不ふ

See also: 𣎴 and 𤓯

不ふ	U+4E0D, 不 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0D

← 丌
[U+4E0C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

与あずか →
[U+4E0E]

不	U+F967, 不 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F967

← 復
[U+F966]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

泌 →
[U+F968]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

不ふ (Kangxi radical 1, 一いち+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一いち火ひ (MF), four-corner 1090₀, composition ⿸丆⿰丨丶(GHJKT) or ⿻丆卜ぼく(V))

Usage notes

This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated 𣎴 (U+233B4) or 𤓯 (U+244EF).

Derived characters

伓, 吥, 坏, 妚, 怀, 抔, 㳅, 还, 阫, 肧, 杯はい, 炋, 环, 𭾟, 𥐴, 紑, 𦤹, 𧉈, 𰀍, 衃, 䞜, 鈈 (钚), 䬪, 𡮗, 鴀 (𫛜), 㞸, 芣, 罘, 𮅁, 䯱, 丕, 𰀲, 㔻, 否いや, 奀, 㫘, 㶪, 𠀱, 㶨, 𠀰, 甭, 盃さかずき, 歪ひずみ, 𧖯, 𧗩, 𠀾, 孬, 覔, 𠁆, 䬩, 嫑, 𧶏, 𠁙, 𠁞, 囨

Descendants

ふ (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
フ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 76, character 15
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19
Dae Jaweon: page 149, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 11, character 6
Unihan data for U+4E0D

Unihan data for U+F967

Chinese

simp. and trad.		不ふ
alternative forms		㐬𠀚𠙐

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 不ふ
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j25391 j25392 j25393 j25394 j25395 j25396 j25397 j25398 j25399 j25400 j25401 j25402 j25403 j25404 j25405 j25406 j25407 j25408 j25409 j25410 j25411 j25412 j25413 j25414 j25415 j25416 j25417 j25418 j25419 j25420 j25421 j25422 j25423 j25424 j25425 j25426 j25427 j25428 j25429 j25430 j25431 j25432 j25433 j25434 j25435 j25436 j25437 j25438 j25439 j25440 j25441 j25442 j25443 j25444 j25445 j25446 j25447 j25448 j25449 j25450 j25451 j25452 j25453 j25454 j25455 j25456 j25457 j25458 j25459 j25460 j25461 j25462 j25463 j25464 j25465 j25466 j25467 j25468 j25469 j25470 j25471 j25472 j25473 j25474 j25475 j25476 j25477 j25478 j25479 j25480 j25481 j25482 j25483 j25484 j25485 j25486 j25487 j25488 j25489 j25490 j25491 j25492 j25493 j25494 j25495 j25496 j25497 j25498 j25499 j25500 j25501 j25502 j25503 j25504 j25505 j25506 j25507 j25508 j25509 j25510 j25511 j25512 j25513 j25514 j25515 j25516 j25517 j25518 j25519 j25520 j25521 j25522 j25523 j25524 j25525 j25526 j25527 j25528 j25529 j25530 j25531 j25532 j25533 j25534 j25535 j25536 j25537 j25538 j25539 j25540 j25541 j25542 j25543 j25544 j25545 j25546 j25547 j25548 j25549 j25550 j25551 j25552 j25553 j25554 j25555 j25556 j25557 j25558 j25559 j25560 j25561 j25562 j25563 j25564 j25565 j25566 j25567 j25568 j25569 j25570 j25571 j25572 j25573 j25574 j25575 j25576 j25577 j25578 j25579 j25580 j25581 j25582 j25583 j25584 j25585 j25586 j25587 j25588 j25589 j25590 j25591 j25592 j25593 j25594 j25595 j25596 j25597 j25598 j25599 j25600 j25601 j25602 j25603 j25604 j25605 j25606 j25607 j25608 j25609 j25610 j25611 j25612 j25613 j25614 j25615 j25616 j25617 j25618 j25619 j25620 j25621 j25622 j25623 j25624 j25625 j25626 j25627 j25628 j25629 j25630 Bronze inscriptions b16048 b16049 b16050 b16051 b16052 b16053 b16054 b16055 b16056 b16057 b16058 b16059 b16060 b16061 b16062 b16063 b16064 b16065 b16066 b16067 b16068 b16069 b16070 b16071 b16072 b16073 b16074 b16075 b16076 b16077 b16078 b16079 b16080 b16081 b16082 b16083 b16084 b16085 b16086 b16087 b16088 b16089 b16090 b16091 b16092 b16093 b16094 b16095 b16096 b16097 b16098 b16099 b16100 b16101 Small seal script s08670 Transcribed ancient scripts L35401 L35402 L35403 L35404 L35405 L35406 L35407 L18305 L18307 L18308 L18309 L18310 L18311 L18312 L18313 L18314 L18315 L18316 L18317 L18318 L18319 L18320 L18321 L18322 L18323 L18324 L18325
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (不ふ) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
肧	pʰlɯː, pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː
俖	*pʰɯːʔ
娝	*prɯʔ
痞	prɯʔ, brɯʔ, *pɯʔ
丕	*pʰrɯ
伾	*pʰrɯ
秠	pʰrɯ, pʰrɯʔ, pʰɯ, pʰɯʔ
駓	*pʰrɯ
怌	*pʰrɯ
豾	*pʰrɯ
髬	*pʰrɯ
魾	pʰrɯ, brɯ
鉟	pʰrɯ, brɯ
嚭	*pʰrɯʔ
邳	*brɯ
岯	*brɯ
否いや	brɯʔ, pɯʔ
抔	bɯ, pʰlɯː
不ふ	pɯ, pɯʔ, *pɯ'
紑	pɯ, pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ
鴀	pɯ, pɯʔ
衃	pʰɯ, pʰlɯː
罘	*bɯ
芣	*bɯ
杯はい	*plɯː
盃さかずき	*plɯː
桮	*pɯː
坯	*pʰɯː
胚はい	*pʰɯː

Pictogram (象形しょうけい) : the calyx of a flower. 不ふ was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口くち), to form 否いや (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不ふ, making it a synonym of 否いや. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.

Following Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一いち). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.

