consultant Advisor and Chief Clerk of the Left. He was also placed in charge of handling official documents.

As Sima Ying marched to Luoyang, he and his soldiers were met by Sima Lun's army at Huangqiao (黃き橋きょう, around present-day Wen County, Henan). Ying's vanguard was badly defeated at first, causing him to consider retreating to defend Zhaoge. However, Lu Zhi insisted that they surprise their enemies by advancing quickly with their best soldiers during the early morning, believing that they had become overconfident from their recent victory.[3] Sima Ying agreed and sent his general, Zhao Xiang (趙ちょう驤), with 80,000 to advance with Wang Yan (王おう彥). As predicted, the enemy commander, Shi Yi (士し猗) underestimated their momentum, allowing Ying's forces to win a great victory and cross the Yellow River.

Regency of Sima Jiong

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Before the coalition could arrive, Sima Lun was overthrown and killed in a coup in Luoyang. Sima Ying's forces were the first to arrive at the capital, but as leader of the coalition, Sima Jiong took power as regent following Emperor Hui's restoration. Lu Zhi warned Sima Ying, "The Prince of Qi [Sima Jiong] commanded a million soldiers, yet he could not defeat Zhang Hong (張ちょう泓) and the like. Meanwhile, you, Great Prince, crossed the Yellow River and achieved exceptional merits. Now, the Prince of Qi wishes to share power over the court with you. However, it is said that two heroes cannot coexist, and their deeds cannot be equal. Thus, you should cite your mother's illness and request to return to your base. Honour the Prince of Qi and gradually win the support of the people within the Four Seas. This is the best strategy to take."[4]

Sima Ying accepted his suggestion and handed over all major responsibilities to Sima Jiong before returning to Ye. His actions garnered much praise and support from the people. For his contribution in the war, Lu Zhi was awarded the title of Marquis of Wuqiang and promoted to Cavalier in Regular Attendance. While in Ye, Ying entrusted all affairs to Lu Zhi and through his guidance become increasingly popular among the people while Jiong lost favour due to his arrogant personality.[5]

On one occasion, as summer was approaching, Lu Zhi reminded Ying of the more than 8,000 men who were killed at the Battle of Huangqiao. Not wanting the bodies to go to waste, he advised the prince to carry out burials for them, citing King Wen of Zhou who once ordered the burial of the skeletal remains of an unknown person he found in the wild. Ying commissioned for more than 8,000 coffins built and used funds from his fief to acquire clothing. The bodies were buried north of Huangqiao, and a stele was erected to commemorate the soldiers' deeds. Meanwhile, families of the fallen soldiers were honoured and ordered to perform seasonal sacrifices for them. Ying also submitted a petition concerning family matters and posthumously promoted the soldiers by two ranks. Additionally, he had more than 14,000 troops who died fighting for Sima Lun buried in Wen County.[6]

In 302, the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong, was raising troops to campaign against Sima Jiong and informed Ying about it. Lu Zhi attempted to dissuade Ying from joining the plot, but the prince refused to heed his advice.[7] However, before they could launch their campaign, Jiong was killed in Luoyang by the Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai, and the latter began holding considerable power over the imperial government.

Coalition against Sima Ai

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Unsatisfied with the outcome, Yong and Ying started another coalition in 303, this time to overthrow Sima Ai. Lu Zhi tried again to persuade him from joining, stating, "Lord, previously you had achieved great merits, willingly relinquished your power and refused honours, all which earned you immense respect and admiration. Right now, you should be stationing your armies outside the passes and entering the court in ceremonial robes. This is the act of a hegemon."[8] However, Ying ignored him and proceeded with Sima Yong's forces to lay siege on Sima Ai in Luoyang. After Ai's defeat in 304, Ying returned to Ye and became Prime Minister. He also appointed Lu Zhi as Chief of the Palace Secretariat, providing him with advice for his duty as Prime Minister.

