Moni Guangfo
Moni Guangfo | |
---|---|
Information | |
Religion | Chinese Manichaeism |
Language | Chinese |
Period | 9th–11th centuries CE |
Moni Guangfo at Chinese Wikisource |
Moni Guangfo (Chinese:
Although the manuscript was likely transcribed a few hundred years ago, its contents date back to around the 9th–11th centuries. Moni Guangfo contains many Middle Iranian words transcribed using Chinese characters.[1]
Contents
[edit]The Moni Guangfo manuscript contains 83 pages, 659 lines (or columns), and over 8,300 Chinese characters.[3] There are 82 pages of text, since the 83rd page is blank. An summary and outline of the text can be found in Ma & Wang (2018).[1] Chapters in Moni guangfo 《
- Xiasheng zan 《
下 生 贊 》 - Jisi zhou 《
吉 斯咒》 - Tianwang zan 《
天王 贊 》 - Chengyang libai dasheng, shizun 《
稱揚 禮拜 大聖 ,世尊 》 - Qiqing zhufa zhong 《
啟 請諸法 眾》 - Kaitan zan 《
開 壇 贊 》 - Gongjing shifang changzhu sanbao 《
恭敬 十方 常住 三寶 》 - San guiyi 《
三 皈依》 - Yi fo jianxiu, ru fa zhufen xiu 《
依 佛 漸 修 ,如法 炷焚修 》 - Daxiang zan 《
大 香 贊 》 - Dui tudi zan 《
対 土地 贊 》 - (Sui'an chang) Wuleizi 《
隨 案 唱五雷 子 》 - Xieshi zuo xinli 《歇時做信
禮 》 - (Sui'an chang) Liantai 《
隨 案 唱蓮台 》 - Wu fo ji 《
五 佛 記 》 - Xin mingjie 《
新明 界 》
A more detailed outline of Moni Guangfo is given below.[1]
- Part 1
- Rituals for Good Fortune (qing fu ke 請福
科 ) (columns 1–292)
- First Period (columns 1–148)
- Inviting Buddhas (qingfo 請佛) (Five Buddhas and Triratna) (columns 1–48): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, Jesus, and Mani
- Venerating the Triratna (san guiyi
三 皈依) (columns 49–66): Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha - Incense Offering Praise (xiangzan
香 讚 ) (columns 67–85) - Inviting Buddhas (Buddhas of Five Directions) (columns 86–97): Raphael (嚧縛
逸 ), Michael (彌 訶逸), Gabriel (業 囉逸), Sariel (娑 囉逸), and Jacob (耶具孚 ) - Praising the King of [Ten] Heavens (Zan Tianwang
讃 天王 ) (columns 98–116) - Praise to Land's Gods (Tudi zan
土地 讃 ) (columns 117–148): contains six hymns- 1st piece: Middle Iranian mantra
- 2nd piece: Chinese piece
- 3rd piece: Middle Iranian mantra
- 4th piece: Chinese piece
- 5th piece: Middle Iranian mantra
- 6th piece: mixed Middle Iranian and Chinese piece
- Second Period (dier shi
第 二 時 ) (columns 148–238)- Inviting Buddhas (columns 149–207)
- Inviting Moluo (Father of Greatness)
默 羅 (columns 159–163) - Inviting Yishu
夷 數 (Jesus) (columns 164–168) - Inviting Jinni lushen 謹你嚧詵 (Virgin of Light) (columns 168–173)
- Inviting Moni
摩 尼 (Mani) (columns 174–177) - Inviting Sun and Moon Buddhas of Light (columns 178–181)
- Inviting Lushena
盧 舍 那 (Vairocana) (columns 182–186) - Inviting Venerable Buddha Who Upholds the World (Keeper of Splendor) (columns 187–190)
- Inviting Four Great Venerable Buddhas (columns 191–194): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, and Jesus
- Inviting the Jade Emperor (King of Honor, or King of the Ten Heavens) (columns 195–198)
- Inviting various great Bodhisattvas (columns 199–202)
- Inviting all past and future Buddhas (columns 203–206)
- Gatha to finish the invitation of the Buddhas (columns 207–208)
- Inviting Moluo (Father of Greatness)
- Worshipping Buddhas (lifo
禮 佛 ) (Three Great Saints) (columns 209–229): Lightning King (i.e., Virgin of Light), Jesus, and the Long Life Nectar King (i.e., Mani) - Reading the Scriptures (kangjing
看經 ) and Reading Goddess Incantation (nian tiannü zhou念 《天女 咒》) (columns 230–238)
- Inviting Buddhas (columns 149–207)
- Third and Fourth Periods (disan shi
第 三 時 , disi shi第 四 時 ) (columns 238–247)- First Purification of the Altar (shou jingtan
首 浄 壇 ) (columns 248–255) - Inviting Buddhas (North Heavenly King, i.e. Raphael) (columns 256–264)
- Penitential Mysterious Prayer (Chanhui xuanwen
懺悔 玄 文 ) (columns 265–271)
- First Purification of the Altar (shou jingtan
- Reading Prayer, Praise to the Envoys of Light (xuanshu, mingshi zan
宣 疏、明 使 讚 ) (columns 271–282)- Farewell Ritual for the Buddhas (songfo
送 佛 ) (columns 282–292)
- Farewell Ritual for the Buddhas (songfo
- Part 2
- Rituals for Funeral (Jianwang ke
薦 亡 科 ) (columns 292–659)
- Praise of the Descent (Xiasheng zan
下 生 讚 ) (columns 292–312): incarnation in Suristān - Incantation of St. George (Jisi zhou
吉 思 咒) (columns 312–331) - Worshipping Buddhas (columns 331–365)
- Inviting Buddhas (Five Buddhas) (columns 366–373): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, Jesus, and Mani
- Worshipping Buddhas (columns 374–388): Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, Jesus, and Mani
- Purification of Speech (columns 388–394): Middle Iranian mantra
- Inviting Buddhas (Heavenly Kings and Envoys of Light) (columns 394–403): Raphael, Michael, Gabriel, Sariel, and other envoys of light.