Etymology 1

Old Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不ふ is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不ふ, 弗どる, 毋, 勿 and 非ひ. With the exception of 非ひ (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:

	*-V	*-ɯd
*p-type negatives (< ?)	不ふ (OC pɯ, pɯʔ, pɯ'*)	弗どる (OC pɯd*)
m-type negatives (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan ma)	毋 (OC ma) (無む (OC ma))	勿 (OC mɯd*)

Takahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).

In the *p-series, 不ふ usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗どる (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.

It is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不ふ replaced 弗どる (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否いや (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父ちち (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).

不ふ is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:

弗どる (OC *pɯd, “not”);
非ひ (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不ふ (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟おもんみ (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);
否いや (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);
匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and
棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).

Cognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): bù (bu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): bu²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): bú / bu

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): бу (bu, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bat¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): but²
Gan (Wiktionary): biit⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): put

(Meixian, Guangdong): bud⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): beh⁴
Northern Min (KCR): bŭ
Eastern Min (BUC): bók
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): put

(Teochew, Peng'im): bug⁴
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁷peq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): bu⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bù
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bù
  - Wade–Giles: pu⁴
  - Yale: bù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
  - Palladius: бу (bu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu⁵¹/

Note: Pronunciation changes to bú when followed by fourth-tone syllables (e.g. 不ふ是ぜ).

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: bu²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: bu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: bú / bu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu²⁴/, /pu/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: бу (bu, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: bat¹
  - Yale: bāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: bed¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐt̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: but²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /put̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: biit⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɨt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: put
  - Hakka Romanization System: bud`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bud⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /put̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: bud⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /put̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: beh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /pəʔ²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: bók
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pouʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put
  - Tâi-lô: put
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pud
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /put̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /put̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bug⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /puk̚²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁷peq
  - MiniDict: peh^入いれ
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴peq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pəʔ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /pəʔ⁴³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: bu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu²⁴/

Middle Chinese: pjuw, pjuwX, pjut

Rime
Character	不ふ	不ふ	不ふ
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲こえ)	幫 (1)	幫 (1)	幫 (1)
Final (韻いん)	尤ゆう (136)	尤ゆう (136)	物もの (60)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open	Closed
Division (等ひとし)	III	III	III
Fanqie	甫はじめ鳩ばと切きり	方ほう久ひさ切きり	分ぶん勿切きり
Baxter	pjuw	pjuwX	pjut
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu/	/pɨu^X/	/pɨut̚/
Pan Wuyun	/piu/	/piu^X/	/piut̚/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu/	/piəu^X/	/piuət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw/	/puw^X/	/put̚/
Li Rong	/piu/	/piu^X/	/piuət̚/
Wang Li	/pĭəu/	/pĭəu^X/	/pĭuət̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u/	/pi̯ə̯u^X/	/pi̯uət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fōu	fǒu	fu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau¹	fau²	fat¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pə/

(Zhengzhang): /*pɯ/, /*pɯʔ/, /*pɯ'/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	不ふ
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bù
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*pə/
English	not
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	不ふ	不ふ	不ふ
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	1025	1029	1048
Phonetic component	不ふ	不ふ	不ふ
Rime group	之これ	之これ	物もの
Rime subdivision	0	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	不ふ	缶かん	弗どる
Old Chinese	/*pɯ/	/*pɯʔ/	/*pɯ'/
Notes		象ぞう花はな柎與あずか本ほん同どう源みなもと	中なか古ふる才ざい促化か

Definitions

不ふ

(preceding verbs and adjectives) not
這個不ふ好このみ。／这个不ふ好このみ。 ― Zhège bù hǎo. ― This is not good.

他た不ふ愛あい你。／他た不ふ爱你。 ― Tā bú ài nǐ. ― He does not love you.
(between a verb and a complement) cannot
Antonym: 得とく

我わが看み不ふ見み你。／我わが看み不ふ见你。 ― Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ. ― I can't see you.
Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)
你是これ日本人にっぽんじん嗎？不ふ，我わが不ふ是ぜ。 [MSC, trad.]
你是これ日本人にっぽんじん吗？不ふ，我わが不ふ是ぜ。 [MSC, simp.]
Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì. [Pinyin]
Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.

你不ふ是ぜ日本人にっぽんじん嗎？不ふ，我わが是これ日本人にっぽんじん。 [MSC, trad.]
你不ふ是ぜ日本人にっぽんじん吗？不ふ，我わが是これ日本人にっぽんじん。 [MSC, simp.]
Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén. [Pinyin]
*Intonational high pitch here.
Aren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.
- 1965 March 15, “周しゅう恩来おんらい总理在ざい第だい三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中ちゅう华人民じんみん共和きょうわ国こく全国ぜんこく人民じんみん代表だいひょう大会たいかい常つね务委員いいん会かい公おおやけ报, number 77, page 12:
  
  难道这是これ做不ふ到いた的てき嗎？是これ吹牛皮がわ、放ひ大だい炮嗎？不ふ，是これ做得とく到いた的てき。旣すんで不ふ是ぜ吹牛皮がわ，也不ふ是ぜ放ひ大だい炮。 [MSC, simp.]
  難なん道みち這是これ做不ふ到いた的てき嗎？是これ吹牛皮がわ、放ひ大だい炮嗎？不ふ，是これ做得とく到いた的てき。旣すんで不ふ是ぜ吹牛皮がわ，也不ふ是ぜ放ひ大だい炮。 [MSC, trad.]
  Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào. [Pinyin]
  Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.
- 2011, 盧の靜しず文ぶん, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知ち青あお頻しき道みち, →ISBN, page 137:
  
