West Hmongic languages

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West Hmongic
Chuanqiandian Miao
Geographic
distribution		China
Linguistic classificationHmong–Mien
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5hmn
ISO 639-3hmn
Glottologwest2803

The West Hmongic languages, also known as Chuanqiandian Miao (Chinese: 川かわ黔滇苗なえ; lit. 'Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao') and Western Miao, are a major branch of the Hmongic languages of China and Southeast Asia.

The name Chuanqiandian is used both for West Hmongic as a whole and for one of its branches, the Chuanqiandian cluster.

Names[edit]

Autonyms include:[1]

Classification[edit]

West Hmongic is the most diverse branch of the Hmong (Miao) language family. There are nine primary branches in Chinese sources, though the unity of these are not accepted in all Western sources.

Items marked ‡ have been split into individual languages (and not kept together) by either Matisoff or Strecker; all of these are branches of Miao listed with subbranches in Chinese sources. The other three (A-Hmao, A-Hmyo, Gejia) are not so divided in either Chinese or Western sources. The three divisions of the Chuanqiandian cluster are only as divergent as the divisions of the other branches marked ‡, but are listed separately due to the internal complexity of Hmong.

The various varieties of Pingtang, new branches of Guiyang and Mashan, and Matisoff's Raojia and Pa Na are not listed in Ethnologue 16 and have no ISO codes. Matisoff (2006) gives very different names, and it's not clear how these correspond to the branches listed here.

Wang (1983)[edit]

Wang Fushi,[2] summarized in English by David Strecker,[3] emphasized the diversity of Western Hmongic. The names below are from Strecker; Wang did not assign names, but identified the districts where the varieties were spoken.

Chuanqiandian (Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan)

These are not all established as unitary branches, however. In a follow-up, Strecker broke up Bu–Nao on the basis of newly accessible data, and noted that several of the languages listed by Wang (marked "?" above) were unclassified due to lack of data and had not been demonstrated to be West Hmongic.[4] The other groups are then listed as unclassified within Hmongic, and not specifically West Hmongic. However, Wang (1994) identified two as varieties of Guiyang. The eight unclassified languages are all spoken in a small area of south-central Guizhou, along with Guiyang, Huishui, Mashan, and Luobo River Miao. These were later addressed by Li Yunbing (2000).

Wang (1985)[edit]

Wang Fushi later grouped the Western Miao languages into eight primary divisions.[1] Datapoint locations of representative dialects are from Li Yunbing (2000:237), all of which are located in Guizhou province, China.

  • Chuanqiandian Miao
    • Lect 1 (1,100,000 speakers; representative dialect: Dananshan 大だい南山なんざん寨, Xiaoshao township 小しょう哨苗族ぞく乡, Bijie city)
      The Tuhe 土ど河かわ dialect is spoken in Xishui County, Guizhou.[5]
    • Lect 2 (70,000+ speakers; representative dialect: Xingfa township 兴发乡, Hezhang County)
    • Lect 3 (representative dialect: Zhuchang township 猪いのしし场乡, Zhijin County)
  • Northeast Yunnan Miao (250,000 speakers; representative dialect: Shimenkan 石せき门坎寨, Zhongshui district 中ちゅう水みず区く, Weining County)
  • Guiyang Miao
    • Northern (80,000 speakers; representative dialect: Baituo 摆托寨, Qingyan township 青岩あおいわ乡, Huaxi District 花はな溪けい区く, Guiyang city)
    • Southwestern (65,000 speakers; representative dialect: Kaisa village 凯洒村むら, Machang township 马场乡, Pingba County)
    • Southern (25,000 speakers; representative dialect: Wangjiashan 汪ひろし家山いえやま, Huayan township 华严乡, Anshun city)
    • Northwestern (7,000 speakers; representative dialect: Tieshi township 铁石苗なえ族ぞく彝つね族ぞく乡, Qianxi County)
    • Central (5,000 speakers; representative dialect: South-central Guiyang Miao, Hongyanzhai 红岩寨, Baiyun township 白しろ云うん乡, Ziyun County)
  • Huishui Miao
    • Northern (64,000 speakers; representative dialect: Jiading 甲きのえ定じょう寨, Gaopo township 高だか坡苗族ぞく乡, Guiyang city)
    • Western (52,000 speakers; representative dialect: Yarong Township 鸭绒乡, Huishui County)
    • Central (41,000 speakers; representative dialect: Baijin township 摆金乡, Huishui County)
    • Eastern (13,000 speakers; representative dialect: Xiguan township 西にし关乡, Pingtang County)
  • Mashan Miao
    • Central (60,000 speakers; representative dialect: Jiaotuo 绞坨寨, Zongdi township 宗むね地ち乡, Ziyun County)
    • Northern (30,000 speakers; representative dialect: Baisuo township 摆梭乡, Changshun County)
    • Western (12,000 speakers; representative dialect: Sidazhai 四よん大だい寨, Houchang Township 猴场乡, Ziyun County)
    • Southern (9,000 speakers; representative dialect: Youquan village 油ゆ全ぜん村むら, Lekuan township 乐宽乡, Wangmo County)
    • Southwestern (5,000 speakers; representative dialect: Babangzhai 岜棒寨, Dalang township 打だ狼おおかみ乡, Ziyun County)
    • Southeastern (6,000 speakers; representative dialect: Babazhai 把わ坝寨, Moyin 模も引乡, Wangmo County)
  • Luobohe Miao (43,000 speakers; representative dialect: Yejipo 野の鸡坡寨, Ganba township 甘あま坝乡, Fuquan County)
  • Chong'anjiang Miao (44,000 speakers; representative dialect: Fengxiang 枫香寨, Chong'an township 重安しげやす乡, Huangping County)
  • Pingtang Miao
    • Northern (15,000 speakers; representative dialect: Shanglin village 上林うえばやし村むら, Yuanjiatong township 原げん甲かぶと桐きり乡, Pingtang County)
    • Eastern (5,000 speakers; representative dialect: Caozhai 草くさ寨, Xinmin township 新しん民みん乡, Dushan County)
    • Southern (7,000 speakers; representative dialect: Pingyan 平岩ひらいわ乡, Luodian County)
    • Western (3,500 speakers; representative dialect: Youmai village 油ゆ迈村, Youmai township 油ゆ迈乡, Wangmo County)

