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Moni Guangfo

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Moni Guangfo
摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ
Information
ReligionChinese Manichaeism
LanguageChinese
Period9th–11th centuries CE
Moni Guangfo at Chinese Wikisource

Moni Guangfo (Chinese: 摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ; pinyin: Móní Guāngfó; lit. 'Mani', 'Buddha of Light') is one of the longest and most important Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts. The manuscript contains 83 pages, 659 lines, and over 8,300 Chinese characters in total. The text was discovered by Chinese researchers in 2009[1] and belongs to Chen Peisheng 陈培生せい, a priest or ritual master (fashi 法ほう师) in Shangwan Village 上万じょうまん村むら, Baiyang Township, Xiapu County, Fujian Province, China.[2]

Although the manuscript was likely transcribed a few hundred years ago, its contents date back to around the 9th–11th centuries. Moni Guangfo contains many Middle Iranian words transcribed using Chinese characters.[1]

Contents

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The Moni Guangfo manuscript contains 83 pages, 659 lines (or columns), and over 8,300 Chinese characters.[3] There are 82 pages of text, since the 83rd page is blank. An summary and outline of the text can be found in Ma & Wang (2018).[1] Chapters in Moni guangfo 《摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ》 are:[4]

  1. Xiasheng zan 《下した生せい贊さん》
  2. Jisi zhou 《吉よし斯咒》
  3. Tianwang zan 《天王てんのう贊さん》
  4. Chengyang libai dasheng, shizun 《稱揚しょうよう禮拜れいはい大聖たいせい，世尊せそん》
  5. Qiqing zhufa zhong 《啟けい請諸法ほう眾》
  6. Kaitan zan 《開ひらき壇だん贊さん》
  7. Gongjing shifang changzhu sanbao 《恭敬きょうけい十方じっぽう常住じょうじゅう三寶さんぼう》
  8. San guiyi 《三さん皈依》
  9. Yi fo jianxiu, ru fa zhufen xiu 《依よ佛ふつ漸やや修おさむ，如法にょほう炷焚修おさむ》
  10. Daxiang zan 《大だい香こう贊さん》
  11. Dui tudi zan 《対たい土地とち贊さん》
  12. (Sui'an chang) Wuleizi 《隨ずい案あん唱五雷かみなり子こ》
  13. Xieshi zuo xinli 《歇時做信禮れい》
  14. (Sui'an chang) Liantai 《隨ずい案あん唱蓮台だい》
  15. Wu fo ji 《五ご佛ふつ記き》
  16. Xin mingjie 《新明しんめい界かい》

A more detailed outline of Moni Guangfo is given below.[1]