  蘇そ格かく拉ひしげ底そこ還かえ在ざい啟發けいはつ學生がくせい：「你説せつ欺騙朋友ほうゆう是これ惡行あくぎょう，可か是ぜ在ざい戰爭せんそう時とき統帥とうすい為ため了りょう鼓舞こぶ士氣しき，會かい假稱かしょう援軍えんぐん就要到いた了りょう，實際じっさい上じょう並なみ無む援軍えんぐん，你説せつ這種たね欺騙是これ惡行あくぎょう嗎？」學生がくせい説せつ：「不ふ，這是これ善行ぜんこう。」 [Taiwanese Mandarin, trad.]
  苏格拉ひしげ底そこ还在ざい启发学生がくせい：「你说欺骗朋友ほうゆう是これ恶行，可か是ぜ在ざい战争时统帅为了りょう鼓舞こぶ士し气，会かい假称かしょう援军就要到いた了りょう，实际上じょう并无援军，你说这种欺骗是これ恶行吗？」学生がくせい说：「不ふ，这是これ善行ぜんこう。」 [Taiwanese Mandarin, simp.]
  Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.” [Pinyin]
  Socrates enlightened his students, "You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?" The students said, "No, this is a good deed."
Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives.
他た每まい天てん不ふ是これ上うえ班はん，就是これ去さ做義ぎ工こう，一いち點てん兒じ休息きゅうそく的てき時間じかん都と沒ぼつ有ゆう。 [MSC, trad.]
他た每まい天てん不ふ是これ上うえ班はん，就是これ去さ做义工，一いち点てん儿休息きゅうそく的てき时间都と没ぼつ有ゆう。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.
(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question.
你愛あい吃ども紅べに蘿蔔不ふ？ [Guanzhong Mandarin, trad.]
你爱吃ども红萝卜ぼく不ふ？ [Guanzhong Mandarin, simp.]
Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu? [Guanzhong Pinyin]
Do you like eating carrots?
(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence.
(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好このみ (hǎo).
^† Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts.
- 有ゆう周しゅう不ふ顯あらわ、帝みかど命いのち不ふ時とき。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  有ゆう周しゅう不ふ显、帝みかど命いのち不ふ时。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí. [Pinyin]
  Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.

Synonyms

(not):

