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Wanyan Yongji

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Wanyan Yongji
完かん顏がお永えい濟わたる
Emperor of the Jin dynasty
Reign29 December 1208 – 11 September 1213
PredecessorEmperor Zhangzong
SuccessorEmperor Xuanzong
BornUnknown
Died(1213-09-11)11 September 1213
SpouseEmpress Tudan
Lady Yuan
IssueSee § Family
Names
Wanyan Yongji (完かん顏がお允まこと濟ずみ), later Wanyan Yongji (完かん顏がお永えい濟わたる)
Childhood name: Xingsheng (興勝おきかつ)
Era dates
Da'an (大安たいあん): 1209–1211
Chongqing (崇たかし慶けい): 1212–1213
Zhining (至いたり寧やすし): 1213
Posthumous name
Prince Shao of Wei (衛まもる紹王)
HouseWanyan
DynastyJin
FatherEmperor Shizong
MotherEmpress Guangxian
Wanyan Yongji
Traditional Chinese完かん顏がお永えい濟わたる
Simplified Chinese完かん颜永济
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWányán Yǒngjì
Prince Shao of Wei
Traditional Chinese衛まもる紹王
Simplified Chinese卫绍王おう
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWeì Shào Wáng
Xingsheng
(childhood name)
Traditional Chinese興勝おきかつ
Simplified Chinese兴胜
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXīngshèng

Wanyan Yongji (died 11 September 1213), childhood name Xingsheng, was the seventh emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned for about five years from 1208 until 1213, when he was assassinated by the general Heshilie Zhizhong. Despite having ruled as an emperor, Wanyan Yongji was not posthumously honoured as such. Instead, in 1216, his successor, Emperor Xuanzong, reverted his status to "Prince of Wei" (衛まもる王おう) – the title Wanyan Yongji held before he became emperor – and gave him the posthumous name "Shao" (紹), hence Wanyan Yongji is generally known in historiography as the "Prince Shao of Wei" (or Wei Shao Wang).

Life

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Wanyan Yongji's birth name was "Wanyan Yunji" (完かん顏がお允まこと濟ずみ); his given name was changed to "Yongji" later to avoid naming taboo because Emperor Zhangzong's father was Wanyan Yungong (完かん顏がお允まこと恭きょう). He was the seventh son of Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) and an uncle of Wanyan Jing (Emperor Zhangzong). His mother was Lady Li, a Balhae concubine of Emperor Shizong.[1] In 1171, he was given the title "Prince of Xue" (薛王) but was later changed to "Prince of Sui" (禭王). His princely title had subsequently been changed to "Prince of Lu" (潞王), then "Prince of Han" (韓かん王おう), and finally "Prince of Wei" (衛まもる王おう). When Emperor Zhangzong died without a male heir in 1208, Wanyan Yongji was selected to be the new emperor.

During Wanyan Yongji's reign, the Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, had been planning to attack the Jin dynasty. The Mongols first attacked Western Xia, a vassal state under the Jin dynasty. When Western Xia requested aid from the Jin dynasty, Wanyan Yongji ignored them; Western Xia eventually surrendered to the Mongols. In 1211, the Mongols launched a full-scale invasion of the Jin dynasty and defeated the Jin armies in some small battles. In the ninth month, the Mongols besieged the Jin central capital, Zhongdu (中なか都と; present-day Xicheng and Fengtai districts of Beijing), but were forced to retreat because of Zhongdu's strong defences. In 1212, the Mongols attacked the Jin dynasty and besieged the Jin western capital, Datong Prefecture (大同だいどう府ふ; present-day Datong, Shanxi Province). In the same year, Yelü Liuge (耶律留とめ哥), a Khitan, led a rebellion against the Jin dynasty in Jilin Province. The rebel movement gained thousands of followers within months. Yelü Liuge submitted to the Mongols and led the rebels to defeat a 600,000-strong Jin army in Dijinao'er (迪すすむ吉よし腦のう兒じ; near present-day Changtu County, Liaoning Province).

Wanyan Yongji was known for being indecisive, undiscerning, and generally ineffective and weak as a ruler. In the eighth month of 1213, when the Mongols attacked Zhongdu again, the general Heshilie Zhizhong (紇石烈れつ執と中なか; also known as Hushahu 胡えびす沙すな虎とら) rebelled against Wanyan Yongji and assassinated him. In the following month, Hushahu installed Wanyan Xun (Emperor Xuanzong) on the throne to replace Wanyan Yongji. He also gathered about 300 officials to support him and openly urged Emperor Xuanzong to posthumously demote Wanyan Yongji to the status of a commoner. Eventually, as a compromise between Hushahu's faction and another opposing faction, Emperor Xuanzong agreed to posthumously demote Wanyan Yongji to the position of "Marquis of Donghai Commandery" (東海とうかい郡ぐん侯こう). One month later, Hushahu was assassinated by another general, Zhuhu Gaoqi (朮うけら虎とら高だか琪).

In 1216, Emperor Xuanzong posthumously restored Wanyan Yongji to the status of "Prince of Wei" (衛まもる王おう) – the title Wanyan Yongji held before he became emperor – and gave him the posthumous name "Shao" (紹), hence Wanyan Yongji is historically referred to as "Prince Shao of Wei" (衛まもる紹王) even though he ruled as an emperor in his lifetime.

Family

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Consort and issue(s):

  • Empress Tudan, of the Tudan clan (徒と單たん皇后こうごう 徒と單たん氏し, b. 1168)
  • Lady Qinsheng, of the Yuan clan (欽聖夫人ふじん袁氏)
    • Princess of Qi State (岐國公主こうしゅ), 1st daughter
  • Unknown
    • Wanyan Congke, Prince of Liang (梁りょう王おう 完かん顏がお從したがえ恪つとむ, d. 1233), 1st son
    • Wanyan Ju (完かん顏がお琚, d. 1233), 2nd son
    • Wanyan Xuan (完かん顏がお瑄, d. 1233), 3rd son
    • Wanyan Cao (完かん顏がお璪, d. 1233), 4th son

References

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  1. ^ Franke, Herbert (1994). The Cambridge History of China Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
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