Part 1
Rituals for Good Fortune (qing fu ke 請福科か) (columns 1–292)
  • First Period (columns 1–148)
    • Inviting Buddhas (qingfo 請佛) (Five Buddhas and Triratna) (columns 1–48): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, Jesus, and Mani
    • Venerating the Triratna (san guiyi 三さん皈依) (columns 49–66): Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha
    • Incense Offering Praise (xiangzan 香が讚たたえ) (columns 67–85)
    • Inviting Buddhas (Buddhas of Five Directions) (columns 86–97): Raphael (嚧縛逸いっ), Michael (彌わたる訶逸), Gabriel (業ぎょう囉逸), Sariel (娑しゃば囉逸), and Jacob (耶具孚まこと)
    • Praising the King of [Ten] Heavens (Zan Tianwang 讃さん天王てんのう) (columns 98–116)
    • Praise to Land's Gods (Tudi zan 土地とち讃さん) (columns 117–148): contains six hymns
      • 1st piece: Middle Iranian mantra
      • 2nd piece: Chinese piece
      • 3rd piece: Middle Iranian mantra
      • 4th piece: Chinese piece
      • 5th piece: Middle Iranian mantra
      • 6th piece: mixed Middle Iranian and Chinese piece
  • Second Period (dier shi 第だい二に時じ) (columns 148–238)
    • Inviting Buddhas (columns 149–207)
      • Inviting Moluo (Father of Greatness) 默だま羅ら (columns 159–163)
      • Inviting Yishu 夷えびす數すう (Jesus) (columns 164–168)
      • Inviting Jinni lushen 謹你嚧詵 (Virgin of Light) (columns 168–173)
      • Inviting Moni 摩ま尼あま (Mani) (columns 174–177)
      • Inviting Sun and Moon Buddhas of Light (columns 178–181)
      • Inviting Lushena 盧の舍しゃ那な (Vairocana) (columns 182–186)
      • Inviting Venerable Buddha Who Upholds the World (Keeper of Splendor) (columns 187–190)
      • Inviting Four Great Venerable Buddhas (columns 191–194): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, and Jesus
      • Inviting the Jade Emperor (King of Honor, or King of the Ten Heavens) (columns 195–198)
      • Inviting various great Bodhisattvas (columns 199–202)
      • Inviting all past and future Buddhas (columns 203–206)
      • Gatha to finish the invitation of the Buddhas (columns 207–208)
    • Worshipping Buddhas (lifo 禮れい佛ほとけ) (Three Great Saints) (columns 209–229): Lightning King (i.e., Virgin of Light), Jesus, and the Long Life Nectar King (i.e., Mani)
    • Reading the Scriptures (kangjing 看經かんきん) and Reading Goddess Incantation (nian tiannü zhou 念ねん《天女てんにょ咒》) (columns 230–238)
  • Third and Fourth Periods (disan shi 第だい三さん時じ, disi shi 第だい四よん時じ) (columns 238–247)
    • First Purification of the Altar (shou jingtan 首くび浄きよし壇だん) (columns 248–255)
    • Inviting Buddhas (North Heavenly King, i.e. Raphael) (columns 256–264)
    • Penitential Mysterious Prayer (Chanhui xuanwen 懺悔ざんげ玄げん文ぶん) (columns 265–271)
  • Reading Prayer, Praise to the Envoys of Light (xuanshu, mingshi zan 宣せん疏、明あかり使し讚たたえ) (columns 271–282)
    • Farewell Ritual for the Buddhas (songfo 送おく佛ふつ) (columns 282–292)
Part 2
Rituals for Funeral (Jianwang ke 薦こも亡ほろび科か) (columns 292–659)
  • Praise of the Descent (Xiasheng zan 下か生せい讚たたえ) (columns 292–312): incarnation in Suristān
  • Incantation of St. George (Jisi zhou 吉きち思おもえ咒) (columns 312–331)
  • Worshipping Buddhas (columns 331–365)
  • Inviting Buddhas (Five Buddhas) (columns 366–373): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, Jesus, and Mani
  • Worshipping Buddhas (columns 374–388): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, Jesus, and Mani
  • Purification of Speech (columns 388–394): Middle Iranian mantra
  • Inviting Buddhas (Heavenly Kings and Envoys of Light) (columns 394–403): Raphael, Michael, Gabriel, Sariel, and other envoys of light.
  • Praise of Preparing the Altar (kaitan zan 開ひらき壇だん讃さん) (columns 403–419): worshipping and praising the Light-Nous
  • Honoring Universal Permanent Triratna (gongjing shifang changzhu sanbao 恭敬きょうけい十方じっぽう常住じょうじゅう三寶さんぼう) (columns 420–425)
  • Venerating the Triratna (columns 425–444)
  • Incense Offering Praise (columns 445–459)
  • Great Praising Incense Offering (da zanxiang 大だい讃さん香が) (columns 460–481)
  • Inviting Five Buddhas (columns 483–515): Nārāyaṇa (Naluoyan 那な羅ら延のべ), Zoroaster (Suluzhi 蘇そ路ろ支ささえ), Śākyamuni (Shijiawen 釋迦しゃか文ぶん), Jesus (Yishu 夷えびす數すう), and Mani (Moni 摩ま尼あま)
  • Rest (xieshi 歇時), Performing Worshipping (zuo xinli 做信禮れい) (columns 516–540)
  • Singing "Lotus Stand" (chang liantai 唱蓮臺だい) (columns 540–565)
  • Leading the Deceased Souls to the Right Path (deng zhenglu 登とう正路まさじ) (columns 565–596)
    • Ascending the Precious Palace (columns 566–572)
    • Ascending the Glory Palace (columns 573–577)
    • Ascending the Moon Palace (columns 578–582)
    • Ascending the Sun Palace (columns 583–587)
    • Ascending Eternal Light (columns 588–589)
    • Ascending the Three Constancies (columns 590–592): the Father of Greatness, Jesus, and the Light-Nous
  • Worshipping the Five Buddhas (columns 597–630): Mani, Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, and Jesus
  • Praise to Five Pleasures (columns 631–645): wisdom, light, power, purity (divinity), and obeying the Buddha's teaching
  • Gatha of the New Light-World (columns 648–658)