Dialectal synonyms of 不ふ (“not”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		不ふ, 弗どる, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否いや, 未み
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		不ふ
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	不ふ
	Taiwan	不ふ
	Langfang	不ふ
	Chengde	不ふ
	Chifeng	不ふ
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	不ふ
	Heihe	不ふ
	Nenjiang	不ふ
	Mohe	不ふ
	Qiqihar	不ふ
	Tailai	不ふ
	Jiyan	不ふ
	Lanxi	不ふ
	Boli	不ふ
	Jiayin	不ふ
	Muling	不ふ
	Dongning	不ふ
	Ning'an	不ふ
	Linkou	不ふ
	Zhaozhou	不ふ
	Zhaodong	不ふ
	Mishan	不ふ
	Harbin	不ふ
	Shangzhi	不ふ
	Jiamusi	不ふ
	Tongjiang	不ふ
	Baicheng	不ふ
	Changchun	不ふ
	Tonghua	不ふ
	Shenyang	不ふ
	Jinzhou	不ふ
	Malaysia	不ふ
	Singapore	不ふ
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	不ふ
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	不ふ
	Tangshan	不ふ
	Cangzhou	不ふ
	Baoding	不ふ
	Dingxing	不ふ
	Shijiazhuang	不ふ
	Lijin	不ふ
	Wudi	不ふ
	Weifang (Weicheng)	不ふ
	Jinan	不ふ
	Jinan (Zhangqiu)	不ふ
	Dezhou	不ふ
	Tai'an	不ふ
	Xintai	不ふ
	Zichuan	不ふ
	Boshan	不ふ
	Yinan	不ふ
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	不ふ
	Dandong	不ふ
	Yantai	不ふ
	Yantai (Muping)	不ふ
	Laizhou	不ふ
	Weihai	不ふ
	Rongcheng	不ふ
	Qingdao	不ふ
	Zhucheng	不ふ
	Yishui	不ふ
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	不ふ
	Lingbao	不ふ
	Ningyang	不ふ
	Daming	不ふ
	Yuncheng	不ふ
	Wanrong	不ふ
	Linfen	不ふ
	Hongtong	不ふ
	Shangqiu	不ふ
	Yuanyang	不ふ
	Zhengzhou	不ふ
	Xinyang	不ふ
	Shangluo	不ふ
	Luonan	不ふ
	Danfeng	不ふ
	Shangnan	不ふ
	Shanyang	不ふ
	Zhen'an	不ふ
	Ankang	不ふ
	Baihe	不ふ
	Pingli	不ふ
	Xunyang	不ふ
	Lueyang	不ふ
	Mianxian	不ふ
	Yangxian	不ふ
	Xi'an	不ふ
	Xi'an (Baqiao)	不ふ
	Xi'an (Yanliang)	不ふ
	Xi'an (Lintong)	不ふ
	Xi'an (Chang'an)	不ふ
	Xi'an (Huyi)	不ふ
	Xi'an (Gaoling)	不ふ
	Zhouzhi	不ふ
	Lantian	不ふ
	Xianyang	不ふ
	Xingping	不ふ
	Wugong	不ふ
	Qianxian	不ふ
	Liquan	不ふ
	Jingyang	不ふ
	Sanyuan	不ふ
	Yongshou	不ふ
	Changwu	不ふ
	Tongchuan (Wangyi)	不ふ
	Tongchuan (Yaozhou)	不ふ
	Yijun	不ふ
	Weinan	不ふ
	Weinan (Huazhou)	不ふ
	Hancheng	不ふ
	Huayin	不ふ
	Tongguan	不ふ
	Dali	不ふ
	Heyang	不ふ
	Chengcheng	不ふ
	Baishui	不ふ
	Pucheng	不ふ
	Fuping	不ふ
	Huanglong	不ふ
	Yichuan	不ふ
	Huangling	不ふ
	Luochuan	不ふ
	Fuxian	不ふ
	Dingbian	不ふ
	Baoji	不ふ
Baoji (Chencang)	不ふ
Fengchang	不ふ
Qishan	不ふ
Fufeng	不ふ
Meixian	不ふ
Taibai	不ふ
Fengxian	不ふ
Qianyang	不ふ
Longxian	不ふ
Linyou	不ふ
Tianshui	不ふ
Xining	不ふ
Xuzhou	不ふ
Pizhou	不ふ
Suqian	不ふ
Lianyungang (Ganyu)	不ふ
Donghai	不ふ
Fuyang	不ふ
Bengbu	不ふ
Suzhou, Anhui	不ふ
Huaibei	不ふ
Guangde (Qiuzhuang)	不ふ
Qimen (Anling Junhua)	不ふ
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	不ふ
	Lanzhou	不ふ
	Jiuquan	不ふ
	Dunhuang	不ふ
	Shandan	不ふ
	Hami	不ふ
	Ürümqi	不ふ
	Jimsar	不ふ
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	不ふ
	Chengdu (Xindu)	不ふ
	Chengdu (Xinfan, Xindu)	不ふ
	Chengdu (Huayang, Shuangliu)	不ふ
	Chengdu (Pidu)	不ふ
	Chengdu (Wenjiang)	不ふ
	Chengdu (Shuangliu)	不ふ
	Chengdu (Xinjin)	不ふ
	Jintang	不ふ
	Pengzhou	不ふ
	Dujiangyan	不ふ
	Chongzhou	不ふ
	Dayi	不ふ
	Pujiang	不ふ
	Qionglai	不ふ
	Jianyang	不ふ
	Xiaojin	不ふ
	Jinchuan	不ふ
	Songpan	不ふ
	Maoxian	不ふ
	Lixian	不ふ
	Wenchuan	不ふ
	Deyang	不ふ
	Deyang (Luojiang)	不ふ
	Mianzhu	不ふ
	Shifang	不ふ
	Guanghan	不ふ
	Zhongjiang	不ふ
	Ziyang	不ふ
	Anyue	沒ぼつ有ゆう
	Lezhi	不ふ
	Mianyang	不ふ
	Mianyang (Anzhou)	不ふ
	Zitong	不ふ
	Jiangyou	不ふ
	Jiangyou (Zhangming)	沒ぼつ
	Pingwu	不ふ
	Beichuan	不ふ
	Yanting	不ふ
	Santai	不ふ
	Guangyuan	不ふ
	Guangyuan (Zhaohua)	不ふ
	Cangxi	不ふ
	Jiange	不ふ
	Meishan	沒ぼつ
	Pengshan	不ふ
	Danling	不ふ
	Hongya	不ふ
	Qingshen	不ふ
	Renshou	不ふ
	Luzhou (Naxi)	不ふ
	Luxian	不ふ
	Xuyong	沒ぼつ有ゆう
	Gulin	不ふ
	Hejiang	不ふ
	Yibin	不ふ
	Yibin (Nanxi)	不ふ
	Pingshan	不ふ
	Gaoxian	不ふ
	Changning	不ふ
	Gongxian	不ふ
	Xingwen (Gusong)	不ふ
	Xingwen (Bowangshan)	不ふ
	Jiang'an	不ふ
Junlian	不ふ
Leshan	不ふ
Jiajiang	不ふ
Emeishan	不ふ
Ebian	不ふ
Qianwei	不ふ
Mabian	不ふ
Jingyan	不ふ
Neijiang	沒ぼつ有ゆう
Zizhong	不ふ
Weiyuan	不ふ
Longchang	不ふ
Suining	不ふ
Pengxi	不ふ
Shehong	不ふ
Guang'an	不ふ
Yuechi	不ふ
Wusheng	不ふ
Linshui	不ふ
Nanchong	不ふ
Nanbu	不ふ
Langzhong	不ふ
Yilong	不ふ
Yingshan	不ふ
Peng'an	不ふ
Dazhou	不ふ
Dazhu	不ふ
Kaijiang	不ふ
Wanyuan	不ふ
Xuanhan	沒ぼつ
Bazhong	不ふ
Tongjiang	不ふ
Nanjiang	不ふ
Hanyuan	不ふ
Xichang	不ふ
Zigong	不ふ
Fushun	不ふ
Rongxian	不ふ
Leibo	不ふ
Chongqing	不ふ
Chongqing (Nanchuan)	不ふ
Chongqing (Dazu)	不ふ
Chongqing (Rongchang)	不ふ
Chongqing (Yongchuan)	不ふ
Chongqing (Bishan)	沒ぼつ
Chongqing (Tongliang)	沒ぼつ有ゆう
Chongqing (Tongnan)	不ふ
Chongqing (Hechuan)	不ふ
Chongqing (Changshou)	不ふ
Chongqing (Fuling)	不ふ
Chongqing (Jiangjin)	不ふ
Chongqing (Wanzhou)	不ふ
Chongqing (Shizhu)	不ふ
Chongqing (Kaizhou)	不ふ
Chongqing (Chengkou)	不ふ
Chongqing (Dianjiang)	不ふ
Chongqing (Liangping)	不ふ
Chongqing (Fengdu)	不ふ
Chongqing (Zhongxian)	不ふ
Chongqing (Qianjiang)	不ふ
Chongqing (Pengshui)	不ふ
Chongqing (Youyang)	不ふ
Chongqing (Xiushan)	不ふ
Chongqing (Yunyang)	不ふ
