Guanzhong dialect

Guanzhong dialect
Xi'anese
西安しーあん話ばなし Xǐ'ngǎnhuā
Native to	China
Region	Guanzhong, Shaanxi
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Mandarin Central Plains Guanzhong dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	xian1253

The Guanzhong dialect (simplified Chinese: 关中话; traditional Chinese: 關せき中ちゅう話はなし; pinyin: Guānzhōnghuà) is a dialect of Central Plains Mandarin spoken in Shaanxi's Guanzhong region, including the prefecture-level capital city of Xi'an. Since the speech of Xi'an is considered the prototypical Guanzhong speech, the Guanzhong dialect is sometimes referred to as Xi'anese (simplified Chinese: 陕西话; traditional Chinese: 陝西せんせい話ばなし; pinyin: Shǎnxīhuà or simplified Chinese: 西安しーあん话; traditional Chinese: 西安しーあん話ばなし; pinyin: Xī'ānhuà).

The varieties spoken in northern and southern Shaanxi differ from that of Guanzhong, such as that of Hanzhong, which is a Southwestern Mandarin lect, more closely related to Sichuanese.

In general, the Guanzhong dialect can be classified into two sub-dialects: the Xifu dialect (西府にしふ话; 西府にしふ話ばなし), or the 'dialect of the western prefectures', which is spoken in the west of Xi'an, in Baoji of Shaanxi Province; Tianshui, Qingyang, Pingliang, Longnan of Gansu Province; and south of Guyuan of Ningxia Province, and the Dongfu dialect (东府话; 東ひがし府ふ話はなし), or the 'dialect of the eastern prefectures', spoken in Xi'an, Weinan, Tongchuan, Xianyang and Shangluo of Shaanxi Province.

Due to the prevalence of Standard Mandarin in urban areas such as Xi'an, the younger generations tend to speak Standard Mandarin or Guanzhong-accented Standard Mandarin. Due to the lexical and grammatical similarities between Northern Mandarin varieties, attrition of these dialects is more serious. Authorities have moved in to document the local dialects to preserve them.

Although Xi'an was established by the 11^th century BCE, the modern Mandarin dialect spoken likely has very little relation to Zhou, Qin, or Han Dynasty speech, as Old Mandarin originated in the Yuan Dynasty. A recorded 73.5% of young people in Xi'an city can proficiently utilise the dialect. The remainder of this article describes the urban variety of Xi'an.

Phonology

Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and should not be used as a generalization of all of Guanzhong.

Like other Mandarin dialects, Xi'anese is tonal has a strict CGVN syllable structure. The following is an outline of phonemes as seen in the speech of younger speakers, with romanization adapted from Hanyu Pinyin.

Initials

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩			ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	Aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩			kʰ ⟨k⟩
	Unaspirated	p ⟨b⟩	t ⟨d⟩			k ⟨g⟩
Affricate	Aspirated		tsʰ ⟨c⟩	tʂʰ ⟨ch⟩	tɕʰ ⟨q⟩
	Unaspirated		ts ⟨z⟩	tʂʰ ⟨zh⟩	tɕʰ ⟨j⟩
Fricative	Voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʂ ⟨sh⟩	ɕ ⟨x⟩	x ⟨h⟩
	Voiced	v ⟨v⟩		ʐ ⟨r⟩

Older speakers may also have a pair of labiodental affricates /pf pfʰ/.

Finals

Glide / Nucleus	∅		ɑ	ɛ	ɤ	o	ei	ɑu	ou	ẽ	æ̃	əŋ	ɑŋ
∅	ɿ ⟨i⟩	ʅ ⟨i⟩	ɑ ⟨a⟩	ɛ ⟨ai⟩	ɤ ⟨e⟩	o ⟨o⟩	ei ⟨ei⟩	ɑu ⟨au⟩	ou ⟨ou⟩	ẽ ⟨en⟩	æ̃ ⟨an⟩	əŋ ⟨eng⟩	ɑŋ ⟨ang⟩
i	i ⟨i⟩		iɑ ⟨ia⟩	iɛ ⟨ie⟩				iɑu ⟨iao⟩	iou ⟨iu⟩	iẽ ⟨in⟩	iæ̃ ⟨ian⟩	iŋ ⟨ing⟩	iɑŋ ⟨iang⟩
u	u ⟨u⟩		uɑ ⟨ua⟩	uɛ ⟨uai⟩		uo ⟨uo⟩	uei ⟨ui⟩			uẽ ⟨un⟩	uæ̃ ⟨uan⟩	uŋ ⟨ung⟩	uɑŋ ⟨uang⟩
y	y ⟨ü⟩			yɛ ⟨üe⟩		yo ⟨üo⟩				yẽ ⟨ün⟩	yæ̃ ⟨üan⟩	yŋ ⟨üng⟩

Some older speakers may have an irregular /ɯ/ rime for some words with the /ɤ/ (e) final.

Erhua

Erhua in Xi'an's local variety is rhotic. All rimes have the potential to undergo erhua aside from er and /ɯ/. Note that, as per Sinological IPA, /r/ refers to an approximant [ɹ ~ ɻ].