The above classification was later revised by Li Jinping & Li Tianyi (2012:285) to include 7 dialects instead of the 8 given by Wang; Pingtang Miao is excluded.

  • Western Miao (representative dialect: Dananshan, Yanzikou, Bijie 贵州毕节燕つばめ子こ口こう镇大南山なんざん)
    • Chuanqiandian Miao (representative dialect: Damiaozhai, Jichang, Bijie 贵州毕节吉きち场大苗なえ寨)
      • Lect 1
      • Lect 2
    • Guiyang Miao (representative dialect: Guankou, Machang, Pingba 贵州平ひら坝马场关口こう)
      • Northern
      • Western
      • Southern
    • Huishui Miao (representative dialect: Jiading, Gaopo, Huaxi, Guiyang 贵州贵阳花はな溪けい高だか坡甲定じょう)
      • Northern
      • Western
      • Central
      • Eastern
    • Mashan Miao (representative dialect: Dalong, Dayun, Ziyun 贵州紫むらさき云うん大だい云うん大だい龙)
      • Central
      • Northern
      • Western
      • Southern
    • Northeast Yunnan Miao (representative dialect: Shimenkan, Weining 贵州威い宁石门砍)
    • Luobohe Miao (representative dialect: Yejipo, Xinqiao, Fuquan 贵州福泉ふくせん新しん桥野鸡坡)
    • Chong'anjiang Miao (representative dialect: Fengxiang, Chongxing, Huangping 贵州黄き平ひらた重じゅう兴枫香が)

Li (2000)[edit]

Li Yunbing classified those varieties left unclassified by Wang, grouping four of them together as an eighth branch of West Hmongic, Pingtang. He identified Luodian Muyin and Wangmo (using Strecker's names) as varieties of Mashan.[6] Wang (1994) had already established Qianxi and Ziyun as varieties of Guiyang. This classification is repeated in Wu and Yang (2010):[7]

  • Chuanqiandian cluster (川かわ黔滇 Chuānqiándiān)
  • A-Hmao (滇东北きた Diāndōngběi)
  • Guiyang Miao (贵阳 Guìyáng)
  • Huishui Miao (惠めぐみ水すい Huìshuǐ)
  • Mashan Miao (麻山まやま Máshān)
  • A-Hmyo (罗泊河かわ Luóbóhé)
  • Gejia (重じゅう安江やすえ Chóng'ānjiāng)
  • Pingtang Miao (平ひら塘 Píngtáng)

The varieties analyzed by Li Yunbing (2000) are:

