Onsen
In Japan, onsen (
Onsen may be either outdoor baths (
The presence of an onsen is often indicated on signs and maps by the symbol ♨, the kanji
Definition
[edit]According to the Japanese Hot Springs Act (
When onsen water contains distinctive minerals or chemicals, establishments often display what type of water it is,[5] in part because the specific minerals found in the water have been thought to provide health benefits.[6] Types include sulfur onsen (
History
[edit]Exactly when humans first began bathing in onsen in Japan is unknown, but historical records show it has a history of at least about 1,300 years.[7][8] Many of the earliest records of onsen bathing document Japanese Emperors or members of the imperial family staying at onsen for long periods of time. At the time, onsen were thought to be sacred and to have healing properties.[9] It is now believed those who traveled to onsen in these early records were seeking cures to disease or other ailments by bathing in the onsen water.[8] This ancient practice of bathing in onsen to cure illnesses, often for long periods such as a week, is referred to as tōji (
Until around the Edo period, onsen had close religious ties to Buddhism with temples often being built near onsen sources.[8][9] During the Edo period, however, onsen began to gain popularity among the general population thanks in part to depictions of the hot springs in ukiyo-e.[8][9] It is also during this period that the use of onsen shifted from being primarily for religious and healing reasons to being used for bathing for cleanliness and socializing.[11][12]
In modern times, traveling to hot spring resort towns (
Mixed bathing
[edit]Traditionally, men and women bathed together at both onsen and sentō communal bathhouses, but gender separation has been enforced at most institutions since the opening of Japan to the West during the Meiji Restoration.
Mixed bathing (
Private onsen called "family baths" (
Etiquette
[edit]Ensuring cleanliness
[edit]As at a sentō at an onsen, all guests are expected to wash and rinse themselves thoroughly before entering the hot water. Bathing stations are equipped with stools, faucets, wooden buckets, and toiletries such as soap and shampoo; nearly all onsen also provide removable shower heads for bathing convenience. Entering the onsen while still dirty or with traces of soap on the body is socially unacceptable.[b]
Swimsuits
[edit]Guests are not allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths and must be completely nude. However, there are some onsen that allow both men and women to enter together but require swimsuits. Many of these mixed onsen resemble more of a pool or waterpark than the traditional idea of an onsen.[18][19][20] In 2016, The Japan Times reported that guests were not normally allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths. However, some modern onsen required their guests to wear a swimming suit in their mixed baths.[21]
Towel
[edit]Onsen guests generally bring a small towel with them to use as a wash cloth. The towel can also provide a modicum of modesty when walking between the washing area and the baths. Some onsen allow one to wear the towel into the baths, while others have posted signs prohibiting this, saying that it makes it harder to clean the bath. It is against the rules to immerse or dip towels in the onsen bath water, since this can be considered unclean. People normally set their towels off to the side of the water when enjoying the baths, or place their folded towels on top of their heads.
Tattoos
[edit]By 2015, around half (56%) of onsen operators had banned bathers with tattoos from using their facilities.[22][23][24] The original reason for the tattoo ban was to keep out yakuza and members of other crime gangs who traditionally have elaborate full-body decoration.[25]
However, tattoo-friendly onsen do exist.[26] A 2015 study by the Japan National Tourism Organisation found that more than 30% of onsen operators at hotels and inns across the country will not turn someone with a tattoo away; another 13% said they would grant access to a tattooed guest under certain conditions, such as having the tattoo covered up.[22] Some towns have many tattoo-friendly onsen that do not require guests to cover them up. Two such towns are Kinosaki Onsen in Hyōgo and Beppu Onsen in Ōita.[27]
With the increase in foreign customers due to growing tourism, some onsen that previously banned tattoos are loosening their rules to allow guests with small tattoos to enter, provided they cover their tattoos with a patch or sticking plaster.[22][28]
Benefits
[edit]There are various health benefits attributed to bathing in onsen.[29][30][31] Onsen are particularly renowned for their relaxing and therapeutic effects.[31] These effects are due to properties such as the temperature, pressure, and mineral composition of the water.[32]