Plain rime	Erhua rime
i (/ɿ ʅ/), ei, en, eng	/ər/
i (/i/), in, ing	/iər/
u, ui, uen, ung	/uər/
ü, üen, üng	/yər/
a, ai, an, ang	/ɑr/
ia, ian, iang	/iɑr/
uo, uai, uan, uang	/uɑr/
üan	/yɑr/
ie	/iɛr/
üe	/yɛr/
e	/ɤr/
o	/or/
uo	/uor/
üo	/yor/
au	/ɑur/
iau	/iɑr/
ou	/our/
iu	/iour/

Tones

The speech of Xi'an has four tones and one neutral tone. It also has tone sandhi system.

Traditional name	Tone value	Diacritic
Dark level	21 /˨˩/	caron (ǎ)
Light level	24 /˨˦/	acute (á)
Rising	53 /˥˧/	grave (à)
Departing	44 /˦/	macron (ā)

Like many other Northern Mandarin varieties, the variety lacks a checked tone, and instead distributes it regularly in its other tone categories.

Right-prominent sandhi

Two syllables with dark level tones spoken in succession results in the prior's tone mutating into 24 /˨˦/.

Term	Pinyin	IPA	Gloss
開花かいか	kěhuǎ → kéhuǎ	kʰɛ˨˩꜕꜓ xua˨˩	'to blossom'
東北とうほく	dǒngběi → dóngběi	tuŋ˨˩꜕꜓ pei˨˩	'northeast'

Two syllables with rising tones spoken in succession or a rising tone followed by a neutral tone results in the prior's tone mutating into 21 /˨˩/.

Term	Pinyin	IPA	Gloss
手て錶	shòubiào → shǒubiào	ʂou˥˧꜕꜖ piau˥˧	'wristwatch'
保險ほけん	bàoxiàn → bǎoxiàn	pau˥˧꜕꜖ ɕiæ̃˥˧	'insurance'
老ろう虎とら	làohu → lǎohu	lau˥˧꜕꜖ xu	'tiger'

Erhua sandhi

A departing tone that has an erhua suffix is realised as 53 /˥˧/.

Term	Pinyin	IPA	Gloss
鏡かがみ兒じ	jīngr → jìngr	tɕiŋr˦꜒꜔	'mirror'
一半いっぱん兒じ	yǐpānr → yǐpànr	i˨˩ pæ̃r˦꜒꜔	'half'

Certain tones, in syllables that are reduplicated and with erhua applied, undergo sandhi on the second syllable. The dark level and rising tones both is realised as 24 /˨˦/ and the departing tone becomes 53 /˥˧/.

Term	Pinyin	IPA	Gloss
輕輕けいけい兒じ	qǐngqǐngr → qǐngqíngr	tɕʰiŋ˨˩ tɕʰiŋr˨˩꜕꜓	'light'
短たん短たん兒じ	duànduànr → duànduánr	tuæ̃˥˧ tuæ̃˥˧꜕꜓	'short'
大だい大だい兒じ	dādār → dādàr	ta˦ tar˦꜒꜔	'large'

Internal differences

Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and is largely irrelevant to other lect areas.

The speech in all districts of Xi'an except for Yanliang is often considered part of Xi'an's urban variety. This lect, like other Sinitic languages, shows differences between urban and suburban dialects. Generational differences are also present.

Regional differences

The varieties in suburban parts of Xi'an have certain phonological differences to that of the urban center.

The urban alveolar plosives /t tʰ/, when followed by /i/, palatalize in some parts of Baqiao District.

	Urban	Dizhai Subdistrict	Gloss
掂	tiæ̃˨˩	tɕiæ̃˨˩	'to take'
地ち	ti˦	tɕi˦	'ground'

In Dizhai, the labiodental affricates /pf pfʰ/ are realised as /tsʮ tsʰʮ/.

	Urban (Old)	Dizhai Subdistrict	Gloss
豬	pfu˨˩	tsʮ˨˩	'pig'
出で	pfʰʮ˨˩	tsʰʮ˨˩	'to go out'

In many parts of suburban Xi'an, the /i/ vowel breaks into /ei/ after labiodental fricatives /f v/.

Generational differences

The speech of the youth shows clear influence from Standard Mandarin. The two most noticeable differences are as follows:

Young people's speech merges the labiodental /pf pfʰ f v/ initials with the retroflex /tʂ tʂʰ ʂ ʐ/ series in certain situations.

	Old	New	Beijing	Gloss
豬	pfu˨˩	tʂu˨˩	zhū	'pig'
穿ほじ	pfʰæ̃˨˩	tʂʰuæ̃˨˩	chuān	'to wear'
書しょ	fu˨˩	ʂu˨˩	shū	'book'
軟	væ̃˥˧	ʐæ̃˥˧	ruǎn	'soft'

Young people's speech breaks the /i/ vowel after labiodental fricatives /f v/.

	Old	New	Beijing	Gloss
肥こえ	fi˨˦	fei˨˦	féi	'fat'
味あじ	vi˦	vei˦	wèi	'flavor'

Religious differences

The Muslim Hui people differ from the speech of the Han Chinese primarily in terms of vocabulary. These differences can be seen in, for instance, familial terms and terminology from the Qur'an.

See also

• Qinqiang

References

• Kurparska, Maria (2010) [1977], Chinese Language(s) : A Look Through the Prism of The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110219142, OCLC 733240264, retrieved 20 November 2014