-가
Jeju
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Particle
[edit]가 (-ga)
- Synonym of 이 (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Uncertain. It was not attested in texts from the 15th century, and its first attestation has been variously placed at 1572 CE[1] or mid-17th century.[2]
It was initially of limited distribution and used in a complementary manner to 이 (-i). The development of its usage is as follows:[3]
- Since the mid-17th century: used after nouns ending in -i or -y,
- e.g. pwuli-ka ("mouth"), nay-ka ("scent"), poy-ka ("boat");
- Since the mid-18th century: used after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
- e.g. ca-ka ("one who"), soyngswo-ka, nwongso-ka ("farm work");
- During the end of the 18th century: used briefly in the form of double particle -i/yka after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
- e.g. to-yka ("road"), inkwu-yka ("population"), nwongso-yka ("farm work").
Various theories exist regarding its origin:
Particle
[edit]가 • (-ga)
- Synonym of 이 (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle Korean 가〮 (Yale: -ká), from Old Korean
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation (nor reserved for yes-no questions); see "Related terms" below.
Suffix
[edit]가 • (-ga)
- (Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking yes-no questions. It is only used for the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).
Usage notes
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Particle
[edit]가 • (-ga)
- (Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.
Etymology 3
[edit]
From Old Korean
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]가 • (-ga)
- Yukjin and Russia form of 과 (-gwa, “with, and”)
- Yukjin and Russia form of 와 (-wa, “with, and”)
- 2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:
- (for a verb of speech) to
Usage notes
[edit]- As mentioned above, the particle does not change depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or not.
- There is no potential for confusion with the subject-marking particle 가 (-ga) because it is not used in Yukjin.
- Some speakers attach 가 (-ga) to both nouns being connected, as in Old or Middle Korean.
References
[edit]- ^
洪 允 杓 ,主格 語尾 「-가」에 대하여,國語 學 제3집, 1975.12, 65-91. - ^ 고광모, 주격조사 ‘-가’의 발달, 사단법인 한국언어학회 2013년 겨울학술대회 발표논문집, 2013.12, 69-78.
- ^ 홍윤표,
近代 國語 硏究 (Ⅰ), 태학사, 1994, pp. 412-413. - ^ 이숭녕, 주격(
主格 ) '가'의 발달(發達 )과 그 해석(解釋 ), 국어국문학 제19권, 1958.6, 53-57. - ^
辛 兌鉉,鷄 林 類 事 ·華 夷 譯語 의朝鮮 古語 續 考 , 한글, 1941.3, 9-2(통권84), pp. 1-2. - ^ Ramstedt, G.J., Studies in Korean Etymology, 1949, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
- ^
李 承 旭 ,副 動詞 의虛辭 化 , 진단학보, (51), 1981, 183-202. - ^
鄭 光 ,主格 ‘가’의發達 에 대하여:近代 國語 資料 의解釋 을中心 으로, 우리문화, 2.
- Jeju lemmas
- Jeju particles
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