A 2014 study conducted in Beppu, a city famous for its onsen, found that regular bathing in onsen has various health benefits such as lowering blood pressure, improving circulation and cardiovascular health, reducing chronic pain and fatigue, and lowering the rate of depression.[30] A survey conducted in Atami, another city famous for its onsen, found that individuals with onsen in their homes were less likely to take blood pressure medication than those without onsen.[29]
There are various types of onsen including carbonated springs, iron-containing springs, acidic springs, strong-smelling sulfur springs, among others.[29] Each type of onsen is believed to have unique benefits. Carbonated springs, for example, are believed to lead to smooth skin.[29] Onsen facilities often advertise various health and beauty benefits they claim their water to provide.[33][34]
Water at some onsen facilities is drinkable.[35][36][37] Onsen water should only be consumed if it is confirmed to be safe to drink by the prefecture.[36] The water should be obtained from a designated drinking source that is separate from the water which is bathed in.[36] The often mineral-rich onsen water is believed to have benefits such as treating iron-deficiency anemia or constipation.[35][37]
Risks
[edit]Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Japanese Hot Springs Act publishes guidance on contraindications and cautions for bathing in hot springs, and drinking their respective waters.[38] Although millions of Japanese bathe in onsen every year with few noticeable side effects, there are still potential side effects to onsen usage, such as aggravating high blood pressure or heart disease.[39]
Legionella bacteria have been found in some onsen with poor sanitation.[40][41] For example, 295 people were infected with Legionella and seven died at an onsen in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2002.[41][42][c] Revelations of poor sanitary practices at some onsen have led to improved regulation by hot-spring communities to maintain their reputation.[43]
There have been reports of infectious disease found in hot bodies of water worldwide, such as various Naegleria species.[44] While studies have found the presence of Naegleria in hot spring waters, Naegleria fowleri, responsible for numerous fatal cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis around the world, has not been found to be present in the water at onsen.[44] Nevertheless, fewer than five cases have been seen historically in Japan, although not conclusively linked to onsen exposure.[45]
Many onsen display notices reminding anyone with open cuts, sores, or lesions not to bathe. Additionally, in recent years onsen are increasingly adding chlorine to their waters to prevent infection, although many onsen purists seek natural, unchlorinated onsen that do not recycle their water but instead clean the baths daily.[43] These precautions as well as proper onsen usage (i.e. not placing the head underwater, washing thoroughly before entering the bath) greatly reduce any overall risk to bathers.
Voyeurism is reported at some onsen. In 2016, The Japan Times reported that this was mitigated in some prefectures of Japan where nude mixed bathing is not permitted, and that visitors must wear swimsuits.[21][46][47] In 2021, several people were arrested in connection with an organized group accused of taking photos of women in open-air baths.[48][49]
Bathing methods
[edit]In addition to typical large public baths (
- Waterfall baths (
打 たせ湯 , utase-yu): hot water is released from an elevated position and the pressure of the water has a massaging effect.[50] - Steam baths (
蒸 し湯 , mushi-yu): onsen steam is released in either a small room or a "steam box" (in which one immerses their body up to their neck) which has an effect similar to a sauna.[50] - Sleeping baths (
寝 湯 , ne-yu): shallow baths in which one lies down. These can be used for sleeping, but there is a risk of overheating.[51] - Foot baths (
足湯 , ashi-yu): these are usually separate from main onsen facilities and are typically free. As only the feet and lower legs are immersed in the onsen water, users are otherwise fully clothed. - Sand baths (
砂湯 , suna-yu): an individual lies in or is buried partially in sand which is heated by onsen water or another source.[50] Yukata are usually worn in the sand baths and they are mixed-gender. - Ganban'yoku (
岩盤 浴 ): heated stones on which visitors lie down while wearing kannaigi (館内 着 ), or a type of casual Japanese indoor wear.[52] As clothing is worn in ganban'yoku, they are mixed-gender and located in a separate location from the nude bathing area of an onsen facility.