  • Guiyang Miao
    • /m̥uŋ44/ (also called Jiucai Miao 韭にら菜さい苗なえ) in Hongyan, Baiyun township, Ziyun County 紫むらさき云うん县白云うん乡红岩がん寨; 4,000 speaker
    • /tə33 m̥ju44/ in Tieshi township, Qianxi County 黔西县铁石せき苗なえ族ぞく彝つね族ぞく乡
  • Pingtang Miao
    • /kei55 m̥ho24/ in Jiatong township, Pingtang County 平ひら塘县甲かぶと桐きり乡 (currently Kaluo 卡罗乡); 11,000 speakers
    • /to22 m̥o35/ in Xinmin township, Dushan County 独どく山さん县新民みん乡; 4,000+ speakers
    • /tõ24 m̥ɒ24/ (also called Red Miao 红苗) in Pingyan, Luodian County 罗甸县平岩がん乡; 6,000 speakers
    • /m̥aŋ55/ in Youmai, Wangmo County 望もち谟县油ゆ迈乡; 3,000 speakers
  • Mashan Miao
    • /toŋ35 m̥aŋ35/ (also called Cotton Miao 棉花めんか苗なえ; Bouyei: /ʑəu21 vɦi21/) in Dalang, Ziyun County 紫むらさき云うん县打狼おおかみ乡; 4,000 speakers
    • /toŋ33 m̥aŋ33/ in Moyin, Luodian County 罗甸县模引乡; 4,000+ speakers

Li (2000) considers Raojia (/qɑ24 ʑuɤ24/) of Heba 河かわ坝, Majiang County, to be a separate dialect of Hmu (East Hmongic). It has 5,000 speakers in Majiang County, and 10,000 speakers total.

Bu–Nao was not included because the speakers are classified by the Chinese government as ethnically Yao rather than Miao.[8]

Matisoff (2001)[edit]

James Matisoff outlined the following in 2001.[9] Not all languages are necessarily listed.

Western Hmong
  • Libo Miao (= ?, maybe Bu–Nao)
  • Weining Miao (= A-Hmao / Large Flowery Miao?)
  • Guangshun Miao (Yi Miao) (= ?)
  • Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan (= Chuanqiandian cluster)
    • Petchabun (White Hmong)
    • Green Hmong (Blue Hmong)
    • Suyong Miao (Magpie Miao)
    • Chuan Miao (Western Sichuan Miao)
    • Huajie Miao (= ?)

Mortensen (2004)[edit]

David Mortensen argues for the following classification of Western Hmongic based on shared tonal innovations, including tone sandhi.[10] Pingtang, Luobohe, and Chong'anjiang are not addressed.

  • Western Hmongic
    • Guiyang-Huishui
      • Guiyang
        • Baituo 摆托 (in Qingyan 青岩あおいわ镇, Huaxi District)
        • Tieshi 铁石
        • Zhongba 中ちゅう坝
      • Huishui
        • Jiading 甲きのえ定じょう
    • Core Western Hmongic
      • Mashan
        • Jiaotuo 绞坨 (in Zongdi 宗むね地ち乡, Ziyun County), Shuijingping 水井みずい坪つぼ
        • Xinzhai 新しん寨
      • Far Western Hmongic
        • A-Hmao (Diandongbei)
          • Western
          • Eastern
        • Hmong (Chuanqiandian)

Ratliff (2010)[edit]

Martha Ratliff includes three languages specifically:[11]

The last contradicts Matisoff (2001), who had posited a Bunu branch of Hmongic with Bu–Nao in it, but recapitulates Strecker (1987). The other Western varieties are not addressed, though some are included in her reconstruction of Proto-Hmong–Mien.

Castro & Gu (2010): Wenshan[edit]

Andy Castro and Gu Chawen divide the Hmong dialects of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, into four subdivisions, listed from east to west.[12]

  • Hmongb Shuat (偏へん苗なえ, 'Lopsided Miao'; most divergent)
  • Hmongb Dleub (白しろ苗なえ, Bái Miáo, 'White Miao')
  • Shib-Nzhuab (青苗あおなえ, 'Green Miao')
    • Hmongb Shib
    • Mongb Nzhuab
  • Soud-Bes-Buak (花はな苗なえ, 'Flowery Miao')
    • Hmongb Soud
    • Hmongb Bes
    • Hmong Buak

The dialects given above are named after the groups they are spoken by.