Chongqing (Wuxi)	不ふ
Chongqing (Fengjie)	不ふ
Chongqing (Wushan)	不ふ
Wuhan	冇
Wuhan (Jiangxia)	冇
Wuhan (Caidian)	冇
Wuhan (Xinzhou)	冇
Wuhan (Huangpi)	冇
Hanchuan	冇
Suizhou	不ふ
Suixian	不ふ
Yichang	不ふ
Dangyang	不ふ
Zhijiang	不ふ
Yidu	不ふ
Changyang	不ふ, 沒ぼつ
Xingshan	不ふ
Zigui	不ふ
Wufeng	不ふ
Enshi	不ふ
Hefeng	不ふ
Badong	不ふ
Xuan'en	沒ぼつ
Laifeng	不ふ
Lichuan	沒ぼつ
Jianshi	不ふ
Xianfeng	不ふ
Xiangyang	不ふ
Laohekou	不ふ
Baokang	不ふ
Nanzhang	不ふ
Zaoyang	不ふ
Yicheng	不ふ
Gucheng	不ふ
Jingzhou	不ふ
Jingzhou (Shashi)	不ふ
Jiangling	不ふ
Shishou	不ふ
Gong'an	不ふ
Songzi	沒ぼつ有ゆう
Jingmen	不ふ
Zhongchang	不ふ
Jingshan	不ふ
Tianmen	不ふ
Xiantao	不ふ
Qianjiang	不ふ
Shennongjia	不ふ
Shiyan	不ふ
Zhuxi	冒おかせ
Zhushan	不ふ
Yunxi	沒ぼつ
Yunyang	不ふ
Danjiangkou	不ふ
Fangxian	不ふ
Lhasa	不ふ
Guiyang	不ふ
Zunyi	不ふ
Bijie	不ふ
Zhaotong	不ふ
Baoshan, Yunnan	不ふ
Dali	不ふ
Kunming	不ふ
Qujing	不ふ
Wenshan	不ふ
Mengzi	不ふ
Pu'er	不ふ
Lincang	不ふ
Guilin	不ふ
Liuzhou	沒ぼつ, 不ふ
Jishou	沒ぼつ
Changde	不ふ
Zhangjiajie	不ふ
Yongzhou	不ふ
Huitong	不ふ
Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	不ふ
Ganzhou	不ふ
Shiquan	不ふ
Ziyang	不ふ
Ningshan	不ふ
Langao	不ふ
Zhenping	不ふ
Hanzhong	不ふ
Hanzhong (Nanzheng)	不ふ
Ningqiang	不ふ
Liuba	不ふ
Chenggu	不ふ
Foping	不ふ
Xixiang	不ふ
Zhenba	不ふ
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	不ふ
	Nanjing (Pukou)	不ふ
	Nanjing (Luhe)	不ふ
	Nanjing (Lishui)	不ふ
	Yangzhou	不ふ
	Yangzhou (Jiangdu)	不ふ
	Baoying	不ふ
	Gaoyou	不ふ
	Yizheng	不ふ
	Taizhou	不ふ
	Taixing	不ふ
	Taizhou (Jiangyan)	不ふ
	Jingjiang (Dongxing)	不ふ
	Zhenjiang	不ふ
	Jurong	不ふ
	Yangzhong	不ふ
	Lianyungang	不ふ
	Lianyungang (Haizhou)	不ふ
	Guanyun	不ふ
	Guannan	不ふ
	Huai'an	不ふ
	Huai'an (Huai'an District)	不ふ
	Huai'an (Huaiyin)	不ふ
	Huai'an (Hongze)	不ふ
	Lianshui	不ふ
	Xuyi	不ふ
	Jinhu	不ふ
	Xinghua	不ふ
	Nantong	不ふ
	Rugao	不ふ
	Rudong	不ふ
	Hai'an	不ふ
	Yancheng	不ふ
	Dongtai	不ふ
	Binhai	不ふ
	Sheyang	不ふ
	Yancheng (Dafeng)	不ふ
	Funing	不ふ
	Jianhu	不ふ
	Xiangshui	不ふ
	Shuyang	不ふ
	Sihong	不ふ
	Siyang	不ふ
	Anqing	不ふ
	Tongcheng	不ふ
	Zongyang	不ふ
	Chizhou	不ふ
	Qingyang	不ふ
	Wuhu	不ふ
	Wuhu (Wanzhi)	不ふ
	Wuhu (Jinghu)	不ふ
	Wuhu (Fanchang)	不ふ
	Wuwei	不ふ
	Hanshan	不ふ
	Hexian	不ふ
	Ma'anshan	不ふ
	Dangtu	不ふ
	Xuancheng	不ふ
	Hefei	不ふ
	Feidong	不ふ
	Feixi	不ふ
	Chaohu	不ふ
	Lujiang	不ふ
	Changfeng	不ふ
Huainan	不ふ
Lu'an	不ふ
Lu'an (Qingshuihe, Jin'an)	不ふ
Shucheng	不ふ
Huoshan	不ふ
Chuzhou	不ふ
Lai'an	不ふ
Quanjiao	不ふ
Mingguang	不ふ
Tianchang	不ふ
Ezhou (Echeng)	不ふ
Huangshi	不ふ
Huanggang	不ふ
Hong'an	不ふ
Macheng	不ふ
Luotian	不ふ
Yingshan	不ふ
Xishui	不ふ
Huangmei	不ふ
Wuxue	不ふ
Qichun	不ふ
Xiaogan	不ふ
Anlu	不ふ
Yingcheng	不ふ
Yunmeng	不ふ
Dawu	不ふ
Guangshui	不ふ
Zhashui	不ふ
Jiujiang	不ふ
Ruichang	不ふ
Mandarin	Ningguo (Gangkou)	不ふ
Mandarin	Langxi	不ふ
Cantonese	Guangzhou	唔
	Hong Kong	唔
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	唔
	Macau	唔
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	唔
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	唔
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	唔
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	唔
	Foshan	唔
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	唔
	Foshan (Shunde)	唔
	Foshan (Sanshui)	唔
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	唔
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	唔
	Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka)	唔
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	唔
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	唔
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	唔
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	唔
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	唔
	Taishan	唔
	Kaiping (Chikan)	唔
	Enping (Niujiang)	唔
	Heshan (Yayao)	唔
	Dongguan	唔
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	唔
	Qingyuan	唔
	Fogang	唔
	Yingde (Hanguang)	唔
	Yangshan	唔
	Lianshan (Butian)	冇
	Lianshan (Yonghe)	唔
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	冇
	Shaoguan	唔
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	唔
	Renhua	唔
	Lechang	唔
	Yunfu	唔
	Yangjiang	冇
	Yangjiang (Yangdong)	冇
	Yangdong (Yashao)	冇
	Yangxi	冇
	Xinyi	冇
	Maoming (Xinpo)	冇
	Maoming (Yangjiao)	冇
	Gaozhou	冇
	Zhanjiang	冇
	Lianjiang	冇
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	冇
	Nanning	冇
	Wuzhou	冇
	Cangwu (Liubao)	冇
	Yulin	冇
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	冇
	Hepu (Shatian)	冇
	Guiping (Madong)	冇
	Beihai	冇
	Beihai (Nankang)	冇
	Beihai (Yingpan)	冇
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	冇
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	冇
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	冇
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	冇
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	唔
Singapore (Guangfu)	唔
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	唔
Móng Cái	冇