Sima Ying as Crown Younger Brother

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Later in 304, Sima Ying was appointed Crown Younger Brother, allowing him to inherit the throne after Emperor Hui dies. Afterwards, he was said to have grown more arrogant and corrupt, losing some support from the people. Soon, the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, started a coalition from Luoyang to depose him but was defeated. Emperor Hui, who was following Sima Yue's forces, was captured by Ying's men, so the prince sent Lu Zhi to escort him to Ye.[9]

Not long after, the Inspector of Youzhou, Wang Jun, and the Inspector of Bingzhou, Sima Teng, also started their campaign against Ying. Wang Jun was victorious in every bout on the way to Ye, and when he reached the city, many of Ying's officials, generals and soldiers fled. Lu Zhi urged the prince to fall back to Luoyang with Emperor Hui, and he agreed. However, Ying's mother, Grand Consort Cheng (程ほど太たい妃ひ), was fond of the city and refused to leave, causing Ying to hesitate with his decision. Soon, many of the remaining soldiers also fled, leaving only Lu Zhi, his son Lu Mi (盧の謐), his nephew Lu Chen (盧の綝) and a thousand palace troops.[10]

Lu Zhi urged Ying to carry out the plan, but it was only after the departure Taoist diviner surnamed Huang (黃き), whom the Grand Consort deeply trusted, that they could finally leave. With no horses and porters, Lu Zhi had to acquire ropes and deer carts from the barracks to escape on calf-drawn carts. On the way to Luoyang, Ying's party was joined by the general, Hao Chang (郝昌), and his soldiers at Ji Commandery (汲郡; around present-day Weihui, Henan). With the party rejuvenated, Lu Zhi suggested to Emperor Hui that he issue a letter of amnesty so that the emperor would be received and assisted by the common people. The party reached Luoyang, where they were placed under the authority of Sima Yong's general, Zhang Fang. Lu Zhi recommended that Man Fen (滿まん奮) be appointed the Colonel-Director of Retainers as many of Ying's followers who had fled earlier returned to restore some function to the government. Emperor Hui was pleased and greatly rewarded Lu Zhi.[11]

As Zhang Fang controlled the military in Luoyang, he dominated Emperor Hui and Sima Ying was powerless to stop him. After staying at the capital for so long, Zhang Fang's men were becoming restless and planned to move the emperor to Yong's base in Chang'an. In December 304, Zhang Fang ordered Emperor Hui out of the city to stay at the ramparts. The emperor was reluctant at first, but Lu Zhi persuaded him to follow Zhang Fang's command. At this point, many of the ministers had fled and gone into hiding, but only Lu Zhi stayed by the emperor's side. While Emperor Hui was away, Zhang Fang's men began pillaging Luoyang. Zhang Fang even planned to burn down the Ancestral Temple, but Lu Zhi intervened and said, "In the past, Dong Zhuo was a tyrant who burned down Luoyang, and the resentment towards him has lasted for a hundred years. Why would you want to imitate that?" Thus, Zhang Fang decided against it.[12] After three days, Zhang Fang brought Emperor Hui to Chang'an, and Lu Zhi followed them. There, Sima Ying was demoted from his position as Crown Younger Prince, while Lu Zhi was stripped of his position.

After Sima Ying's removal

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In 305, using the pretext of the emperor's forced relocation to Chang'an, Sima Yue began a coalition against Sima Yong. At the same time, a general of Sima Ying, Gongshi Fan, also rebelled in Hebei in protest of the prince's removal from power. Faced with multiple threats from the east, Sima Yong assigned Ying to Ye to appease Gongshi Fan's rebels. Lu Zhi was also brought back as Administrator of Wei Commandery and then promoted to General of the Left to follow Ying to his post.[13] However, after the two left for Ye, they were blocked by the Duke of Pingchang, Sima Mo's forces at Luoyang, so they returned to Chang'an.

Before they could arrive, there were news that Sima Yong was suing for peace with Sima Yue, so Ying went to Huayin (華はな陰かげ; in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) instead. Lu Zhi continued to Chang'an, where he explained his actions and apologized to the court before returning to Ying at Wuguan.[14] From Wuguan, they fled to Nanyang but were attacked by the general, Liu Tao (劉りゅう陶すえ), so they planned to go to Hebei to join Gongshi Fan. However, Ying was caught and placed under house arrest by the Prince of Fanyang, Sima Xiao in Ye. After Xiao died at the end of 306, his Chief Clerk, Liu Yu, had Ying killed during the night. By the time of Ying's death, all of his subordinates had already left him, but Lu Zhi remained with him until the end. He personally carried out the prince's funeral and subsequently became a subject of praise at the time.[15]

Final years and death

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After the death of Sima Ying, Lu Zhi was appointed by Sima Yue as an Army Libationer-Consultant. He was then transferred to Commandant of the Guards, and by 311, he was serving as the Master of Writing.

