From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also:
U+53BB, 去
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53BB

[U+53BA]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+53BC]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 28, +3, 5 strokes, cangjie input ほこ (GI), four-corner 40731, composition )

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3070
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 384, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+53BB

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
alternative forms


かつ dialectal

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
Shang Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい会意かいい) : だい (man) + くち (mouth, object). Top figure simplified to , unrelated to (“scholar, gentleman”), while bottom simplified to . There are various interpretations of the combination of “man” and “mouth, object”. One is that the ideograph represented a man with a hole marked in his crotch, with the idea of “anus” (i.e. getting rid of) (Schuessler, 2007). Another is that it represented a man departing from a cave or city.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of (OC *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab, “to open one's mouth”), the meaning given by the combination of だい (“big”) and くち (“mouth”). The meaning “to depart” would be an extension of the meaning “to open one's mouth”, as the lips depart from each other when one's mouth is open.

Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい形声けいせい, OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) : semantic だい (man) + phonetic 𠙴 ().

In addition, is also the original character of (OC *ɡaːb, “to cover”). The だい could be a cover on top of an object くち.

Etymology

[edit]

There were two pronunciations in Middle Chinese. The rising tone pronunciation originally meant “to put away, to eliminate” (causative of “to go away”), and the falling tone “to go away, to leave, to depart” (anticausative). The merger of the two pronunciations already happened in Old Chinese and most extant dialects do not observe this distinction now.

This word is of Sino-Tibetan origin with the basic meaning of "to get rid of". Compare Tibetan སྐྱག (skyag, to spend, to lay out; dung, excrement), རྐྱག (rkyag, dirt, excrement), Burmese ကျ (kya., to fall, to become low), ချ (hkya., to put down, to bring down, to lower).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]

Note:
  • qie4 - vernacular;
  • qu4 - literary.
Note:
  • kī - vernacular;
  • qū - literary.
Note: ké̤ṳ - "departing tone".
Note: khù - suburbs of Xiamen.
Note:
  • ke3 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Shantou, Jieyang, Pontianak;
  • ku3 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰy²¹/
/t͡ɕʰi²¹/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰy³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Yinchuan /kʰɯ¹³/
/t͡ɕʰy¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
/kʰɯ³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰie¹³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
/kʰe²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰi²¹²/ ねん
/kʰə²¹²/ だい
Nanjing /kʰi⁴⁴/
/t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁵/ ~哪
/kəʔ²/ うえ
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/ らい
/kəʔ⁴³/ ども
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
/t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁴⁴⁵/
/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
/kʰei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰy³²⁴/
/t͡ɕʰi³²⁴/
Tunxi /kʰə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/
/kʰə⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰie⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰie²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hi⁵³/
Taoyuan /kʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /høy³³/
Nanning /hy³³/
Hong Kong /høy³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰu²¹/
/kʰi²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɔ²¹²/
/kʰœ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰɯ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hu³⁵/
/xu³⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial (こえ) けい (29)
Final (いん) さかな (22)
Tone (調しらべ) Departing (H)
Openness (ひらきあい) Open
Division (ひとし) III
Fanqie おかきり
Baxter khjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆H/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔH/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ʰ(r)ap-s/
English depart

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 10687
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
さかな
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰas/

Definitions

[edit]

  1. to leave; to depart from
      ―  shì  ―  to pass away
  2. to go to; to leave for
    哪兒哪儿  ―  nǎr?  ―  Where are you going?
    Antonym: (lái)
  3. (before or after a verb) to go in order to do something
    いた辦公しつ請假 [MSC, trad.]
    いた办公しつ请假 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā dào bàngōngshì qǐngjiǎ. [Pinyin]
    He went to the office to ask for leave.
    釣魚ちょうぎょりょうぼつあみだま [MSC, trad.]
    钓鱼りょうぼつ网球 [MSC, simp.]
    diàoyú le, ér méi dǎ wǎngqiú. [Pinyin]
    He went fishing instead of playing tennis.
  4. (between two verbs) to; in order to
  5. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement away from the speaker.
    した  ―  xià  ―  to go down [ant. したらいしたらい (xiàlái, “to come down”)]
    おく  ―  sòng   ―  to send away
  6. to send; to dispatch
  7. to play (a part, a character); to act
  8. (euphemistic) to pass away; to die
  9. last; past
    とし  ―  nián  ―  last year
  10. 66th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "departure" (𝍇)
  11. Short for 去聲きょしょう去声きょしょう (qùshēng).
  12. (literary) to be separated by; to be apart by
  13. (neologism) what the hell; what; damn; fuck
    わが  ―    ―  what the hell
Synonyms
[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

