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Sima Yu

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This article is about the crown prince and son of Emperor Hui of Jin. For the Eastern Jin emperor whose name is transliterated the same way, see Emperor Jianwen of Jin.
Sima Yu
Crown Prince of the Jin dynasty
Tenure16 October 290[1] – 6 February 300[2]
SuccessorSima Zang
Born278
Died300 (aged 21–22)
Spouse
IssueSima Bin, Prince of Nanyang
Sima Zang, Prince Ai of Muyang
Sima Shang, Crown Prince Huaichong
Names
Family name: Sima 司馬しば
Given name: 遹
Courtesy name: Xizu 熙祖
Posthumous name
Crown Prince Minhuai 愍懷太子たいし
FatherEmperor Hui of Jin
MotherXie Jiu
In this Chinese name, the family name is Sima.

Sima Yu (司馬しば遹) (278[3] – 27 April 300[4]), courtesy name Xizu (熙祖), posthumous name Crown Prince Minhuai (愍懷太子たいし), was a crown prince of the Chinese Western Jin dynasty.

Sima Yu's father Sima Zhong was developmentally disabled, and before he, then crown prince, was to marry his wife Jia Nanfeng, Zhong's father Emperor Wu gave him one of his own concubines, Consort Xie Jiu (謝しゃ玖), so that Consort Xie could teach him how to have sexual relations.[5] While Crown Princess Jia bore the crown prince four daughters,[6] Sima Yu was his only son.

When Sima Yu was four years old, there was a fire in the palace, and Emperor Wu walked up a tower to observe it. Sima Yu pulled him aside and said, "At night, when something unusual like this happens, we should take precautions. The light of the fire should not shine on the emperor." Emperor Wu was surprised by this perceptive observation by a child, and praised the young prince as very much like his own grandfather Sima Yi.[7] This was part of the reason why Emperor Wu let Crown Prince Zhong remain his heir. On 22 December 289,[8] he created Prince Yu the Prince of Guangling. After Emperor Wu died in May 290, Crown Prince Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Hui, and Prince Yu was created crown prince at the age of 12 on 16 October.[9]

As Crown Prince Yu grew in age, however, he lost some of the good reputation that he had as a child, as he disliked studying and spent much time on building projects and games. Empress Jia, who had constantly been jealous of Crown Prince Yu and Consort Xie, did not discourage this behavior, but in fact encouraged it to further damage Crown Prince Yu's reputation. When Crown Prince Yu's staff would try to correct his ways, he would not listen to them. He also would not listen to them with regard to their advice to maintain strong relations with Empress Jia's family members. Empress Jia's mother Guo Huai had constantly advised Empress Jia to treat Crown Prince Yu well, as her own son, and she advocated marrying a daughter of Empress Jia's sister Jia Wu (賈午) to Crown Prince Yu. However, Empress Jia and Jia Wu opposed this, and instead married a daughter of the official Wang Yan to Crown Prince Yu. (Wang had two daughters, but Empress Jia had Crown Prince Yu marry the less beautiful one and had her nephew Jia Mi marry the more beautiful one.) After Lady Guo's death, the relationship between Empress Jia and Crown Prince Yu quickly deteriorated, as Jia Wu and another associate of Empress Jia, Emperor Wu's concubine Consort Zhao Can (趙ちょう粲つばら), provoked difficulties between them. Further, Crown Prince Yu and Jia Mi never liked each other, and Jia Mi, as a result, also advised Empress Jia to depose Crown Prince Yu.

In early 300, Empress Jia agreed and took action. When Crown Prince Yu was in the palace to make an official petition to have his ill son Sima Bin (司馬しば彬あきら) created a prince, Empress Jia forced him to drink a large amount of wine and, once he was drunk, had him write out a statement in which he declared intention to murder the emperor and the empress and to take over as emperor. Empress Jia presented the writing to the officials and initially wanted Crown Prince Yu executed—but after some resistance, she only had him deposed and reduced to status of a commoner on 6 February. On the same day,[10] Crown Prince Yu's mother Consort Xie was executed; his favorite concubine Consort Jiang Jun (蔣俊, Sima Bin's mother) was also executed. Wang Yan divorced his daughter from the crown prince, who wrote an extant, lengthy letter to her explaining the incident through which Empress Jia framed him.

In April 300, under the advice of a prince she favored -- Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao, Emperor Wu's uncle—Empress Jia decided to eliminate Crown Prince Yu as a threat. She sent assassins and had Crown Prince Yu assassinated on 27 April. He was buried with honors due a prince—under his pre-crown-prince title of Prince of Guangling. Sima Lun's intent was, however, to use this assassination as an excuse to overthrow Empress Jia, and he did so less than two weeks later, on 7 May. He had Crown Prince Yu reburied with the honors due a crown prince on 15 July 300[11] and Yu was given the posthumous name "Minhuai". He also welcomed Crown Princess Wang back to the palace, along with Crown Prince Yu's surviving sons Sima Zang (司馬しば臧) (whom he had created crown prince on 12 June[12]) and Sima Shang (司馬しば尚しょう). However, when Sima Lun then usurped the throne briefly in 301, Crown Prince Zang was killed on 11 February.[13] After Emperor Hui's restoration later that year, Sima Shang was created crown prince in c.July,[14] but died on 7 May 302,[15] extinguishing Crown Prince Yu's line.