Saunas are also sometimes located at onsen bathing facilities. A relatively cold bath called mizu-buro or sui-furo (
Selected onsen
[edit]This section may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists. (February 2019) |
- Akagi, Gunma
- Akayu, Yamagata
- Arima Onsen, Kobe, Hyōgo
- Asamushi Onsen, Aomori Prefecture
- Aso, Kumamoto, a famous onsen area alongside Mount Aso, an active volcano
- Atami Onsen , Atami, Shizuoka, major onsen resort town near Tokyo
- Awara Onsen, Awara, Fukui Prefecture
- Awazu Onsen, Komatsu, Ishikawa
- Beppu Onsen, Beppu, Ōita Prefecture, famous for its multi-coloured springs
- Dake Onsen , Nihonmatsu, Fukushima
- Dōgo Onsen, Ehime Prefecture
- Funaoka Onsen, Kyoto
- Gero Onsen , Gero, Gifu, famous for its free open bath on riverbank of Hida River
- Geto Onsen, Iwate Prefecture
- Ginzan Onsen, Obanazawa, Yamagata
- Hakone, Kanagawa, famous onsen resort town near Tokyo
- Hanamaki, Iwate
- Hirayu Onsen , Takayama, Gifu
- Hokkawa Onsen , Shizuoka
- Ibusuki Onsen, Kagoshima Prefecture
- Iizaka Onsen, Fukushima
- Ikaho Onsen , Ikaho, Gunma
- Itō, Shizuoka
- Iwaki Yumoto Onsen, Fukushima Prefecture
- Iwamuro, Niigata, famous for onsen since the Edo period
- Jigokudani, Nagano Prefecture
- Jōzankei Onsen , Hokkaido
- Kaike Onsen , Yonago, Tottori
- Kakeyu Onsen , Nagano
- Kanzanji Onsen , Shizuoka
- Katayamazu Onsen , Kaga, Ishikawa
- Kawayu Onsen , Tanabe, Wakayama
- Kindaichi Onsen, Iwate
- Kinosaki, Hyōgo
- Kinugawa Onsen, Tochigi
- Kusatsu Onsen, Gunma Prefecture
- Misasa Onsen , Misasa, Tottori Prefecture
- Nagaragawa Onsen, Gifu, Gifu
- Nanki-Katsuura Onsen, Nachikatsuura, Wakayama
- Nanki-Shirahama Onsen, Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture
- Naoshima, Kagawa Prefecture
- Naruko, Miyagi
- Noboribetsu, Hokkaido
- Nuruyu Onsen, Kumamoto Prefecture
- Nyūtō Onsen, Akita Prefecture
- Obama Onsen, Nagasaki Prefecture, the hottest Japanese hot spring (105 °C or 221 °F)
- Onneyu Onsen , Hokkaido
- Ōfuka Onsen, Akita
- Ryujin Onsen, Tanabe, Wakayama, one of Japan's famous three beautifying onsen
- Sabakoyu Onsen, Fukushima Prefecture, the oldest community onsen in Japan
- Sakunami Onsen, Miyagi
- Sawatari, Gunma Prefecture
- Senami Onsen , Niigata Prefecture
- Shima Onsen, Gunma Prefecture
- Shimabara, Nagasaki
- Shimobe Onsen , Yamanashi Prefecture
- Shiobara Onsen , Tochigi Prefecture
- Shuzenji Onsen, Shizuoka Prefecture
- Sōunkyo Onsen , Hokkaido
- Sukayu Onsen, Aomori Prefecture
- Sumatakyō Onsen , Shizuoka Prefecture
- Suwa, Nagano Prefecture
- Takanoyu Onsen, Akita Prefecture
- Takaragawa, Gunma, one of the largest outdoor mixed baths in Japan
- Takarazuka, Hyōgo
- Tara, Saga
- Tōyako, Hokkaidō
- Tsubame Onsen , Niigata - famous for its free open mixed onsen
- Tsuchiyu Onsen, Fukushima Prefecture
- Tsukioka Onsen, Niigata , Niigata Prefecture
- Tsurumaki Onsen , Kanagawa
- Unazuki Onsen, Kurobe, Toyama Prefecture
- Wakura Onsen, Nanao, Ishikawa Prefecture
- Yamanaka Onsen, Kaga, Ishikawa
- Yamashiro Onsen, Kaga, Ishikawa
- Yubara Onsen , Okayama Prefecture, one of the largest mixed baths at the foot of Yubara dam
- Yudanaka Onsen , Nagano Prefecture
- Yufuin, Ōita Prefecture
- Yugawara, Kanagawa Prefecture
- Yumura Onsen, (Shin'onsen, Hyōgo)
- Yunogo Onsen, Okayama Prefecture
- Yunokawa Onsen, Hokkaido
- Yunomine Onsen, Tanabe, Wakayama, site of the UNESCO World Heritage Tsuboyu bath
- Yuzawa, Niigata
- Zaō Onsen, Yamagata Prefecture
See also
[edit]- Ashiyu
- Balneotherapy
- Furo
- List of hot springs in Japan
- Public bathing
- Sauna
- Taiwanese hot springs
- Three Ancient Springs
- Victorian Turkish baths
- Onsen portal at the Japanese Wikipedia (in Japanese)
Notes
[edit]- ^ due to varying interpretations of terminology and local ordinances, rare instances of mixed bathing still exist at places like Tsurunoyu Onsen where the water is opaque.[15]
- ^ In very isolated onsen, where there is no possibility to use soap before entering in the bath, onsen users are expected to at least rinse their body with the water of the bath before entering it.
- ^ In addition to this case, two people were infected and one died at Arima Onsen in 2022. In the same year, Legionella bacteria up to 3,700 times the standard value were detected at an onsen in Fukuoka Prefecture because the water was changed only twice a year.[42]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Erikson, August; Masui, Anette (2014). Sacred Waters: A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs. Karlstad, Sweden: Votum Forlag AB. p. 88. ISBN 978-91-87283-33-8.