Gan	Nanchang	不ふ
	Nanchang (Wangcheng)	冒おかせ
	Anyi	不ふ
	Hukou	不ふ
	Lushan	不ふ
	Yongxiu	不ふ
	Xiushui	不ふ
	Pengze	不ふ
	Duchang	不ふ
	Wuning (Quankou)	不ふ
	Poyang	不ふ
	Yugan	不ふ
	Wannian	冒おかせ
	Yiyang, Jiangxi	不ふ
	Hengfeng	莫
	Leping	不ふ
	Yichun	冇
	Yifeng	不ふ
	Gao'an	唔
	Fengxin	不ふ
	Shanggao	唔
	Wanzai	唔
	Fengcheng	不ふ
	Xinyu	不ふ
	Fuzhou	不ふ
	Fuzhou (Dongxiang)	不ふ, 唔
	Nancheng	不ふ
	Nanfeng	不ふ
	Yihuang	不ふ
	Lichuan	不ふ
	Chongren	冒おかせ
	Pingxiang	冒おかせ
	Lianhua	不ふ, 唔
	Ji'an	不ふ
	Jishui (Luotian)	不ふ
	Yongfeng	不ふ
	Taihe	唔
	Xiajiang	冒おかせ
	Yongxin	唔
	Yingtan (Yujiang)	不ふ
	Guixi	沒ぼつ
	Susong	不ふ
	Susong (Heta)	不ふ
	Wangjiang	不ふ
	Qianshan	不ふ
	Huaining	不ふ
	Dongzhi	不ふ
	Shitai	不ふ
	Yangxin	不ふ
	Daye	不ふ
	Xianning	不ふ
	Xianning (Maqiao)	不ふ
	Jiayu	不ふ
	Chongyang	不ふ
	Chibi	冒おかせ
	Tongshan	不ふ
	Jianli	不ふ
	Yueyang	不ふ
	Pingjiang (Xijiang)	不ふ
	Liuyang	不ふ
	Liling (Baitutan)	不ふ
	Youxian	不ふ
	Chaling	唔
	Leiyang	唔
Jianning	唔
Jinxian	不ふ
Jinxi	冒おかせ
Le'an	冒おかせ
Guangchang	冒おかせ
Anfu	冒おかせ
Suichuan	唔
Wan'an	唔
Jing'an	沒ぼつ
Zhangshu	冒おかせ
Xingan	冒おかせ
Fenyi	冒おかせ
Hakka	Meixian	唔
	Xingning	唔
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	唔
	Huidong (Daling)	唔
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	唔
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	唔
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	唔
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	唔
	Wengyuan	唔
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	唔
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	唔
	Liannan	唔
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	唔
	Jiexi	唔
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	唔
	Changting	唔
	Shanghang	唔
	Wuping	唔
	Wuping (Pingyu)	唔
	Liancheng	唔
	Ninghua	唔, 不ふ
	Qingliu	唔
	Yudu	唔
	Ningdu	唔
	Ruijin	唔
	Shicheng	唔
	Shangyou (Shexi)	晤
	Tonggu (Sandu)	唔
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	唔
	Ganzhou (Nankang)	唔
	Dayu	唔
	Quannan	唔
	Dingnan	唔
	Longnan	唔
	Xunwu	冒おかせ
	Anyuan	唔
	Huichang	冒おかせ
	Chongyi	唔
	Xingguo	莫
	Yunhe (Jinshuitan)	唔
	Tonggu	唔
	Fengxin (Zaoxi)	唔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	唔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	唔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	唔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	唔
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	唔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	唔
	Hong Kong	唔
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	無む
	Mengshan (Xihe)	冒おかせ
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	冇
Huizhou	Jixi	不ふ
	Shexian	不ふ
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	不ふ
	Huangshan (Huizhou)	不ふ
	Wuyuan	沒ぼつ
	Fuliang	不ふ
	Dexing	不ふ
	Chun'an (Qiandaohu)	不ふ
	Jiande (Meicheng)	弗どる
	Jiande (Shouchang)	勿
Jin	Taiyuan	不ふ
	Jinzhong (Taigu)	不ふ
	Pingyao	不ふ
	Heshun	不ふ
	Qixian	不ふ
	Yangyuan	不ふ
	Datong	不ふ
	Guangling	不ふ
	Suozhou (Pinglu)	不ふ
	Xinzhou	不ふ
	Wuzhai	不ふ
	Lüliang (Lishi)	不ふ
	Shilou	不ふ
	Linxian	不ふ
	Wenshui	不ふ
	Xixian	不ふ
	Changzhi	不ふ
	Changzhi (Tunliu)	不ふ
	Linhe	不ふ
	Zhangzi	不ふ
	Qinxian	不ふ
	Lingchuan	不ふ
	Jining	不ふ
	Hohhot	不ふ
	Erenhot	不ふ
	Pingshan	不ふ
	Zhangjiakou	不ふ
	Handan	不ふ
	Linzhou	不ふ
	Suide	不ふ
	Zizhou	不ふ
	Mizhi	不ふ
	Jiaxian	不ふ
	Wubu	不ふ
	Shenmu	不ふ
	Fugu	不ふ
	Yulin	不ふ
	Yulin (Hengshan)	不ふ
	Jingbian	不ふ
	Yan'an	不ふ
	Yan'an (Ansai)	不ふ
	Ganquan	不ふ
	Zhidan	不ふ
	Wuqi	不ふ
	Qingjian	不ふ
	Zichang	不ふ
	Yanchuan	不ふ
	Yanchang	不ふ
Jiuxing Yumin	Lanxi	弗どる
Northern Min	Jian'ou	伓, 𣍐
	Songxi	唔, 𣍐
	Zhenghe	唔, 𣍐
	Pucheng (Shibei)	伓, 𣍐
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	伓, 𣍐
	Fuzhou (Changle)	伓, 𣍐
	Lianjiang	伓, 𣍐
	Fuqing	伓, 𣍐
	Pingtan	伓, 𣍐
	Yongtai	伓, 𣍐
	Minqing	伓, 𣍐
	Gutian	伓, 𣍐
	Pingnan	伓, 𣍐
	Luoyuan	伓, 𣍐
	Fu'an	伓, 𣍐
	Ningde	伓, 𣍐
	Xiapu	伓, 𣍐
	Zherong	伓, 𣍐
	Shouning	伓, 𣍐
	Zhouning	伓, 𣍐
	Fuding	伓, 𣍐
	Matsu	伓, 𣍐
	Taishun	伓
	Cangnan	冇, 無む
	Cixi (Guanhaiwei)	伓
Southern Min	Xiamen	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Quanzhou	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Jinjiang	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Nan'an	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Shishi	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Hui'an	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Anxi	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Yongchun	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Dehua	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Zhangzhou	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Hua'an	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Nanjing	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Pinghe	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Zhangpu	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Yunxiao	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Zhao'an	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Dongshan	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Taipei	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Kaohsiung	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Tainan	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Kinmen	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Penang (Hokkien)	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Singapore (Hokkien)	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Manila (Hokkien)	毋, 𣍐, 無む
