(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Toyouke-hime - Wikipedia Jump to content

Toyouke-hime

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Omonoimi no Kami)
Toyouke-hime
Other namesLuxuriant food princess
Major cult centreChōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine
Toyouke Daijingu

Toyouke-hime is the goddess of agriculture, industry, food,[1] clothing,[1] and houses[1] in the Shinto religion. Originally enshrined in the Tanba region[a] of Japan, she was called to reside at Gekū, Ise Shrine, about 1,500 years ago at the age of Emperor Yūryaku to offer sacred food to Amaterasu Ōmikami, the Sun Goddess.[2]

Toyouke-Ōmikami (r: 5th row from the top) is a granddaughter to Izanagi by her father Wakumusubi, who was born while Izanami was still alive (based on Kojiki).

While popular as Toyouke-Ōhmikami presently,[3] her name has been transcribed using Chinese characters in several manners including Toyouke bime no kami (豊ゆたか宇気うけ毘売神しん) in the "Kojiki",[3][4] while there is no entry about her in the "Nihon Shoki". Literally, her name means "Luxuriant-food Princess" kami.[5]

Several alternative transcription and names are attributed to this goddess including Toyouke-Okami,[1] Toyouke-Ōmikami, Toyoukebime no kami (豊ゆたか受気媛ひめ神しん),[6] Toyuuke no kami (登のぼり由ゆかり宇気うけ神しん),[3][7] Toyouka no Menokami (止とめ与あずか宇可か乃売神しん),[b] Toyuke no Ōkami (等とう由よし気き太神おおが),[3][8] and Toyohirume (とよひるめ). God and goddess thought to be identical to Toyouke-Ōhmikami are a god Ōmonoimi-no-kami [ja; simple] (大だい物忌ものいみ神しん)[c] and a goddess Toyooka hime (豊岡とよおか姫ひめ).[3][d]

There is a separate shrine dedicated to Toyouke's Ara-mitama, or Toyouke-Ōmikami no Ara-mitama (豊ゆたか受大御神おおみかみ荒あら魂たましい) called Takanomiya [ja] (Takamiya) inside Gekū. She is worshipped at Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine

Mythology

[edit]

In Kojiki, Toyouke-Ōmikami is described as the granddaughter to Izanami via her father Wakumusubi, and Toyouke was said to settle to Gekū, Ise Shrine at Watarai (度ど相しょう) after Tenson kōrin when the heavenly deities came down to the earth.[3] In her name Toyouke, "uke" means food, making her the goddess of food and grain,[3] which is said to be the basis on which other kami were equated with and merged into Toyouke as the deity of foodstuffs: Ukemochi (Ōgetsu-hime), Inari Ōkami, and Ukanomitama.[6]

The head priest of Toyouke Daijingu submitted "Toyuke Shrine Book of Rituals (止とめ由よし気き宮みや儀式ぎしき帳ちょう, Toyukegū gishikichō)", or the record of the Ise Grand Shrine to the government in 804,[8] in which it is told that goddess Toyouke originally had come from Tamba.[6] It records that Emperor Yūryaku was told by Amaterasu in his dream that she alone was not able to supply enough food, so that Yūryaku needed to bring Toyuke-no-Ōkami (等とう由よし気き大神だいじん), or the goddess of divine meals, from Hijino Manai in ancient Tanba Province.[3]

Stories among various Fudoki indicate the origin of Toyouke: In that of Tango, or "Tango no kuni fudoki [ja]", Toyouke-bime (豊ゆたか宇賀うが能のう売うり命いのち, Toyouke-bime-no-kami)[3] had been bathing with other seven deities at Manai spring on the hilltop of Hiji in Tamba province, when an old couple hid Toyouke's heavenly robe so that she was not able to return to the heavenly world.[3] Toyouke tended to that old couple for over ten years and brewed sake which cured any ailment, but was expelled from the household and wandered to reach and settle at Nagu village as a local deity.[9] The anecdote in the Fudoki of Settsu Province "Settsu-no-kuni fudoki" mentions that Toyouke no megami (止とめ与あずか宇可乃売神しん)[b] had lived in Tango.[e]

Faith and rituals

[edit]