Note: heoi2 - rare.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial (こえ) けい (29)
Final (いん) さかな (22)
Tone (調しらべ) Rising (X)
Openness (ひらきあい) Open
Division (ひとし) III
Fanqie きり
Baxter khjoX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆X/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔX/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[kʰ](r)aʔ/
English get rid of

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 10684
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
さかな
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰaʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

  1. to remove; to get rid of
      ―  diào  ―  to remove
    だっだっ  ―  tuō  ―  to throw off
      ―  chāi  ―  to remove, to take off
    えびちょう虾肠  ―  xiācháng  ―  to remove the intestines from shrimp
    牛肉ぎゅうにくなまぐさあじこれのちかいこうしょくこのみおお [Cantonese, trad.]
    牛肉ぎゅうにくなまぐさあじこれきさきかいこうしょくこのみおお [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngau4 juk6 heoi3 zo2 di1 sing1 mei6 zi1 hau6 wui5 hou2 sik6 hou2 do1. [Jyutping]
    Beef tastes much better after you get rid of the rankness.
    あたましろえびしろ  ―  tóu báixiā  ―  headless white shrimp
    中心ちゅうしん  ―  zhōngxīnhuà  ―  decentralization
  2. to discard

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to hoard, to hide away”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Pronunciation 4

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to drive; to spur; to run quickly; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Compounds

[edit]

See also

[edit]
The tones (of Chinese) in Mandarin · 聲調せいちょうこえ (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
平仄ひょうそく (píngzè) ひらた (píng)
平聲ひょうしょう平声ひょうしょう (píngshēng)
()
仄聲仄声 (zèshēng)
平上たいらかみいれ (píngshǎngqùrù)
四聲しせい四声しせい (sìshēng)
ひらた (píng)
平聲ひょうしょう平声ひょうしょう (píngshēng)
うえ (shǎng)
上聲じょうせい上声じょうせい (shǎngshēng)
()
去聲きょしょう去声きょしょう (qùshēng)
いれ ()
入聲にっしょう入声にっしょう (rùshēng)
しるべ調ちょう方法ほうほう标调方法ほうほう (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
しめぎ調法ちょうほう标调ほう
四角よつかどしるべ調法ちょうほう四角よつかど标调ほう ꜀◌ ꜂◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜆
[Term?] ◌〪 ◌〫 ◌〬 ◌〭
傍點ぼうてん傍点ぼうてん ◌〮 ◌〯
四聲しせいはち調ちょう四声しせいはち 陰平かげひら阴平 (yīnpíng) 陽平ようへい阳平 (yángpíng) かげじょう阴上 (yīnshǎng) じょう阳上 (yángshǎng) かげ阴去 (yīnqù) 阳去 (yángqù) かげいれ阴入 (yīnrù) いれ阳入 (yángrù)
かげ (yīn) (yáng)
しるべ調ちょう方法ほうほう标调方法ほうほう (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
しめぎ調法ちょうほう标调ほう
四角よつかどしるべ調法ちょうほう四角よつかど标调ほう ꜀◌ ꜁◌ ꜂◌ ꜃◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜅ ◌꜆ ◌꜇
The tones (of Standard Mandarin) in Mandarin · 聲調せいちょうこえ (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
四聲しせい四声しせい (sìshēng) 陰平かげひら阴平 (yīnpíng)
一聲いっせい一声いっせい
陽平ようへい阳平 (yángpíng)
こえこえ (èrshēng)
上聲じょうせい上声じょうせい (shǎngshēng)
さんこえさんこえ (sānshēng)
去聲きょしょう去声きょしょう (qùshēng)
四聲しせい四声しせい (sìshēng)
けいこえ轻声 (qīngshēng)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to leave, to go away
  2. past

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (gal geo))

  1. Hanja form? of (to leave; to go away).

Compounds

[edit]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

: Hán Nôm readings: khứ, khử[1], khu[2]

  1. (literary) Chữ Hán form of khứ (to leave, to go).
  2. Chữ Hán form of khử (to remove).

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]