- Praise of Preparing the Altar (kaitan zan
開 壇 讃 ) (columns 403–419): worshipping and praising the Light-Nous - Honoring Universal Permanent Triratna (gongjing shifang changzhu sanbao
恭敬 十方 常住 三寶 ) (columns 420–425) - Venerating the Triratna (columns 425–444)
- Incense Offering Praise (columns 445–459)
- Great Praising Incense Offering (da zanxiang
大 讃 香 ) (columns 460–481) - Inviting Five Buddhas (columns 483–515): Nārāyaṇa (Naluoyan
那 羅 延 ), Zoroaster (Suluzhi蘇 路 支 ), Śākyamuni (Shijiawen釋迦 文 ), Jesus (Yishu夷 數 ), and Mani (Moni摩 尼 ) - Rest (xieshi 歇時), Performing Worshipping (zuo xinli 做信
禮 ) (columns 516–540) - Singing "Lotus Stand" (chang liantai 唱蓮
臺 ) (columns 540–565) - Leading the Deceased Souls to the Right Path (deng zhenglu
登 正路 ) (columns 565–596)- Ascending the Precious Palace (columns 566–572)
- Ascending the Glory Palace (columns 573–577)
- Ascending the Moon Palace (columns 578–582)
- Ascending the Sun Palace (columns 583–587)
- Ascending Eternal Light (columns 588–589)
- Ascending the Three Constancies (columns 590–592): the Father of Greatness, Jesus, and the Light-Nous
- Worshipping the Five Buddhas (columns 597–630): Mani, Nārāyaṇa, Zoroaster, Śākyamuni, and Jesus
- Praise to Five Pleasures (columns 631–645): wisdom, light, power, purity (divinity), and obeying the Buddha's teaching
- Gatha of the New Light-World (columns 648–658)
Pantheon
[edit]The Manichaean pantheon names in Moni Guangfo are quite similar to, but not identical to, the names used in the Dunhuang Manichaean texts. They include:[5]
- Merciful Mother = Cimu
慈母 ‘Merciful Mother’ - Primal Man = Xianyi
先 意 ‘Primal Thought’ - Manichaean pair of Call and Answer = Guanyin
觀音 (Sanskrit Avalokiteśvara) and Shizhi勢至 (Sanskrit Mahāsthāmaprāpta) - Virgin of Light = Dianguang
電光 ‘Lightning’; Dianguang wangfo電光 王 佛 ‘Royal Buddha of Lightning’; shentong Dianguang wang神通 電光 王 ‘Lightning sovereign with supernatural powers’ - Living Spirit = Riguang Jingfeng
日光 淨 風 ‘Sunshine Pure Wind’ - Rex Honoris = Shitian wang
十 天王 ‘King of the Ten Firmaments’ - Splendor, Splenditenens = Chishi zunfo
持 世尊 佛 ‘World-Holder Honorable Buddha’ - Light-Nous = Weimiao shanxin wang
微妙 善心 王 ‘King of Subtle and Wonderful, Beneficent Mind’; Weimiao Da Huiming微妙 大 惠 明 ‘Subtle and Wonderful Great Wisdom Light’; Weimiao Jingfafeng微妙 淨 法 風 ‘Subtle and Wonderful Pure Law Wind’ - Jesus = Yishu
夷 數 - Column of Glory = Jin'gang xiangzhu Lushena fo
金剛 相 柱 盧舍那佛 ‘Diamond Column of Glory, Vairocana Buddha’
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Ma, Xiaohe; Wang, Chuan (2018-07-09). "On the Xiapu Ritual Manual Mani the Buddha of Light". Religions. 9 (7). MDPI AG: 212. doi:10.3390/rel9070212. ISSN 2077-1444.
- ^ Yang, Fuxue 杨富
学 . 2020. Xiapu Monijiao wenxian Moni Guangfo yanjiu霞浦 摩 尼 教 文献 《摩 尼 光 佛 》研究 . Lanzhou: Gansu Cultural Publishing House甘 肃文化 出版 社 , p.31. - ^ Yang, Fuxue; Xue, Wengjing (2018). "Yishu (Jesu) Worship in Xiapu Manichaean Manuscripts". Yearbook of Chinese Theology 2018. Brill. pp. 97–112. doi:10.1163/9789004384972_008. ISBN 9789004383746.
- ^ Kósa, Gábor (2014). Mikkelsen, Gunner (ed.). "The Fifth Buddha: An overview of the Chinese Manichaean material from Xiapu (Fujian)". Manichaean Studies Newsletter. 28. The International Association of Manichaean Studies.
- ^ Kósa, Gábor (2018). Der östliche Manichäismus im Spiegel seiner Buch- und Schriftkultur. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-059393-8.