She is also thought to be identical to or to have "associated with" Ukemochi.[1]

The original location

[edit]

In Mineyama Town, Kyōtango, Kyoto prefecture, there is a well Seisuido (清水しみず戸と) and a story of the now lost half-moon-shaped rice paddy Tsukinowa den (月つきの輪わ田た). They are believed to be the site where Toyouke had soaked rice seeds to encourage germination and planted the first rice.[10] The Hinumanai Shrine [ja] (比ひ沼ぬま麻奈まな為ため神社じんじゃ) is mentioned in Engishiki dating back to Heian period, as Taniwa (田た庭にわ) literally meaning the Garden of Rice Paddies. That ancient place name is thought to have changed over time to Taba (location of rice paddies), then to Tamba/Tanba (丹波たんば).

On the slope of the Kuji Pass, there is a shrine dedicated to Ōkami, as well as Hoi no dan, the ruin of a sacred well Ame no manai of Takamagahara: That well was entered both in Kojiki and Nihonshoki, and was also the highest title given to water bodies. The shrine's auspicious spirit is said to be in the cuboid (盤ばん座ざ, Iwakura), which has been worshiped as Ōmiae-ishi (大だい饗きょう石せき).

There is a shrine named Moto-Ise Toyouke Daijingu [ja] in Ōemachi, Fukuchiyama City[3] to the south of Naiku of Moto-Ise uphill the Funaokayama. Its name literally means former Ise, where the priesthood has been inherited by Kawada clan, the further relative of the Fujiwara clan.

Amaterasu and Toyouke

[edit]

Emperor Sujin appointed imperial daughter Princess Toyosuki-iri (豊ゆたか鍬入くわいれ姫ひめ命いのち, Toyosuki-iri hime) as a Saiō to serve "as a cane for Amaterasu" to find a new location to reside, and dispatched Toyosuki-iri to travel from present day Nara to neighboring areas. It is said that on the route, several locations hosted the spirit of Amaterasu by building her shrines, while Tango had the first of such shrines among the list of relocation sites. Those shrines honor Amaterasu as their main kami are:

In addition, Toyouke-Ōmikami is worshiped at many branches of Ise shrines called Shinmei shrines, along with Amaterasu,[6] and separate shrines are often built on the property of regular shrines for Toyouke-Ōmikami. There are also Inari shrines where they build altars for Toyouke as well.[6]

According to the discipline of Ise Shintō (Watarai Shintō) originated by a priest at Geku named Watarai Ieyuki (度会わたらい家行いえゆき), Toyouke-Ōmikami is recognized as the first divine being which appeared in this world. In their idea, Toyouke is also identical to Ame no minakanushi and Kuni no tokotachi. In this sect of Shinto, Geku, or the shrine of Toyouke-Ōmikami, is treated as ranked higher than Naiku, or the shrine of Amaterasu.[11]

Omonoimi

[edit]
Mt. Chokai

Omonoimi no Kami [ja; simple] is the God of Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine and Mount Chokai.[12][13] There are shrines that enshrine Omonoiminokami in various other places in the Tohoku region, including Chōkai gassan ryōsho-gu [simple].

Ōmonoimi-no-kami [ja; simple] (大だい物忌ものいみ神しん) is considered possibly identical to Toyouke-hime[f][3]

He is associated with industrial growth.[14]

Every time Mount Chōkai erupted his rank increased.[15][13]

