Okonomiyaki
Course | Main course |
---|---|
Place of origin | Japan |
Region or state | Hiroshima, Osaka |
Serving temperature | Hot |
Main ingredients | Wheat flour batter, cabbage |
Variations | Regional |
Okonomiyaki (Japanese: お
Okonomiyaki is mainly associated with two distinct variants from Hiroshima or the Kansai region of Japan, but is widely available throughout the country, with toppings and batters varying by area. The name is derived from the word okonomi, meaning "how you like" or "what you like", and yaki, meaning "grilled". It is an example of konamono (konamon in the Kansai dialect), or flour-based Japanese cuisine.
It is also called by an abbreviated name, "okono", where the O is a politeness prefix and kono means ‘favorite’.
A liquid-based okonomiyaki, popular in Tokyo, is called monjayaki (also written as monja yaki) and abbreviated as "monja". Outside of Japan, it can also be found served in Manila, Taipei, Bangkok, and Jakarta by street vendors.
History[edit]
A thin crêpe-like confection called funoyaki may be an early precursor to okonomiyaki.[1][2] Records of the word funoyaki appear as far back as the 16th century, as written about by tea master Sen no Rikyū,[3] and though the dish's ingredients are unclear, it may have included fu (wheat gluten).[1] By the late Edo period (1603–1867),[4] funoyaki referred to a thin crêpe baked on a cooking pot, with miso basted on one side.[1][3] This confection is the ancestor of the modern confections kintsuba (
In the Meiji era (1868–1912), monjiyaki (
The first appearance of the word "okonomiyaki" was at a shop in Osaka in the 1930s.[2][7][8] After the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake when people lacked amenities, it became a pastime to cook these crêpes,[1] and after World War II (when there was a short supply of rice)[6] okonomiyaki emerged as an inexpensive and filling dish for all ages, often with savory toppings, such as meat, seafood, and vegetables.[1][5][9] This "okonomiyaki boom" saw household equipment and ingredients for the dish become commercially available.[5] Monjiyaki also developed into the related modern dish monjayaki (モンジャ
The issen yōshoku (cheap Western-style cuisine) of Kyoto, which developed in the Taishō period (1912–1926), may have produced an early form of modern savory okonomiyaki in the form of a pancake with Worcestershire sauce and chopped scallion.[10]
Variations by region[edit]
The dish is known for two distinct main variants, one in Kansai and Osaka and one in Hiroshima.[11] Another variety is hirayachi, a thin and simple type made in Okinawa.[12][13]
Kansai area[edit]
Okonomiyaki in the Kansai or Osaka style is the predominant version of the dish, found throughout most of Japan. The batter is made of flour, grated nagaimo (a long type of yam), dashi or water, eggs, shredded cabbage, and usually contains other ingredients such as green onion, meat (usually thinly sliced pork belly or American bacon), octopus, squid, shrimp, vegetables, konjac, mochi, or cheese.[1][8][14]
It is sometimes compared to an omelette or a pancake and is sometimes referred to as a "Japanese pizza" or "Osaka soul food".[14][9][15][16] The dish can be prepared in advance, allowing customers to use a teppan or special hotplates to fry after mixing the ingredients. They may also have a diner-style counter where the cook prepares the dish in front of the customers.[17]
It is prepared much like a pancake. The batter and other ingredients are pan-fried on both sides on a teppan using metal spatulas that are later used to cut the dish when it has finished cooking. Cooked okonomiyaki is topped with ingredients that include okonomiyaki sauce (made with Worcestershire sauce), aonori (seaweed flakes), katsuobushi (bonito flakes), Japanese mayonnaise, and pickled ginger (beni shōga).[8]
When served with a layer of fried noodles (either yakisoba or udon), the resulting dish is called modan-yaki (モダン
A variation called kashimin-yaki is made of chicken and tallow instead of pork in Kishiwada, Osaka.[19] In Hamamatsu, takuan (pickled daikon) is mixed in okonomiyaki.[20] Stewed sweet kintoki-mame is mixed in okonomiyaki in Tokushima Prefecture.[21]