	Datian	毋, 𣍐
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	毋
	Cangnan	毋
	Langxi (Feili)	毋
	Chaozhou	唔, 𣍐, 無む
	Shantou	唔, 𣍐, 無む
	Jieyang	唔
	Haifeng	唔
	Singapore (Teochew)	唔, 𣍐, 無む
	Batam (Teochew)	唔, 𣍐, 無む
	Pontianak (Teochew)	唔
	Leizhou	伓
	Maoming (Xiadong, Dianbai)	無む
	Wenchang	無む
	Haikou	無む
	Singapore (Hainanese)	無む
Puxian Min	Putian	伓, 𣍐
Puxian Min	Xianyou	伓, 𣍐
Central Min	Yong'an	伓, 𣍐
Central Min	Sanming (Shaxian)	伓, 𣍐
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	冒おかせ, 唔
	Guangze	唔
	Jiangle	唔
	Mingxi	唔
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	唔
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	冇
Southern Pinghua	Binyang	冇
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	不ふ
Shehua	Fu'an	唔, 𣍐
	Fuding	唔, 𣍐
	Luoyuan	唔, 𣍐
	Sanming	唔, 𣍐
	Shunchang	唔, 𣍐
	Hua'an	唔, 𣍐
	Jingning (Hexi)	嘸さぞ
	Jingning (Zhengkeng)	嘸さぞ
Wu	Shanghai	勿
	Shanghai (Yangpu)	勿
	Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang)	勿
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	勿
	Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong)	勿, 弗どる
	Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong)	勿
	Shanghai (Huinan, Pudong)	勿
	Shanghai (Fengxian)	勿
	Shanghai (Jinshan)	勿
	Shanghai (Qingpu)	勿
	Shanghai (Jiading)	勿
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	勿
	Shanghai (Yuepu, Baoshan)	勿
	Shanghai (Chongming)	弗どる, 勿
	Suzhou	弗どる
	Suzhou (Xishan, Wuzhong)	弗どる
	Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang)	弗どる
	Wuxi	弗どる
	Changshu	弗どる
	Kunshan	弗どる
	Zhangjiagang	弗どる
	Qidong	弗どる
	Qidong (Lüsi)	不ふ
	Nantong (Haimen)	弗どる
	Haimen (Sijia)	不ふ
	Rudong	弗どる
	Jiaxing	弗どる
	Jiashan	弗どる
	Pinghu	弗どる
	Haining (Xiashi)	弗どる
	Tongxiang	弗どる
	Haiyan	弗どる
	Changzhou	弗どる
	Liyang	弗どる
	Changzhou (Jintan)	弗どる
	Yixing	勿
	Danyang	弗どる
	Jingjiang	不ふ
	Jiangyin	弗どる
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	不ふ
	Huzhou	弗どる
	Changxing	弗どる
	Anji	弗どる
	Anji (Xiaofeng)	弗どる
	Deqing	弗どる
	Hangzhou	不ふ
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	弗どる
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	弗どる
	Hangzhou (Changfa, Lin'an)	不ふ
	Hangzhou (Yuqian, Lin'an)	不ふ
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	弗どる
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	弗どる
	Tonglu	勿
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	不ふ
	Shaoxing	勿
	Shaoxing (Keqiao)	勿
	Shaoxing (Shangyu)	勿
	Zhuji	弗どる
	Shengzhou	弗どる
	Xinchang	弗どる
	Ningbo	勿, 嘸さぞ沒ぼつ
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	弗どる
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	弗どる
	Ningbo (Beilun)	勿
Ningbo (Yinzhou)	弗どる
Yuyao	勿
Cixi	弗どる
Xiangshan	弗どる
Ninghai	弗どる
Zhoushan	弗どる
Zhoushan (Dinghai)	弗どる
Daishan	弗どる
Shengsi	勿
Taizhou (Huangyan)	弗どる
Tiantai	弗どる, 勿
Xianju	弗どる
Sanmen	弗どる
Linhai	弗どる
Wenling	弗どる
Yuhuan	弗どる
Wenzhou	否いや
Yueqing	否いや
Yongjia	否いや
Rui'an	否いや
Pingyang	否いや
Taishun	否いや
Wencheng	否いや
Lishui	否いや
Qingtian	否いや
Jinyun	弗どる
Wuyi (Liucheng)	弗どる
Songyang (Xiping)	弗どる
Yunhe	否いや
Jingning	否いや
Qingyuan	否いや
Longquan	否いや
Quzhou	弗どる
Quzhou (Duze, Qujiang)	弗どる
Suichang	否いや
Jiangshan	弗どる
Changshan	弗どる
Kaihua	弗どる
Longyou	弗どる
Jinhua	弗どる
Jinhua (Tangxi)	弗どる
Yiwu	弗どる
Yongkang	弗どる
Pujiang	弗どる
Dongyang	弗どる
Wuyi	弗どる
Lanxi	弗どる
Shangrao	嘸さぞ
Shangrao (Guangfeng)	唔
Tongling (Xihu & Shun'an)	不ふ
Nanling	不ふ
Tongling (Yi'an)	不ふ
Huangshan	不ふ
Jingxian	不ふ
Jingxian (Zhaji)	不ふ
Pucheng	嘸さぞ
Xiang	Changsha	不ふ, 唔
	Yiyang, Hunan	不ふ
	Xiangtan	不ふ
	Xiangxiang	不ふ
	Loudi	不ふ
	Shuangfeng	不ふ
	Xinhua	唔
	Lianyuan	不ふ
	Shaoyang	唔, 莫
	Wugang	不ふ, 冇
	Hengyang	不ふ
	Hengshan	不ふ
	Qiyang	不ふ
	Quanzhou	不ふ
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	沒ぼつ
Xiangnan Tuhua	Dong'an	不ふ
Yuebei Tuhua	Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang)	唔
	Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang)	唔
	Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang)	唔
	Renhua (Zhoutian)	唔
	Renhua (Shitang)	不ふ, 唔
	Renhua (Songwei, Guitou)	唔