In 311, Luoyang fell to Han-Zhao forces and Emperor Huai of Jin was captured in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia. Lu Zhi brought his wife and sons north to join the Inspector of Bingzhou, Liu Kun, who was resisting the growing Han threat. However, they were captured by Han-Zhao forces at Yangyi (陽ひ邑; in present-day Handan, Hebei) and sent to the Han capital, Pingyang. There are two accounts of Lu Zhi's death. According to the entry of his eldest son, Lu Chen (盧の諶; note the different character from his cousin) in the Book of Jin, after Liu Kun recaptured his base, Jinyang in 312, Lu Chen fled Han-Zhao to join him. As a result, Lu Zhi and his two other sons, Lu Mi and Lu Shen (盧の詵), were executed.[16][17]

The second account comes from the biography of the Han emperor, Liu Cong in the Book of Jin. After his capture, Lu Zhi was appointed by Liu Cong as the Grand Instructor of the Crown Yonger Brother, Liu Ai (劉りゅう乂). In 315, Lu Zhi and his fellow former Jin officials, Xu Xia (許もと遐) and Cui Wei (崔ちぇ瑋), plotted to get Liu Ai to rebel against Liu Cong. Liu Ai was losing favour as he was constantly slandered by Liu Cong's eldest son, Liu Can and his supporters, but he refused to go along with the conspirators' plans. After the official, Xun Yu (荀裕), revealed their plot, Lu Zhi, Xu Xia and Cui Wei were arrested, interrogated and executed.[18]