Family

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Consort and issue(s):

  • Consort Zhending, of the Wang clan of Langya (贞定妃ひ 琅玡王おう氏し; d. July 311[16]), personal name Huifeng (惠めぐみ風ふう)
  • Concubine, of the Jiang clan (妾わらわ蒋氏), personal name Jin (俊しゅん)
    • Sima Bin, Prince of Nanyang (司馬しば虨 南陽なんよう王おう, d. 20 February 300[17]), first son
    • Sima Zang, Prince Ai of Puyang (司馬しば臧 晋すすむ濮陽哀あい王おう, 297 – 11 February 301), second son
    • Sima Shang, Crown Prince Huaichong (司馬しば尚しょう 懷ふところ沖おき太ふとし孫まご, 300 – 7 May 302), third son
  • Beauty, of the Feng clan (封ふう美人びじん)

References

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  1. ^ renwu day of the 8th month of the 1st year of the Yong'xi era, per Emperor Hui's biography in Book of Jin and vol.82 of Zizhi Tongjian
  2. ^ ren'xu day of the 12th month of the 9th year of the Yuankang era, per Emperor Hui's biography in Book of Jin and vol.83 of Zizhi Tongjian. The day was also the last day of that year.
  3. ^ According to Sima Yu's biography in Book of Jin, he was 23 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. (因いん如厕，虑以药杵椎しい杀之，太子たいし大呼たいこ，声こえ闻于外がい。时年二に十じゅう三さん。) Jin Shu, vol.53. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 278.
  4. ^ According to Sima Zhong's biography in Book of Jin, Sima Yu was killed on the guiwei day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of the Yongkang era of his reign. This corresponds to 27 Apr 300 on the Julian calendar. [(永えい康やすし元年がんねん春はる三さん月がつ)癸みずのと未み，贾后矫诏害がい庶人遹于许昌。] Jin Shu, vol.04. Vol.83 of Zizhi Tongjian also dated his death to this date.
  5. ^ (惠めぐみ帝みかど在ざい东宫，将はた纳妃。武たけ帝みかど虑太子こ尚なお幼よう，未知みち帷とばり房ぼう之の事こと，乃遣往东宫侍寝ね，由ゆかり是ぜ得とく幸さいわい有ゆう身み。) Jin Shu, vol.31. Note that Sima Yu was born more than five years after Sima Zhong and Jia Nanfeng were wedded in April 272.
  6. ^ (生なま河かわ东、临海、始はじめ平ひら公主こうしゅ、哀あい献けんじ皇女おうじょ。) Jin Shu, vol.31
  7. ^ (宫中尝夜失火しっか，帝みかど登楼とうろう望もち之の，遹年五ご岁，牵帝裾すそ入にゅう暗中あんちゅう曰：“暮夜ぼや仓猝，宜むべ备非常ひじょう，不可ふか令れい照あきら见人主ぬし。”帝みかど由よし是ぜ奇き之の。尝对群臣ぐんしん称しょう遹似宣せん帝みかど，故こ天下てんか咸归仰おおせ之これ。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.82
  8. ^ jiashen day of the 11th month of the 10th year of the Tai'kang era, per Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin
  9. ^ ([太ふとし熙元年ねん]秋あき八はち月がつ壬みずのえ午うま，立たて广陵王おう遹为皇太子こうたいし，...) Jin Shu, vol.04
  10. ^ According to Sima Zhong's biography in Book of Jin, Sima Yu was deposed as Crown Prince and Lady Xie was killed on the renxu day of the 12th month of the 9th year of the Yuan'kang (erroneously recorded as "Yong'ping") era of his reign. This corresponds to 6 Feb 300 on the Julian calendar. [(元康もとやす九きゅう年ねん)十じゅう二に月がつ壬みずのえ戌いぬ，废皇太子たいし遹为庶人，及其三子幽于金墉城，杀太子たいし母はは谢氏。] Jin Shu, vol.04. Volume 83 of Zizhi Tongjian also dated the event to that same day.
  11. ^ ([永えい康やすし元年がんねん]六ろく月がつ壬みずのえ寅とら，葬そう愍怀太子たいし于显平たいら陵りょう。) Jin Shu, vol.04
  12. ^ ([永えい康やすし元年がんねん]五ご月がつ，己おのれ巳み，诏立临淮王おう臧为皇すめらぎ太ふとし孙，...) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.83
  13. ^ (永えい宁元年春としはる正月しょうがつ...癸みずのと酉とり，伦害濮阳王おう臧。) Jin Shu, vol.04
  14. ^ ([永えい宁元年ねん]五ご月がつ，立たて襄じょう阳王尚なお为皇太ふとし孙。) Jin Shu, vol.04. The month corresponds to 23 Jun to 21 Jul 301 in the Julian calendar. Vol.84 of Zizhi Tongjian also dated the event to that same month.
  15. ^ (尚なお字じ敬けい仁じん。....。永えい宁元年ねん八はち月がつ，立たて为皇太ふとし孙。太たい安やす元年がんねん三さん月がつ癸みずのと卯う，薨...) Jin Shu, vol.53. Note that here, Sima Shang being made crown prince was dated to the 8th month of the 1st year of the Yong'ning era. Also, Zizhi Tongjian dated Sima Shang's death to the 3rd month of the 1st year of the Tai'an era, without a specific day.
  16. ^ Lady Wang was killed during the Disaster of Yongjia in July 311. (及刘曜陷洛らく阳，以惠风赐其将乔属，属ぞく将はた妻つま之の。惠めぐみ风拔剑距属ぞく曰：“吾われ太ふとし尉じょう公こう女おんな，皇太子こうたいし妃ひ，义不为逆胡えびす所しょ辱はずかしめ。”属ぞく遂とげ害がい之の。) Jin Shu, vol.96
  17. ^ (永えい康やすし元もと年春としはる正月しょうがつ....丙へい子こ，皇すめらぎ孙𧇃卒そつ) Jin Shu, vol.04
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