Usage notes

(Mandarin)
- The tone changes from fourth to second tone when followed by a fourth-tone syllable.
- (not):
  - The past-perfect form of 不ふ is 沒ぼつ／没ぼつ (méi) or 未み (wèi), not *不ふ了りょう
    我わが不ふ當とう兵へい。／我わが不ふ当とう兵へい。 ― Wǒ bù dāngbīng. ― I am not becoming a soldier.
    
    我わが 沒ぼつ當とう兵へい。／我わが 没ぼつ当とう兵へい。 ― Wǒ méi dāngbīng. ― I did not become a soldier.
    
    我わが未み當とう兵へい。／我わが未み当とう兵へい。 ― Wǒ wèi dāngbīng. ― I have not yet become a soldier.
    
    我わが不ふ當とう兵へい 了りょう。／我わが不ふ当とう兵へい 了りょう。 ― Wǒ bù dāngbīng le. ― I am no longer a soldier.
    Note that the 4th sentence does not mean "I have not become a soldier". Syntactically, 不ふ is a verb prefix that forms a stative verb with the verb to be negated. Therefore it can not be modified by the perfective aspect marker 了りょう (le), which modifies only dynamic verbs. When 了りょう appears in a 不ふ sentence, it usually functions as a marker of "currently relevant state" instead.
  - 不ふ can not be used before the verb 有ゆう (yǒu, “to have”). Use 沒ぼつ／没ぼつ (méi) instead.
    Incorrect:
    *我わが不ふ有ゆう手て機き。
    
    Correct:
    我わが 沒ぼつ有ゆう手て機き。／我わが 没ぼつ有ゆう手て机つくえ。 ― Wǒ méiyǒu shǒujī. ― I do not have a mobile phone.
  - 不ふ can not be used before compounds beginning with 有ゆう, or another 不ふ. Depending on the context, other negative particles must be used instead which formally contain a predicate or auxiliary, e.g., 不ふ是ぜ (bùshì), 並なみ非ひ／并非 (bìngfēi), imperfective 沒ぼつ有ゆう／没ぼつ有ゆう (méiyǒu), epistemic 不ふ會かい／不ふ会かい (bùhuì).
    Incorrect:
    *這個問題もんだい不ふ不ふ值一提ひさげ。
    
    Correct:
    這個こ問題もんだい 不ふ是ぜ不ふ值一いち提ひさげ。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个问题 不ふ是ぜ不ふ值一いち提ひさげ。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge wèntí bùshì bùzhí yī tí. [Pinyin]
    This problem is not unworth mentioning.
  - The verb can be elided, as in the following:
    爲ため什麼いんも不ふ呢？／为什么不ふ呢？ ― Wèishénme bù ne? ― Why not?
    - An equivalent construction is not valid in Cantonese.
- (can not):
  - "not" and "can not" are distinguished only by word order.
    他た不ふ打開だかい門もん。／他た不ふ打だ开门。 ― Tā bù dǎkāi mén. ― He does not open the door.
    
    他た打だ不ふ開ひらく門もん。／他た打だ不ふ开门。 ― Tā dǎ bù kāi mén. ― He can not open the door.
  - Since 不ふ must be placed before a complement, if there is no complement in the sentence, a placeholder 了りょう (liǎo) can be used for this purpose.
    我わが動どう不ふ了りょう。／我わが动不ふ了りょう。 ― Wǒ dòng bù liǎo. ― I can not move.
- (no): Although 不ふ can be used like English no to answer a yes/no question, it is more natural to answer it by changing the question to a negative statement.
  你認識にんしき他た嗎？不ふ。 [MSC, trad.]
  你认识他た吗？不ふ。 [MSC, simp.]
  Nǐ rènshí tā ma? Bù. [Pinyin]
  Do you know him? No.
  
  你認識にんしき他た嗎？(我わが )不ふ認識にんしき。 [MSC, trad.]
  你认识他た吗？(我わが )不ふ认识。 [MSC, simp.]
  Nǐ rènshí tā ma? (wǒ) bù rènshí. [Pinyin]
  Do you know him? No.
When read in Northern Wu languages, such as Shanghainese or Suzhounese, the syllable is pronounced the same as 勿, despite the existing expected pronunciation

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (不ふ):

→ Japanese: 不ふ(ふ) (fu)
→ Korean: 불(不ふ) (bul), 부(不ふ) (bu)
→ Vietnamese: bất (不ふ)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fǒu (fou³)

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄡˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fau²
Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): houn²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fǒu
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fǒu
  - Wade–Giles: fou³
  - Yale: fǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
  - Palladius: фоу (fou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /foʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fau²
  - Yale: fáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: feo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐu̯³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: houn²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hóuⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hõũ⁵²/

Middle Chinese: pjuwX

Rime
Character	不ふ
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲こえ)	幫 (1)
Final (韻いん)	尤ゆう (136)
Tone (調しらべ)	Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	方ほう久ひさ切きり
Baxter	pjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/piu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw^X/
Li Rong	/piu^X/
Wang Li	/pĭəu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau²

Definitions

不ふ

^† Alternative form of 否いや (“negation and question particle”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fōu (fou¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄡ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fōu
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fou
  - Wade–Giles: fou¹
  - Yale: fōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
  - Palladius: фоу (fou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /foʊ̯⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: pjuw

Rime
Character	不ふ
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲こえ)	幫 (1)
Final (韻いん)	尤ゆう (136)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	甫はじめ鳩ばと切きり
Baxter	pjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/piu/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw/
Li Rong	/piu/
Wang Li	/pĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pə/

(Zhengzhang): /*pɯ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	不ふ
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bù
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*pə/
English	not
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.