- ^ "Public Baths in Japan". www.japan-guide.com. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d "
温泉 の歴史 (現代 )※第 二 次 世界 大戦 後 |日本 温泉 協会 ".一般 社団 法人 日本 温泉 協会 ~温泉 名人 ~ (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "Hot Spring Act" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ Serbulea, Mihaela; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (2012). "Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes". Health & Place. 18 (6): 1366–73. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020. PMID 22878276.
- ^ Tadanori, Matsuda (30 March 2015). "Soaking up the Benefits: Japan's Hot Springs Tradition". Nippon: Your doorway to Japan. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ a b "
温泉 の歴史 (古代 )※奈良 時代 ~平安 時代 |日本 温泉 協会 ".一般 社団 法人 日本 温泉 協会 ~温泉 名人 ~ (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 July 2024. - ^ a b c d "
第 1章 湯治 場 としての温泉 ". 「本 の万華鏡 」第 23回 「本 から広 がる温泉 の世界 」 (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 July 2024. - ^ a b c "
古代 から現代 へ:日本 の温泉 文化 の歴史 ".温泉 不動産 (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 July 2024. - ^ "
温泉 は日本 の文化 である". nippon.com (in Japanese). 4 March 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2024. - ^ にっぽんの
温泉 観光 事典 (19 April 2014). "日本 の温泉 の歴史 ‐宗教 的 意味 、戦国 時代 と江戸 時代 ". にっぽんの温泉 観光 事典 (in Japanese). Retrieved 30 July 2024. - ^ a b "Learn about Japanese hot spring culture". アクセス
日本 留学 . Retrieved 30 July 2024. - ^ a b
厚生 労働省 「公衆 浴場 における衛生 管理 理 要領 等 の改正 について〔公衆 浴場 法 〕」(生食 発 1210第 1号 )(Retrieved June 3 2024) https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=00tc5492&dataType=1&pageNo=1 - ^ "サウナの
男女 混浴 は法律 でどうなってる?公衆 浴場 法 ・条例 を調 べてみた" retrieved June 3 2024 - ^ "Tsurunoyu Onsen" Retrieved June 3 2024
- ^ 「
混浴 ダメ!」何 歳 から? 10歳 →7歳 、国 が通知 西日本 新聞 Retrieved June 3 2024 - ^ "
日帰 り家族 風呂 を満喫 するなら!知 っておくべき混浴 に関 する条例 " Retrieved June 3 2024 - ^ "
温水 プールが楽 しい!西日本 の温泉 ・お風呂 テーマパーク15選 " Retrieved June 4 2024 - ^ "5 Swimwear-allowed Onsen Spots near Tokyo" JW Web Magazine Retrieved June 4 2024
- ^ "Yunessun" Retrieved June 4 2024
- ^ a b Hadfield, James (10 December 2016). "Last splash: Immodest Japanese tradition of mixed bathing may be on the verge of extinction". The Japan Times. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Ryall, Julian (6 November 2015). "Japanese owners of famous 'onsen' hot springs soften their stance on tattoo ban to appease foreign visitors". Archived from the original on 17 January 2016.
- ^ Thompson, Ashley (6 November 2012). "If you need to bring drugs to Japan, sort out the paperwork — or else". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015.
- ^ Xeni Jardin (22 December 2009). "Tattoo in Japan". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009.
- ^ Onsen Warnings and Hassles, July 2019, retrieved 30 September 2020
- ^ Thompson, Ashley (27 November 2012). "Ink doesn't always cause a stink at the onsen". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015.
- ^ "30 Tattoo Friendly Onsen in Japan".