Castro, Flaming & Luo (2012): Honghe[edit]

Castro, Flaming & Luo (2012) found that there are 4 different West Hmongic languages in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan.[13]

  • Northern Hua Miao
  • Southern Hua Miao
  • White Miao
  • Sinicised Miao

Castro, Flaming & Luo (2012) propose the following classification for the Western Miao dialects of southeastern Yunnan,[13] which is based on Michael Johnson's 1998 classification of Western Miao dialects.[14]

  • Western Miao [Hmong]
    • Sinicised Miao
      • Sat (汉苗)[15]
      • Shuat (偏へん苗なえ、汉苗)
    • Farwestern Miao
      • White Miao
        • Dleub (白しろ苗なえ)
      • Northern Hua Miao
        • Standard Western Miao
        • Bes (花はな苗なえ)
        • Soud (花はな苗なえ)
        • Ndrous (花はな苗なえ)
        • Black Miao
          • Dlob (黑くろ苗なえ)
          • Buak (黑くろ苗なえ)
      • Southern Hua Miao
        • Shib (青苗あおなえ)
        • Lens (花はな苗なえ、红头苗なえ)[16]
        • Nzhuab (绿苗、花はな苗なえ)
        • Dlex Nchab (清水しみず苗なえ)

Writing[edit]

The Miao languages were traditionally written with various adaptations of Chinese characters. Around 1905, Sam Pollard introduced a Romanized script for the A-Hmao language, and this came to be used for Hmong Daw (Chuanqiandian) as well.[17] In the United States, the Romanized Popular Alphabet is often used for White and Green Hmong (also Chuanqiandian).

In China, pinyin-based Latin alphabets have been devised for Chuanqiandian—specifically the variety of Dananshan (大南おおみなみ山さん), Yanzikou Town (燕つばめ子こ口こう镇), Bijie—and A-Hmao.[18] Wu and Yang (2010) report attempts at writing Mashan in 1985 and an improvement by them; they recommend that standards should be developed for each of the six other primary varieties of West Hmongic.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Wang Fushi 王おう辅世. 1985. Miaoyu jianzhi 苗なえ语简志こころざし. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.
  2. ^ Wang Fushi (1983). "Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn wèntí (On the Dialect Divisions of the Miao Language)". Mínzú Yǔwén 5:1–22.
  3. ^ Strecker, David. 1987. "The Hmong-Mien Languages." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 10 , no. 2: 1–11.
  4. ^ "Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  5. ^ Gu, Hongmei 古こ红梅. 2018. Xishuixian Tuhe Miaoyu yuyin yanjiu 习水县土河かわ苗なえ语语音おん研究けんきゅう. M.A. dissertation. Guiyang: Guizhou Minzu University 贵州民族みんぞく大学だいがく.
  6. ^ Li Yunbing [李り云うん兵へい]. 2000. Miaoyu fangyan huafen yiliu wenti yanjiu [苗なえ语方言ほうげん划分遗留问题研究けんきゅう]. Beijing: Minzu University Press [中央ちゅうおう民族みんぞく大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ].
  7. ^ Wú Zhèngbiāo and Yáng Guāngyīng, 2010. 兼けん谈苗族ぞく英雄えいゆう史し诗《亚鲁王おう》的てき记译整理せいり问题, 民族みんぞく翻こぼし译.
  8. ^ Wang Fushi, cited in Strecker (1987b)
  9. ^ Matisoff, 2001. "Genetic versus Contact Relationship". In Aikhenvald & Dixon, Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance
  10. ^ Mortensen, David (2004). "The Development of Tone Sandhi in Western Hmongic: A New Hypothesis" (PDF). UC Berkeley.
  11. ^ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics.
  12. ^ Castro, Andy & Gu Chawen. 2010. "Phonological innovation among Hmong dialects of Wenshan." Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) 3.1:1-39.
  13. ^ a b Andy Castro, Royce Flaming, Luo Youliang. 2012. A Phonological and Lexical Comparison of Western Miao Dialects in Honghe. SIL International.
  14. ^ Johnson, Michael. 1998. Farwestern Hmongic. ms.
  15. ^ Strongly resembles Hmong Shuat of Guangnan and Funing counties
  16. ^ Phonemically identical to Hmong Nzhuab (Green Mong) of Thailand, and Hmong Shib of Wenshan and Xichou counties
  17. ^ Tanya Storch Religions and missionaries around the Pacific, 1500-1900 2006 p293 "he invented the first script for any Miao language"
  18. ^ 苗なえ文ぶん创制与あずか苗なえ语方言ほうげん划分的てき历史回かい顾
  • Li Jinping, Li Tianyi [李り锦平, 李り天たかし翼つばさ]. 2012. A comparative study of Miao dialects [苗なえ语方言ほうげん比ひ较研究けんきゅう]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University Press.
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