References

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  1. ^ (志こころざし字じ子道しどう，初はつ辟公府ふ掾じょう、尚書しょうしょ郎ろう，出で為ため鄴令。成都せいと王おう穎之鎮鄴也，愛あい其才量りょう，委い以心膂，遂とげ為ため謀はかりごと主ぬし。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  2. ^ (穎召志こころざし計けい事こと，志こころざし曰：「趙ちょう王おう無道むどう，肆行篡逆，四よん海人あま神しん，莫不憤怒ふんぬ。今こん殿下でんか總そう率りつ三軍さんぐん，應おう期き電でん發はつ，子來こらい之の眾，不ふ召自至いたり。掃夷凶きょう逆ぎゃく，必有征せい無む戰せん。然しか兵事へいじ至いたり重じゅう，聖人せいじん所しょ慎まき。宜むべ旌賢任にん才ざい，以收時じ望もち。」穎深然しか之これ，改選かいせん上じょう佐さ，高こう辟掾屬ぞく，以志為ため諮はか議ぎ參さん軍ぐん，仍補左ひだり長ちょう史し，專せん掌てのひら文ぶん翰。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  3. ^ (穎欲退すさ保ほ朝あさ歌うた，盧の志こころざし、王おう彥曰：「今こん我が軍ぐん失しつ利り，敵てき新得しんとく志こころざし，有ゆう輕けい我が之の心しん。我わが若わか退すさ縮ちぢみ，士氣しき沮衂，不可ふか復ふく用よう。且戰何なん能のう無む勝負しょうぶ！不ふ若わか更さら選せん精兵せいびょう，星ほし行こう倍ばい道どう，出で敵てき不意ふい，此用兵へい之の奇き也。」) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.84
  4. ^ (及倫敗はい，志こころざし勸すすむ穎曰：「齊ひとし王おう眾號百ひゃく萬まん，與あずか張ちょう泓等相しょう持じ不能ふのう決けつ，大王だいおう逕得濟ずみ河かわ，此之大だい勳くん，莫之與あずか比ひ，而齊王おう今いま當とう與あずか大王だいおう共きょう輔朝政ちょうせい。志こころざし聞兩雄りょうゆう不ふ俱處，功名こうみょう不ふ並立へいりつ，今いま宜むべ因よし太たい妃ひ微ほろ疾やまし，求もとめ還かえ定てい省はぶけ，推崇齊ひとし王おう，徐じょ結ゆい四海しかい之の心しん，此計之の上うえ也。」) Jin Shu, vol.44
  5. ^ (穎形美び而神昏，不知ふち書しょ，然しか器うつわ性せい敦あつし厚あつし，委ゆだね事ごと於志，故こ得とく成なり其美焉。及齊王おう冏驕侈無禮ぶれい，於是眾望歸き之の。) Jin Shu, vol.59
  6. ^ (盧の志こころざし言げん於穎曰：「黃き橋きょう戰せん亡者もうじゃ有ゆう八はち千せん餘人よにん，既すんで經けい夏なつ暑あつ，露骨ろこつ中野なかの，可か為ため傷きず惻。昔むかし周しゅう王おう葬そう枯骨ここつ，故こ《詩し》云うん'行こう有ゆう死人しにん，尚なお或ある墐之'。況きょう此等致死ちし王事おうじ乎！」穎乃造づくり棺かん八はち千せん餘よ枚まい，以成都と國こく秩為衣服いふく，斂祭，葬そう于黃橋きょう北きた，樹き枳からたち籬ませ為之ためゆき塋域。又また立たて都と祭さい堂どう，刊かん石立いしたて碑ひ，紀きの其赴義之よしゆき功こう，使つかい亡者もうじゃ之の家いえ四よん時じ祭祀さいし有ゆう所しょ。仍表其門閭，加か常つね戰せん亡ほろび二に等とう。又また命いのち河かわ內溫縣けん埋藏まいぞう趙ちょう倫りん戰死せんし士卒しそつ萬まん四よん千せん餘人よにん。) Jin Shu, vol.59
  7. ^ (及河間あいだ王おう顒納李り含之說せつ，欲よく內除二王におう，樹き穎儲副ふく，遣や報ほう穎，穎將應おう之の，志こころざし正せい諫，不ふ從したがえ。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  8. ^ (盧の志こころざし諫曰：「公おおやけ前ぜん有ゆう大功たいこう而委權けん辭じ寵ちょう，時じ望美のぞみ矣。今いま若わか頓ひたぶる軍ぐん關せき外がい，文ぶん服ふく入朝にゅうちょう，此霸主ぬし之の事こと也。」) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.85
  9. ^ (乘の與あずか敗はい于蕩陰かげ，穎遣志こころざし督とく兵へい迎むかえ帝みかど。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  10. ^ (及王浚攻鄴，志こころざし勸すすむ穎奉天子てんし還かえ洛陽らくよう。時とき甲かぶと士し尚なお萬まん五ご千せん人にん，志こころざし夜よる部分ぶぶん，至いたり曉あかつき，眾皆成なり列れつ，而程太たい妃ひ戀こい鄴不欲ほし去さ，穎未能のう決けつ。俄にわか而眾潰つぶせ，唯志ただし與あずか子こ謐、兄子せこ綝、殿中でんちゅう武たけ賁千せん人にん而已，志こころざし復ふく勸すすむ穎早發はつ。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  11. ^ (時じ有ゆう道士どうし姓せい黃き，號ごう曰聖人じん，太ふとし妃ひ信之のぶゆき。及使呼人よびと，道士どうし求もとめ兩りょう杯はい酒しゅ，飲いん訖，拋杯而去，於是志こころざし計けい始はじめ決けつ。