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Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts

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The Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts are Chinese Manichaean manuscripts from Shangwan Village 上万じょうまん村むら, Baiyang Township, Xiapu County, Fujian Province, China. They first became known to academia and the general public in October 2008. Today in Baiyang Township, the texts are used for rituals conducted for Lin Deng 林はやし瞪 in the three villages of Baiyang 柏かしわ洋ひろし村むら, Shangwan 上万じょうまん村むら, and Tahou 塔とう后きさき村むら.[1]

Additional Manichaean manuscripts were discovered in neighboring parts of Fujian after 2008. In March 2016, 3 Manichaean texts were discovered in Jianglong Village 降くだ龙村, Shoushan Township 寿山ことぶきやま乡, Pingnan County, Fujian, called Zhenming kaizheng wenke 貞明ていめい開ひらく正文せいぶん科か,[2] Zhenming kaizheng zou 貞明ていめい開ひらく正せい奏そう, and Dier shike 第だい二に時じ科か. In 2017, 35 Manichaean texts owned by Taoist priest Shi Menghua 施ほどこせ孟はじめ铧[3] were discovered in Gaoshan Town 高山こうざん镇, Fuqing City 福ぶく清せい市し.[4] In 2019, a Manichaean stone inscription was also discovered in nearby Qiyu Village 芹せり屿村, Yangzhong Town 洋よう中ちゅう镇, Jiaocheng District, Ningde City.[5]

Background

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The majority of the texts belong to Chen Peisheng 陈培生せい, a priest or ritual master (fashi 法ほう师) who uses them as ritual texts during his religious ceremonies. Priest Chen Peisheng is the descendant of Chen Pingshan 陈平山さん, who was a disciple of Lin Deng 林はやし瞪. In Baiyang Township, many local villagers revere Lin Deng 林りん瞪 (born 1003; died 1059), a Fujianese Manichaean who helped established Manichaeism in Fujian during the Song dynasty. In 1027, Lin converted to Manichaeism at the age of 25. Today, Lin's tomb is still revered by locals in Shangwan Village.[6]

Lin Deng himself was the disciple of Sun Mian 孙绵, one of the ancestors of the Sun 孙 clan in Chanyang Village 禅ぜん洋よう村むら (now Shenyang Village 神かみ洋ひろし村むら)[7] who founded Longshou Temple 龙首寺てら in 966, located about 2 kilometers from Shangwan Village. During the Yuan dynasty, the temple was renamed as Leshantang 乐山堂どう (also called Gaizhutang 盖竹堂どう). It was destroyed by a typhoon in 2006. In Xiapu County, there are ruins of two Manichaean pagodas, one called the Triple Buddha Pagoda (Sanfota 三さん佛塔ぶっとう; built in the early 1520s, located in Shangwan); the other called the Flying Road Pagoda (Feiluta 飞路塔とう; built in 1374, located in Baiyang Township). The Flying Road Pagoda is notable for the inscription qingjing guangming dali zhihui 清淨せいじょう 光明こうみょう 大力だいりき 智慧ちえ ‘Purity, Light, Great Power, Wisdom’.[6]

Moni Guangfo (摩ま尼あま光こう佛ふつ, meaning ‘Mani, Buddha of Light’) is one of the longest Xiapu manuscripts. The manuscript includes 83 pages, 659 lines, and over 8,400 Chinese characters in total.[8]

In comparison with older forms of Manichaeism and other previously known forms of Chinese Manichaeism, the Xiapu Manichaean texts strongly emphasize the worship of Jesus (Yishu 夷えびす數すう).[9]

List of texts

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A tentative list of texts, the majority of which belong to ritual masters (fashi 法ほう师) Chen Peisheng 陈培生せい and Xie Daolian 谢道琏 in Baiyang Township, given by Gábor Kósa (2014:13-14) is as follows. Most were transcribed during the Qing dynasty from older sources. The contents of the text date back to over 1,000 years ago.[6]

Title Pages Era Custodian Notes
Gaoguang wen 《高こう廣文ひろふみ》 4 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Mingfu qing fo wen 《冥福めいふく請佛文ふつぶん》 14 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Leshantang shenji 《樂山らくざん堂どう神かみ記き》 10 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Mingmen chu chuanqing benshi 《明あかり門もん初傳しょでん請本師し》 17 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Jie xizhang wen 《借か錫杖しゃくじょう文ぶん》 4 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Jie zhu wen 《借か珠たま文ぶん》 3 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Fu xizhang ji 《付づけ錫杖しゃくじょう偈げ》 1 page Qing Chen Peisheng
Poyu haoliao song xizhang ji 《破獄はごく好こう了りょう送おく錫杖しゃくじょう偈げ》 1 page Chen Peisheng
Siji zan 《四よん寂さび贊さん》 2 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Song sanjie shenwen 《送おく三界さんがい神文しんもん》 4 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Moni guangfo 《摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ》 82 pages Chen Peisheng
Song fo zan 《送おく佛ふつ贊さん》 3 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Song fo wen 《送おく佛文ふつぶん》 8 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Zou shen die shu kece 《奏そう申さる牒疏科か冊さつ》 70 pages Qing Xie Daolian two copies
Diandeng qiceng kece 《點燈てんとう七なな層そう科か冊さつ》 = Gongde zouming zoudie 《功德くどく奏そう名めい奏そう牒》 Xie Daolian
Xiongke kan Zhenmingjing biyong ci wen 《凶きょう科か看み貞明ていめい經けい畢用此文》 4 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Xingfuzu qingdan ke 《興福こうふく祖そ慶けい誕科》 (Ritual Manual for the Celebration of the Birthday of the Ancestor of Promoting Well-being[10]) 34/30 pages Qing/recent Chen Peisheng two copies
Moni shishi mifa 《摩ま尼あま施ほどこせ食しょく秘法ひほう》 Chen Peisheng
Menying keyuan 《門もん迎むかえ科か苑えん》 copy from 1715
Jixiang daochang shen han die 《吉祥きっしょう道場どうじょう申さる函はこ牒》 90 pages Qing Chen Peisheng
Jixiang daochang menshu 《吉祥きっしょう道場どうじょう門もん書しょ》 copy from 1786
Yushu 《雨あめ疏》 or Dao yu shu zou shen die 《禱雨疏奏申さる牒》
Jiaoping qing zhi biao 《繳慿請職表ひょう》
Qusha fu 《去さ煞符》 1 page
Wuming kewen 《無名むめい科か文ぶん》 163 pages Xie Daolian various untitled texts