See also

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Anzu, Motohiko (January 1972). "Shinto Theory of the Outer Shrine, the Five Canonical Books of Shinto from (Watarai) Ieyuki to (Kitabatake) Chikafusa (外宮げくう神道しんとう論ろん--神道しんとう五ご部ぶ書しょから家行いえゆきと親房ちかふさとへ, Geku Shintoron, Shinto Gobusho kara Ieyuki to Chikafusa e)". Shinto Shukyo (神道しんとう宗教しゅうきょう) (65/66). Tokyo: 67–96. ISSN 0387-3331. Originally published in 1954.
  • Herbert, Jean (2010-10-18). "X: Genesis of the Universe — The pre-material stages". Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2.
  • Kawaguchi, Kenji (1999). Nihon no kamisama yomitoki-jiten (日本にっぽんの神様かみさま読よみ解とき事典じてん) (in Japanese). Kashiwa shobo. p. 174. OCLC 43395896.ISBN 4760118241, 9784760118243
  • Sonoda, Minoru [in Japanese]; Mogi, Sakae (1997). Nihon no kamigami no jiten : Shinto saishi to yaoyorozu no kamigami. Books esoterica, 2.; New sight mook (in Japanese). Gakken. pp. 68, 69. ISBN 9784056016291. OCLC 42978057.
  • Tobe, Tamio [in Japanese] (1997). Yaoyorozu no kamigami : Nihon no shinreitachi no purofiru [Eight million gods and goddesses in Japan : their profiles as divine spirits in Japan]. Truth in fantasy (Tokyo, Japan), 31 (in Japanese). Shinkigensha. pp. 91, 109–111.

Footnotes

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also considered Tango region that was included Tanba region before separation in Nara period, where Kono Shrine is enshrined.
  2. ^ a b The letter "宇" in 止とめ与あずか宇可乃売神しん is a simplified form of 口偏くちへん + 宇.[3]
  3. ^ Ōmonoimi-no-kami is believed to be the god of Mount Chōkai in Yamagata prefecture, or the northernmost post of the land of Yamato.
  4. ^ Dispute exists on whether that deity Toyooka hime is identical to Yafune Toyouke-hime-no-mikoto (屋や船せん豊ゆたか宇気うけ姫ひめ命いのち).
  5. ^ It was misunderstood that Toyouke was at Settsu Province before relocating to Hijiri in Tango, but the original text reads that Toyouke "returned (還かえ)" to Tango.[3]
  6. ^ Ōmonoimi-no-kami is believed to be the god of Mount Chōkai in Yamagata prefecture, or the northernmost post of the land of Yamato.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Ukemochi no Kami". Encyclopedia Britannica. July 20, 1998. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  2. ^ Jingushicho. Ise Shrine official homepage: Toyo’ukedaijingu (Geku) http://www.isejingu.or.jp/foreign/about/index.html
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sonoda & Mogi 1997, pp. 68, 69.
  4. ^ Asahi Nihon Rekishi Jinbutsu jiten. 豊ゆたか宇気うけ毘売神しん(トヨウケビメノカミ)とは [About Toyoukebime no kami]. kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  5. ^ Herbert 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e Tobe 1997, pp. 91, 109–111.
  7. ^ Tokyo : Heibonsha Limited, Publishers. "登のぼり由ゆかり宇気うけ神しん(とゆうけのかみ)とは |" 世界せかい大だい百科ひゃっか事典じてん (第だい2版はん) [About Toyuuke no kami | Sekai Daihyakkajiten (2nd ed.)]. kotobank (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbun. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  8. ^ a b "正せい宮みや 豊ゆたか受大神宮じんぐう" 神宮じんぐうについて | 外宮げくう（豊ゆたか受大神宮じんぐう） [Divine palace, Toyo’ukedaijingu (Geku)]. Grand Ise Shrine (in Japanese). Jingushicho. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  9. ^ Kawaguchi 1999, p. 174.
  10. ^ Sankei Digital Inc. (2014-10-21). "Inasaku hasshō no chi "Tsukinowa den" de inekari-shiki — Kyōtango" 稲作いなさく発祥はっしょうの地ち「月つきの輪わ田た」で稲刈いねかり式しき 京きょう丹後たんご [The Moon paddy sees rice harvesting ceremony to be resumed — ōō]. Sankei WEST (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  11. ^ Anzu 1972, pp. 67–96.
  12. ^ "chokaizan omonoimi shrine（warabioka kuchi no miya） - Shrine-heritager". shrineheritager.com. 27 June 2020. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  13. ^ a b Fukada, Kyūya (2014-12-31). One Hundred Mountains of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8248-4785-2.
  14. ^ "Enshrined Gods". kawawajinja.com. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
  15. ^ "Tallest Peak in North Japan: The Shugen History of Chokai-san". Tim Bunting. Retrieved 2023-05-10.

Further reading

[edit]


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyouke-hime&oldid=1248756485#Omonoimi"