而人馬ば復ふく散ち，志こころざし于營陣じん間あいだ尋ひろ索さく，得とく數すう乘じょう鹿しか車しゃ，司馬しば督ただし韓かん玄げん收集しゅうしゅう黃門こうもん，得とく百ひゃく餘人よにん...於是禦犢車しゃ便びん發はつ。屯たむろ騎き校こう尉じょう郝昌先さき領りょう兵へい八はち千守ちもり洛陽らくよう，帝みかど召之，至いたり汲郡而昌至いたり，兵仗ひょうじょう甚盛。志こころざし喜き於復振ふ，啟けい天子てんし宜よろし下しも赦書，與あずか百姓ひゃくしょう同どう其休慶けい。既達きたつ洛陽らくよう，志こころざし啟けい以滿奮為司し隸校尉じょう。奔散者しゃ多た還かえ，百官ひゃっかん粗そ備，帝みかど悅えつ，賜たまもの志こころざし絹きぬ二に百ひゃく匹ひき、綿めん百ひゃく斤きん、衣ころも一いち襲かさね、鶴つる綾あや袍ほう一いち領りょう。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  12. ^ (時とき羣臣皆みな逃匿，唯ただ中書ちゅうしょ監かん盧の志こころざし侍さむらい側がわ，曰：「陛下へいか今日きょう之の事こと，當とう一いち從したがえ右みぎ將軍しょうぐん。」帝みかど遂とげ幸こう方かた壘るい，令れい方かた具ぐ車載しゃさい宮人みやびと、寶物ほうもつ... 方ほう將すすむ焚宗廟そうびょう、宮室きゅうしつ以絕人じん返かえし顧之心しん，盧の志こころざし曰：「董ただし卓たく無道むどう，焚燒洛陽らくよう，怨毒之の聲こえ，百ひゃく年ねん猶なお存そん，何なに爲ため襲かさね之の！」乃止。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.85
  13. ^ (及東海とうかい王越おうごし奉迎ほうげい大だい駕が，顒啟帝みかど復ふく穎還鄴，以志為ため魏ぎ郡ぐん太守たいしゅ。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  14. ^ (加か左ひだり將軍しょうぐん，隨ずい穎北鎮。行くだり達たち洛陽らくよう，而平昌あきら公おおやけ模も遣や前ぜん鋒ほこさき督とく護まもる馮嵩距穎。穎還長安ながやす，未み至いたり而聞顒斬張はり方かた，求もとめ和わ於越。穎住華はな陰かげ，志こころざし進しん長安ながやす，詣まい闕陳謝ちんしゃ，即そく還かえ就穎于武關せき。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  15. ^ (及穎薨，官かん屬ぞく奔散，唯志ただし親おや自じ殯送，時人じじん嘉之よしゆき。越えつ命いのち志こころざし為ため軍ぐん諮はか祭まつり酒しゅ，遷衛尉じょう，永えい嘉よしみ末まつ，轉うたて尚書しょうしょ。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  16. ^ (至いたり陽ひ邑，為ため劉りゅう粲つばら所しょ虜とりこ，與あずか次子じし謐、詵等俱遇害がい於平陽ひ。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  17. ^ (粲つばら敗走はいそう，諶得赴琨，先さき父母ちちはは兄弟きょうだい在ざい平ひら陽ひ者しゃ，悉為劉りゅう聰さとし所しょ害がい。) Jin Shu, vol.44
  18. ^ (雨あめ血ち於其東宮とうぐう延のべ明あきら殿どの，徹とおる瓦かわら在地ざいち者しゃ深ふか五ご寸すん。劉りゅう乂惡之の，以訪其太師し盧の志こころざし、太ふとし傅でん崔ちぇ瑋、太ふとし保ほ許もと遐。志こころざし等とう曰：「主上しゅじょう往以殿下でんか為ため太ふとし弟おとうと者しゃ，蓋ぶた以安眾望也，志こころざし在ざい晉すすむ王おう久ひさ矣，王公おうこう已やめ下か莫不希まれ旨むね歸き之の。相國しょうこく之の位くらい，自じ魏ぎ武ぶ已やめ來らい，非ひ復ふく人臣じんしん之の官かん，主上しゅじょう本ほん發明はつめい詔みことのり，置おけ之これ為ため贈官ぞうかん，今こん忽ゆるがせ以晉王おう居きょ之の，羽はね儀ぎ威い尊みこと逾于東宮とうぐう，萬機之事無不由之，置おけ太宰だざい、大將軍だいしょうぐん及諸王おう之の營以為ため羽翼うよく，此事勢いきおい去さ矣，殿下でんか不ふ得とく立りつ明也あきや。然しか非ひ止とめ不ふ得とく立りつ而已，不測ふそく之の危厄在ざい於旦夕ゆう，宜むべ早はや為之ためゆき所しょ。四衛精兵不減五千，余あまり營諸王おう皆みな年齒ねんし尚なお幼よう，可か奪だつ而取之の。相國しょうこく輕佻けいちょう，正せい可か煩はん一いち刺客しかく耳みみ。大將軍だいしょうぐん無む日にち不出ふしゅつ，其營可か襲かさね而得也。殿下でんか但ただし當とう有意ゆうい，二に萬精兵立便可得，鼓こ行ゆき向むこう雲龍うんりゅう門もん，宿衛しゅくえい之の士し孰不倒たおせ戈ほこ奉迎ほうげい，大だい司馬しば不慮ふりょ為ため異い也。」乂弗從したがえ，乃止... 東宮とうぐう舍人とねり荀裕告つげ盧の志こころざし等とう勸すすむ乂謀反ぼうほん，乂不從したがえ之これ狀じょう。聰さとし於是收おさむ志こころざし、瑋、遐於詔みことのり獄ごく，假かり以他事たじ殺ころせ之これ。) Jin Shu, vol.102
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