Chapters in Xingfuzu qingdan ke 《興福こうふく祖そ慶けい誕科》 are:[6]

  1. Qi dasheng 《起おこり大聖たいせい》
  2. Kaitan wen 《開ひらき壇だん文ぶん》
  3. Jingkou wen 《净口文ぶん》
  4. Jingtan wen 《净壇文ぶん》
  5. Tiannü zhou 《天女てんにょ咒》
  6. Qing hufa wen 《請護法文ほうぶん》
  7. Qing sanbao 《請三寶さんぼう》
  8. Wufang jiantan lushi zhouyu 《五方建壇路師咒語》
  9. Zhaofu guanwen 《召符官かん文ぶん》
  10. Song tudi zan anwei 《誦土地ち讚たたえ安やす慰》

Further reading

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  • Ma, Xiaohe 马小鹤. 2014. Xiapu wenshu yanjiu 霞浦かすみうら文ぶん书研究けんきゅう. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Publishing House 兰州大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.
  • Yang, Fuxue 杨富学がく. 2020. Xiapu Monijiao yanjiu 霞浦かすみうら摩ま尼あま教きょう研究けんきゅう. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju 中ちゅう华书局きょく.
  • Yang, Fuxue 杨富学がく. 2020. Xiapu Monijiao wenxian Moni Guangfo yanjiu 霞浦かすみうら摩ま尼あま教きょう文献ぶんけん《摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ》研究けんきゅう. Lanzhou: Gansu Cultural Publishing House 甘あま肃文化ぶんか出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.

References

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  1. ^ Kósa, Gábor (2018). Der östliche Manichäismus im Spiegel seiner Buch- und Schriftkultur. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-059393-8.
  2. ^ "杨富学がく 宋そう建けん霞かすみ 盖佳择 包つつみ朗ろう : 屏へい南みなみ摩ま尼あま教きょう文ぶん书《贞明开正文科ぶんか》录校并研究けんきゅう". freewechat.com (in Chinese). 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  3. ^ "福ぶく清きよし发现摩ま尼あま教きょう经典科か仪文本文ほんぶん物ぶつ". 福ふく州しゅう新しん闻网 (in Chinese). 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  4. ^ Yang, Fuxue 杨富学がく. 2020. Xiapu Monijiao yanjiu 霞浦かすみうら摩ま尼あま教きょう研究けんきゅう. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju 中ちゅう华书局きょく, p.26.
  5. ^ "蕉城芹せり屿元代だい摩ま尼あま教きょう摩ま崖がけ石刻せっこく解析かいせき". 宁德蕉城在ざい线 (in Chinese). 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  6. ^ a b c d Kósa, Gábor (2014). Mikkelsen, Gunner (ed.). "The Fifth Buddha: An overview of the Chinese Manichaean material from Xiapu (Fujian)". Manichaean Studies Newsletter. 28. The International Association of Manichaean Studies.
  7. ^ Ma, Xiaohe (2015). "Remains of the Religion of Light in Xiapu (霞浦かすみうら) County, Fujian Province". Mani in Dublin: Selected Papers from the Seventh International Conference of the International Association of Manichaean Studies in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, 8–12 September 2009. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Vol. 88. Brill. pp. 228–258. doi:10.1163/9789004289123_014. ISBN 9789004289123. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  8. ^ Yang, Fuxue 杨富学がく. 2020. Xiapu Monijiao wenxian Moni Guangfo yanjiu 霞浦かすみうら摩ま尼あま教きょう文献ぶんけん《摩ま尼あま光こう佛ほとけ》研究けんきゅう. Lanzhou: Gansu Cultural Publishing House 甘あま肃文化ぶんか出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.
  9. ^ Yang, Fuxue; Xue, Wengjing (2018). "Yishu (Jesu) Worship in Xiapu Manichaean Manuscripts". Yearbook of Chinese Theology 2018. Brill. pp. 97–112. doi:10.1163/9789004384972_008. ISBN 9789004383746.
  10. ^ Ma, Xiaohe (2015-01-14). "On the Date of the Ritual Manual for the Celebration of the Birthday of the Ancestor of Promoting Well-being from Xiapu". Open Theology. 1 (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. doi:10.1515/opth-2015-0028. ISSN 2300-6579.
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