Quanzhou dialects
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Quanzhou | |
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Pronunciation | [tsuan˨ tsiu˧ ue˦˩] |
Native to | China, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar. |
Region | city of Quanzhou, Southern Fujian province |
Native speakers | over 7 million (2008)[1] |
Early forms | |
Han characters | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | chae1235 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jd > 79-AAA-jdb |
![]() Quanzhou dialect |
The Quanzhou dialects (simplified Chinese:
Classification
[edit]The Quanzhou dialects are classified as Hokkien, a group of Southern Min varieties.[6] In Fujian, the Quanzhou dialects form the northern subgroup (
Cultural role
[edit]Before the 19th century, the dialect of Quanzhou proper was the representative dialect of Southern Min in Fujian because of Quanzhou's historical and economic prominence, but as Xiamen developed into the political, economic and cultural center of southern Fujian, the Amoy dialect gradually took the place of the Quanzhou dialect as the representative dialect.[10][11] However, the Quanzhou dialect is still considered to be the standard dialect for Liyuan opera and nanyin music.[10][12]
Phonology
[edit]This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Quanzhou, specifically in Licheng District.
Initials
[edit]There are 14 phonemic initials, including the zero initial (not included below):[13]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | /p/ 边 / |
/t/ |
/ts/ |
/k/ |
|
aspirated | /pʰ/ |
/tʰ/ |
/tsʰ/ |
/kʰ/ 气 / |
||
voiced | /b/ |
/ɡ/ 语 / |
||||
Fricative | /s/ 时 / |
/h/ | ||||
Lateral | /l/ |
When the rhyme is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /ɡ/ are realized as the nasal stops [m], [n] and [ŋ], respectively.[13]
The inventory of initial consonants in the Quanzhou dialect is identical to the Amoy dialect and almost identical to the Zhangzhou dialect. The Quanzhou dialect is missing the phoneme /dz/ found in the Zhangzhou dialect due to a merger of /dz/ into /l/.[14] The distinction between /dz/ (
Rimes
[edit]There are 87 rimes:[13][18][19]
/a/ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | /ə/ | /e/ | /ɯ/ | /ai/ | /au/ | ||
/i/ | /ia/ | /io/ | /iu/ | /iau/ | |||||
/u/ | /ua/ | /ue/ | /ui/ | /uai/ |
/m̩/ | /am/ | /əm/ | /an/ | /ŋ̍/ | /aŋ/ | /ɔŋ/ | |
/im/ | /iam/ | /in/ | /ian/ | /iŋ/ | /iaŋ/ | /iɔŋ/ | |
/un/ | /uan/ | /uaŋ/ |
/ã/ | /ɔ̃/ | /ẽ/ | /ãi/ | |||
/ĩ/ | /iã/ | /iũ/ | /iãu/ | |||
/uã/ | /uĩ/ | /uãi/ |
/ap/ | /at/ | /ak/ | /ɔk/ | /aʔ/ | /ɔʔ/ | /oʔ/ | /əʔ/ | /eʔ/ | /ɯʔ/ | /auʔ/ | /m̩ʔ/ | /ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ãʔ/ | /ɔ̃ʔ/ | /ẽʔ/ | /ãiʔ/ | /ãuʔ/ | ||||||
/ip/ | /iap/ | /it/ | /iat/ | /iak/ | /iɔk/ | /iʔ/ | /iaʔ/ | /ioʔ/ | /iauʔ/ | /iuʔ/ | /ĩʔ/ | /iãʔ/ | /iũʔ/ | /iãuʔ/ | |||||||||
/ut/ | /uat/ | /uʔ/ | /uaʔ/ | /ueʔ/ | /uiʔ/ | /uĩʔ/ | /uãiʔ/ |
The actual pronunciation of the vowel /ə/ has a wider opening,[dubious – discuss] approaching [ɤ].[13] For some speakers, especially younger ones, the vowel /ə/ is often realized as [e], e.g. pronouncing 飞 /
Tones
[edit]For single syllables, there are seven tones:[13][20]
Name | Tone letter | Description |
---|---|---|
yin level (阴平; |
˧ (33) | mid level |
yang level (阳平; |
˨˦ (24) | rising |
yin rising (阴上; |
˥˥˦ (554) | high level |
yang rising (阳上; |
˨ (22) | low level |
departing ( |
˦˩ (41) | falling |
yin entering (阴入; |
˥ (5) | high |
yang entering (阳入; |
˨˦ (24) | rising |
In addition to these tones, there is also a neutral tone.[13]
Tone sandhi
[edit]As with other dialects of Hokkien, the tone sandhi rules are applied to every syllable but the final syllable in an utterance. The following is a summary of the rules:[21]
- The yin level (33) and yang rising (22) tones do not undergo tone sandhi.
- The yang level and entering tones (24) are pronounced as the yang rising tone (22).
- The yin rising tone (554) is pronounced as the yang level tone (24).
- The departing tone (41) depends on the voicing of the initial consonant in Middle Chinese:
- If the Middle Chinese initial consonant is voiceless, it is pronounced as the yin rising tone (554).
- If the Middle Chinese initial consonant is voiced, it is pronounced as the yang rising tone (22).
- The yin entering (5) depends on the final consonant:
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lin 2008, p. 8.
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Douglas 1873, p. xvii.
- ^ Zhou 2012, p. 111.
- ^ Huang 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Ding 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Cheng 1999, p. 241.
- ^ a b c Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 2000, overview.
- ^ Lin 2008, p. 9.
- ^ Huang 1998, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d e f Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 2000, ch. 1, sec. 1.
- ^ a b c Zhou 2006, introduction, p. 15.
- ^ Du 2013, p. 142.
- ^ Douglas 1873, p. 610.
- ^ Van der Loon, Piet (1967). "The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2" (PDF). Asia Major. New Series. 13: 113.
- ^ Zhou 2006, introduction, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Lin 2008, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Zhou 2006, introduction, p. 17.
- ^ Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 2000, ch. 1, sec. 2.
Sources
[edit]- Cheng, Chin-Chuan (1999). "Quantitative Studies in Min Dialects". In Ting, Pang-Hsin (ed.). Contemporary Studies in Min Dialects. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 14. Chinese University Press, Project on Linguistic Analysis. pp. 229–246. JSTOR 23833469.
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders. Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
- Douglas, Rev. Carstairs (1873). Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner & Co.
- Du, Xiao-ping (2013). 从《厦英
大 辞典 》看 泉州 方言 语音100多 年来 的 演 变 [The Phonetic Changes of Quanzhou Dialect in the Recent 100 Years from the Perspective of Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy]. