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Xiangxiang dialect

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Xiangxiang dialect
湘乡话
Native toChina
RegionXiangxiang, Hunan province
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Xiangxiang dialect (Chinese: 湘乡话; pinyin: Xiāngxiānghuà) is a dialect of Xiang Chinese, spoken in Xiangxiang, Hunan province, China. It is part of a group of dialects called the Central Xiang dialects.[1]

Geographic distribution

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The linguistic maps below are derived from the Digital Language Atlas of China,[2] which is derived from the Language Atlas of China,[3] the first atlas to comprehensively catalog and chart the distribution of Chinese dialects.[4] This atlas refers to the two main dialects in Xiangxiang City and its surroundings as Changyi (长益片へん / 長ちょう益えき片へん) and Loushao (娄邵片へん / 婁邵片へん).

The division of Xiang into New Xiang and Old Xiang was introduced by Yuan Jiahua,[5] but has been superseded by the Language Atlas of China classifications.[6]

Dialect map of Hunan Province according to the Language Atlas of China[2]

Dialects of Hunan Province

The Language Atlas of China serves as the starting point for many efforts to further detail, map and classify Xiang dialects, including the many studies of Bao Houxing and Chen Hui.[7][8]

Dialect map of Hunan Province according to Chen and Bao (2007)[9]

Hunan Dialects per Chen and Bao

Linguistic map of Xianxiang City and surrounding counties[3]

Linguistic map of Xiangxiang City and surrounding counties

Sample Locations of Xiangxiang Dialect Studies[1][3][10][11]

Sample Locations of Xiangxiang Dialect Studies

History and strategic value

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The Xiang dialect group forms a transitional zone between northern and southern Chinese dialects.[5]

Prehistorically, the main inhabitants were Ba, Nanman, Baiyue and other tribes whose languages cannot be studied. During the Warring States Period, large numbers of Chu migrated into Hunan. Their language blended with that of the original natives to produce a new dialect Nanchu (Southern Chu). The culture of Xiangxiang at the center of Hunan is considered to be mainly Chu. The language of Shaoshan, Loudi, Shuangfeng and Xiangxiang (Old Xiang) is considered as originating from a synthesis of Chu and the languages of original natives.[12]

Migrations into Hunan can be divided into three periods . Before the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, migrants came mainly from the North. Between the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and the Ming dynasty, migrants came mainly from Jiangxi. In the early Ming dynasty, large numbers of migrants came from Jiangxi and settled in present day Yueyang, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, and Hengyang districts. Migrants from Jiangxi concentrated mainly in southeastern Hunan and present day Shaoyang and Xinhua districts. They came for two reasons: the first is that Jiangxi became too crowded and its people sought expansion. The second is that Hunan suffered greatly during the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty, when there was mass slaughter,[1] and needed to replenish its population. After the middle of the Ming dynasty, migration gradually became more diverse and economically and commercially motivated. Migrants who came from the North settled mainly in northern Hunan followed by western Hunan. For this reason northern and western Hunan are Mandarin districts.[12]

Phonology

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Comparison with Standard Chinese

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Comparison of Xiangxiang Area Loushao and Changyi Dialects with Standard Chinese
Feature Standard Chinese Xiangxiang Locations Ninxiang Location
Dictionary[13] Chao[14] Chengguan[1] Yueshan[11] Jinsou[10] Baitian[10] Huitang[10]
Consonants
and Initials 		21 23 29 28 24 26 24
Vowels
and Finals 		35 37 37 38 42 37 38
Tones 4 4 7 5 6 6 6

General

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These phonetic charts use IPA phonetic symbols with the addition of curly-tail alveolo-palatal symbols[15] and follow the format set forth by Chao.[14]

Consonants

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Consonants of the Xiangxiang dialect[1]
  bilabial alveolar denti-alveolar alveolo-palatal retroflex velar
nasal m n   ȵ   ŋ
plosives voiced b d       ɡ
voiceless unaspirated p t       k
voiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ       kʰ
fricatives voiced           ɣ
voiceless     s ɕ ʂ x
affricates voiced     dz dʑ dʐ  
voiceless unaspirated     ts tɕ tʂ  
voiceless aspirated     tsʰ tɕʰ tʂʰ  
lateral approximants   l        

Tones

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Phonemically, Xiangxiang dialect has seven tones.[1]

Tone chart of the Xiangxiang dialect
Tone number Tone name Tone contour Description
1 yin ping (陰平かげひら) ˥ (55) high
2 yang ping (陽平ようへい) ˩˧ (13) extra low rising
2' ci yang ping (次つぎ陽平ようへい) ˨˧ (23) low rising
3 shang sheng (上聲じょうせい) ˨˩ (21) low
5 yin qu (陰かげ去さ) ˦˥ (45) high rising
5' ci yin qu (次じ陰かげ去さ) ˧˥ (35) high rising
6 yang qu (陽ひ去さ) ˧ (33) mid

Jinsou Town[10]

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Consonants

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Consonants of the Xiangxiang dialect, Jinsou Town
  bilabial alveolar denti-alveolar alveolo-palatal retroflex velar Laryngeal
nasal m n   ȵ   ŋ  
plosives voiced b d       ɡ  
voiceless unaspirated p t       k Ø
油あぶら
voiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ       kʰ  
fricatives voiced           ɣ  
voiceless     s ɕ ʂ   x
affricates voiced     dz dʑ dʐ    
voiceless unaspirated     ts tɕ tʂ    
voiceless aspirated     tsʰ tɕʰ tʂʰ  
lateral approximants   l          

Yueshan Town

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Tones

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Tone chart of the Xiangxiang dialect, Yueshan Town[11]
Tone number Tone name Tone contour Description
1 yin ping (陰平かげひら) ˥ (55) high
2 yang ping (陽平ようへい) ˩˧ (13) low rising
3 shang sheng (上聲じょうせい) ˨˩ (21) low
4 yin qu (陰かげ去さ) ˦˥ (45) high rising
5 yang qu (陽ひ去さ) ˨ (22) mid

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Coblin, W. South (2011). Comparative Phonology of the Central Xiāng Dialects. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN 978-986-02-9803-1.
  2. ^ a b Crissman, Lawrence W. (23 November 2012). "Digital Language Atlas of China". Harvard Dataverse. doi:10.7910/DVN/OHYYXH. hdl:1902.1/18939. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. ^ a b c Lavely, William; Berman, Lex (18 October 2012). "Language Atlas of China". Harvard Dataverse. doi:10.7910/DVN/QPUONU. hdl:1902.1/19004. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ Cao, Zhiyun; Liu, Xiaohai (14 December 2012). "The Introduction of Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects". Papers from the First International Conference on Asian Geolinguistics: 141–151. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  5. ^ a b Wu, Yunji (2011). A Synchronic and Diachronic Study of the Grammar of the Chinese Xiang Dialects. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-018366-5.
  6. ^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Languages: A Look Through the Prism of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  7. ^ Bao, Houxing 鲍厚星ぼし; Chen, Hui 陈晖 (2005). "Xiāngyǔ de fēnqū (gǎo)" 湘语的てき分ぶん区く(稿こう) [The Classification of Xiang Group]. Fāngyán 方言ほうげん (in Chinese). 2005 (3): 261–270.
  8. ^ Li, Kang-cheng 李り康かん澄きよし (2014). "Jìn 30 nián Húnán Hànyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū shùpíng" 近きん30年ねん湖南こなん汉语方言ほうげん比ひ较研究けんきゅう述じゅつ评 [Comparative Study Reviews of Chinese Dialects in Hunan in Recent Thirty Years]. Húnán Kējì Dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 湖南こなん科技かぎ大学だいがく学がく报（社会しゃかい科学かがく版ばん） (in Chinese). 17 (4): 136–143. doi:10.13582/j.cnki.1672-7835.2014.04.022.
  9. ^ Chen, Hui 陈晖; Bao, Houxing 鲍厚星ぼし (2007). "Húnán Shěng de Hànyǔ fāngyán (gǎo)" 湖南こなん省しょう的てき汉语方言ほうげん(稿こう). Fāngyán 方言ほうげん (in Chinese). 2007 (3): 250–259.
  10. ^ a b c d e Wen, Dan 文ぶん丹に (2004). Húnán Níngxiāng yǔ Xiāngxiāng biānjiè dōng duàn de fāngyán zhuàngkuàng 湖南こなん宁乡与湘乡边界东段的てき方言ほうげん状じょう况 (in Chinese). Changsha, China: Hunan Normal University. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Nakajima, Motoki 中嶋なかじま 幹みき起おこり (1990). Shōhōgen chōsa hōkoku-ka saku 湘方言ほうげん調査ちょうさ報告ほうこく下か冊さつ [Report on Xiang Dialects Part 2] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo. hdl:10108/81503. ISBN 4-87297-025-X.
  12. ^ a b Jiang, Junfeng (2006). A Phonological Study of Xiangxiang Dialect (PhD thesis). Hunan Normal University.
  13. ^ Xiàndài Hànyǔ cídiǎn 现代汉语词典 (in Chinese) (6th ed.). Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan. 2012. ISBN 978-7-100-08467-3.
  14. ^ a b Chao, Yuen Ren (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-00219-9.
  15. ^ Cook, Richard S. Jr. (2000). "On the Status of the Curly-Tail Alveolo-Palatal (舌した面前めんぜん) Symbols [ȶ, ȡ, ȴ, ȵ, ɕ, ʑ]" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2018 – via stedt.berkeley.edu.

Bibliography

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Categories

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