Hiroshima area[edit]
In the city of Hiroshima, there are over 2000 okonomiyaki restaurants, and the prefecture has more of those restaurants per capita than any other place in Japan.[9] Issen yōshoku (
The ingredients are layered rather than mixed.[8][9] The layers are typically batter, cabbage, pork, and yakisoba. Optional items such as squid, octopus, dried bonito flakes, and other seafood, as well as nori flakes or powder, mung bean sprouts, egg, chicken, cheese, and other ingredients, depending on the preferences of the cook and the customer.[9] Noodles (yakisoba, udon) are also used as a topping with fried egg and a generous amount of okonomiyaki sauce.[22]
The amount of cabbage used is usually three to four times the amount used in the Osaka style.[2][18][8] It starts out piled very high and is pushed down as the cabbage cooks.[8] The order of the layers may vary slightly depending on the chef's style and preference, and ingredients vary depending on the preference of the customer. This style is also called Hiroshima-yaki or Hiroshima-okonomi.[17]
In and around the Hiroshima area, there are a number of variations on the style. Fuchuyaki (
Otafuku, one of the most popular brands of okonomiyaki sauce, is based in Hiroshima and has an okonomiyaki museum and a cooking studio there.[9] Okonomi-mura, in Naka-ku in Hiroshima, was the top food theme park destination for families in Japan according to an April 2004 poll.[27][28]
Okinawa[edit]
Hirayachi (Okinawan: ヒラヤーチー hirayaachii) is a thin, very simple Okinawan pancake-like dish similar to buchimgae. It is basically "a savory Okinawan crepe with leeks",[29] and is sometimes called "Okinawan style okonomiyaki". The name means "fry flat" in the Okinawan language.[30]
People cook it at home, so there are few okonomiyaki restaurants in Okinawa, with none of them serving hirayachi.[31] The ingredients consist of eggs, flour, salt, black pepper and green onions, fried with a little oil in a pan.[30]
Other areas[edit]
The Tsukishima district of Tokyo is popular for both okonomiyaki and monjayaki (the district's main street is named "Monja Street").[32] In some areas of Kyoto city, an old-style okonomiyaki called betayaki (べた
Okonomiyaki is popular streetfare in cities including Manila, Taipei, Bangkok, and Jakarta.[34]
See also[edit]
- The dictionary definition of お
好 み焼 き at Wiktionary - Jeon – Korean pan-fried dish
- Pannenkoek – Pancake originating from the Netherlands
- Takoyaki – Japanese appetizer
- Murtabak – Stuffed pancake with various fillings
- Food portal
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g Heibonsha 1964 encyclopedia vol. 3, p. 445, article on okonomiyaki by Tekishū Motoyama
本山 荻舟 (1881-1958) - ^ a b c "Okonomiyaki History". Okonomiyaki World. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b Kumakura 2007, p.168
- ^ In Heibonsha 1964 funoyaki is (mistakenly) said to be a late Edo-period confection
- ^ a b c d e
沢 ,史生 (1985). "お好 み焼 き". Encyclopedia Nipponica, Volume 4 (in Japanese). Shogakukan. p. 155. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021. - ^ a b "「
関西 風 」のルーツは東京 だった!花柳 界 と切 り離 せないお好 み焼 きの黎明 期 " [The roots of "Kansai style" were Tokyo! The dawn of okonomiyaki, which is inseparable from the Hanayanagi world]. JBpress(日本 ビジネスプレス). 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. - ^ Sibal, Angela (26 May 2021). "All About the Famous Japanese Pancake". Foodicles. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Beser, Ari (4 August 2015). "Beyond the Bomb: Hiroshima's Beloved Okonomiyaki Pancake". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Powell, Steve John; Cabello, Angeles Marin (13 April 2020). "Is Hiroshima the true home of okonomiyaki?". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ Ono, Fujiko (