Pantheon

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The Manichaean pantheon names in Moni Guangfo are quite similar to, but not identical to, the names used in the Dunhuang Manichaean texts. They include:[5]

  • Merciful Mother = Cimu 慈母じぼ ‘Merciful Mother’
  • Primal Man = Xianyi 先さき意い ‘Primal Thought’
  • Manichaean pair of Call and Answer = Guanyin 觀音かんのん (Sanskrit Avalokiteśvara) and Shizhi 勢至せいし (Sanskrit Mahāsthāmaprāpta)
  • Virgin of Light = Dianguang 電光でんこう ‘Lightning’; Dianguang wangfo 電光でんこう王おう佛ほとけ ‘Royal Buddha of Lightning’; shentong Dianguang wang 神通じんずう電光でんこう王おう ‘Lightning sovereign with supernatural powers’
  • Living Spirit = Riguang Jingfeng 日光にっこう淨きよし風ふう ‘Sunshine Pure Wind’
  • Rex Honoris = Shitian wang 十じゅう天王てんのう ‘King of the Ten Firmaments’
  • Splendor, Splenditenens = Chishi zunfo 持じ世尊せそん佛ぼとけ ‘World-Holder Honorable Buddha’
  • Light-Nous = Weimiao shanxin wang 微妙びみょう善心ぜんしん王おう ‘King of Subtle and Wonderful, Beneficent Mind’; Weimiao Da Huiming 微妙びみょう大だい惠めぐみ明あきら ‘Subtle and Wonderful Great Wisdom Light’; Weimiao Jingfafeng 微妙びみょう淨きよし法ほう風ふう ‘Subtle and Wonderful Pure Law Wind’
  • Jesus = Yishu 夷えびす數すう
  • Column of Glory = Jin'gang xiangzhu Lushena fo 金剛こんごう相しょう柱ばしら 盧舍那佛るしゃなぶつ ‘Diamond Column of Glory, Vairocana Buddha’

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Ma, Xiaohe; Wang, Chuan (2018-07-09). "On the Xiapu Ritual Manual Mani the Buddha of Light". Religions. 9 (7). MDPI AG: 212. doi:10.3390/rel9070212. ISSN 2077-1444.
  2. ^ Yang, Fuxue 杨富学がく. 2020. Xiapu Monijiao wenxian Moni Guangfo yanjiu 霞浦かすみうら摩ま尼あま教きょう文献ぶんけん《摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ》研究けんきゅう. Lanzhou: Gansu Cultural Publishing House 甘あま肃文化ぶんか出版しゅっぱん社しゃ, p.31.
  3. ^ Yang, Fuxue; Xue, Wengjing (2018). "Yishu (Jesu) Worship in Xiapu Manichaean Manuscripts". Yearbook of Chinese Theology 2018. Brill. pp. 97–112. doi:10.1163/9789004384972_008. ISBN 9789004383746.
  4. ^ Kósa, Gábor (2014). Mikkelsen, Gunner (ed.). "The Fifth Buddha: An overview of the Chinese Manichaean material from Xiapu (Fujian)". Manichaean Studies Newsletter. 28. The International Association of Manichaean Studies.
  5. ^ Kósa, Gábor (2018). Der östliche Manichäismus im Spiegel seiner Buch- und Schriftkultur. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-059393-8.
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