- ^ Lund, Evie (17 April 2015). "Onsen in Nagano will now welcome foreigners with tattoos, as long as they patch 'em up". Archived from the original on 14 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d "
特集 「ヘルシートーク」 |ソニ ー生命保険 株式会社 ". cs.sonylife.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ a b "
温泉 利用 が健康 づくりにもたらす総合 的 効果 についてのエビデンスに関 する研究 |厚生 労働 科学 研究 成果 データベース". mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ a b "だから
温泉 はカラダにいい |温泉 医科 学 研究所 ". www.onsen-msrc.com. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "
体 のこわばり緩和 、むくみ改善 ~温泉 による科学 的 な効果 (国際医療福祉大学 大学院 前田 眞治 教授 )~".時事 メディカル (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "
温泉 浴場 のご案内 |源泉 100%かけ流 しの「ひょうたん温泉 」". www.hyotan-onsen.com. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "
蔵王温泉 大 露天風呂 ". www.jupeer-zao.com. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ a b "
飲 泉 について |日本 温泉 協会 ".一般 社団 法人 日本 温泉 協会 ~温泉 名人 ~ (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ a b c "
温泉 水 は飲 める?温泉 の定義 と、温泉 水 の上手 な飲 み方 |水 と健康 の情報 メディア|トリム・ミズラボ -日本 トリム". www.nihon-trim.co.jp. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ a b "
飲 泉 |源泉 100%かけ流 しの「ひょうたん温泉 」". www.hyotan-onsen.com. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "The Criteria for the Notification, etc. on Contraindications and Cautions for Bathing and Drinking as specified in Article 18, Paragraph 1 of the Hot Springs Act" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment: Government of Japan. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
- ^ "Hot Spring Treatment|Hot Spring Encyclopedia|ONSEN|BEPPU CITY|". City.beppu.oita.jp. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- ^ H. Miyamoto; S. Jitsurong; R. Shiota; K. Maruta; S. Yoshida; E. Yabuuchi (1997). "Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath". Microbiol. Immunol. 41 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x. PMID 9130230. S2CID 25016946.
- ^ a b Eiko Yabuuchi; Kunio Agata (2004). "An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 78 (2): 90–98. doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90. ISSN 0387-5911. PMID 15103899.
- ^ a b "「
怖 い菌 ではないと思 っていた」と運営 会社 社長 。過去 には7名 死亡 した事例 も" (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved 4 March 2023. - ^ a b "Onsen: know what you're getting into". The Japan Times.
- ^ a b Shinji Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endō (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 50 (s1): 514–5. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x. PMID 14736147. S2CID 45052636.
- ^ Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirō Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: An autopsy case in Japan". Pathology International. 49 (5): 468–70. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x. PMID 10417693. S2CID 21576553.
- ^ "
盗 撮 の実態 、知 っていますか? 10年 で倍増 /常習 化 しやすく被害 に遭 わないためには…【NEXT特捜 隊 】". Shizuoka Shimbun (in Japanese). 21 November 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2022. - ^ "<
盗 撮 の闇 (3)>奪 われた日常 被害 者 、映像 流出 におびえ".佐賀 新聞 (in Japanese). 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2022. - ^ "
盗 撮 のカリスマ”斎藤 果 林 容疑 者 が逮捕 犯行 グループの一員 が明 かす“卑劣 な手口 ”「若 い女性 が集 まる連休 にはグループで“温泉 盗 撮 旅 ”へ Bunshun Online (in Japanese) May 1 2022. Retrieved June 3 2024. - ^ "「
盗 撮 のカリスマ」率 いるグループ16人 摘発 …男 「30年 前 から1万 人 は盗 撮 」" Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese) February 2 2023. Retrieved June 3 2024. - ^ a b c "Other types of bathing | Onsen Medical Science Reserch Center". www.onsen-msrc.com. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ "
寝 湯 とは?最高 のくつろぎ空間 が堪能 できる温泉 10選 !|ニフティ温泉 ". ニフティ温泉 (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "
岩盤 浴 での持 ち物 は?入 り方 や服装 を解説 おすすめの岩盤 浴 施設 も紹介 |ニフティ温泉 ". ニフティ温泉 (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "ととのうサウナの
入 り方 ".野天 湯元 湯 快 爽快 ちがさき (in Japanese). 4 March 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2024. - ^ "サウナよりもととのう?
本物 の温泉 好 きがやみつきになる入浴 法 (高橋 一 喜 ) - エキスパート". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Hotta, Anne, and Yoko Ishiguro. A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs. New York: Kodansha America, 1986. ISBN 0-87011-720-3.
- Fujinami, Kōichi. Hot Springs in Japan. Tokyo: Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways; Maruzen Company, Ltd., 1936.
- Neff, Robert. Japan's Hidden Hot Springs. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1995. ISBN 0-8048-1949-1.
- Seki, Akihiko, and Elizabeth Heilman Brooke. The Japanese Spa: A Guide to Japan's Finest Ryokan and Onsen. Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-8048-3671-X. Reprinted as Ryokan: Japan's Finest Spas and Inns, 2007. ISBN 0-8048-3839-9.
External links
[edit]- Onsen Tipster A database of genuine onsen in Japan
- Sento Guide Guide to public baths in Japan
- OnsenJapan.net Interactive Google map with easy-to-read icons, pictures, and reviews
- Secret Onsen a database with more than 125 onsen all around Japan
- Japan Onsen A mountain onsen guide of the Japan Alps
- Japanbased Onsen guide A guide on how to onsen in Japan