小野 藤子 ) (2009). おうちで作 る鄉土 ごはん. 枻出版 社 . ISBN 9784777914449. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016., p.95 - ^ "Okonomiyaki, an Overview". Otajoy.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ "Hirayachi". Story of Japanese Local Cuisine. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ "Ivan Orkin's Savory Pancakes (Okonomiyaki) Recipe on Food52". Food52. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ a b "How to make the perfect okonomiyaki – recipe | Felicity Cloake's The perfect …". The Guardian. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ 「
広島 焼 き」なんてものはない!と抗議 県民 の「お好 み焼 き愛 」でNHK『サラメシ』がテロップ修正 [There is no such thing as "Hiroshima-yaki"! NHK "Lunch" corrects telop in "Okonomiyaki love" of the citizens of the prefecture]. Sankei.com. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. - ^ "99japan". Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ a b "How to eat Okonimiyaki in Japan". Savor Japan. 5 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b Okonomiyaki. Trafford. August 2012. ISBN 9781466908147. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^
中将 タカノリ (14 September 2020).絶品 ローカルお好 み焼 き!岸和田 の「かしみん焼 き」ご存知 ですか…大阪 風 「まぜ焼 き」とは異 なる「のせ焼 き」 [Exquisite local okonomiyaki! Do you know about Kashiwada's "kashiminyaki"? Differences from Osaka "mazeyaki" and "noseyaki"] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^
新沼 大 (2 July 2020). たくあん入 れて薄 く焼 き上 げる浜松 の遠 州 焼 き [Takuan sprinkled and grilled: Hamamatsu's enshūyaki] (in Japanese). Nikkei Style. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^
上原 吉博 (10 December 2014). お好 み焼 きに金時 豆 徳島 の「豆 天 玉 」 [Red kidney beans in Okonomiyaki: Tokushima's mameamadama] (in Japanese). Nikkei Style. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^ "Hiroshima Okonomiyaki Recipe". Japan Centre. Archived from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^
広島 県 ・府中 市 府中 焼 き店長 は元 力士 [Hiroshima Prefecture - Fuchū City Fuchūyaki shop managers are the foundation of sumo wrestler] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun Digital. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^ Kanno, Miyuki (14 February 2019).
谷口 茉妃菜 さん「決定的 瞬間 撮 る!」 その時 カキオコは [Ms. Mahina Taniguchi "Recording the crucial moment!" of that kakioko time] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun Digital. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^ いんおこ
巡礼 [In'oko Pilgrimage]. IJ (Inoshima Japan) (in Japanese). Sanwadock. 29 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^
寺門 充 ;広津 興一 (21 October 2010).焼豚 玉子 飯 、いんおこ…しまなみ海道 、B級 グルメで活気 (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun Digital. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - ^ 「お
好 み村 」が家族 で行 ってみたいフードテーマパークで1位 に! ["Okonomi-mura" the #1 food theme park families want to visit!] (in Japanese). Hiroshima Home Television. 3 May 2004. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. - ^
牛田 泰正 (Yasumasa Uchida) (Spring 2007).観光 地 における飲食 業 [The food and drink industry in sightseeing areas] (PDF) (in Japanese). p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010. - ^ Marty (4 April 2007). "Goya Champuru & Hiraya-chi". Okinawa.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b "Hirayachi: ヒラヤーチー". Ono Okinawa. 3 June 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ "Okinawan well-known emergency food called Hiraya-ch". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Beddall, Michael. "Food for Thought - Okonomiyaki - Monjayaki - Tsukishima". mikesblender.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ "Donguri Okonomiyaki Dining in Kyoto, Japan: Okonomiyaki vs Betayaki vs Negiyaki". The Poor Traveller. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ "Okonomiyaki Merambah Kaki Lima" (in Indonesian). Kompas Cyber Media. 10 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
- Heibonsha (1964).
世界 百科 事典 (Sekai hyakka jiten). (World Encyclopedia, in Japanese). - Kumakura, Isao (
熊倉 功夫 ) (2007). Nihon ryori no rekishi (日本 料理 の歴史 ). Yoshikawa Kobunkan (吉川弘文館 ).
External links[edit]
- Media related to Okonomiyaki at Wikimedia Commons
- What is Okonomiyaki? - Okonomiyaki, an Overview. The history of Okonomiyaki and Okonomiyaki sauce in Hiroshima.
- "As-you-like-it Pancake" – Okonomiyaki; what it is, how to cook it, and a sample recipe.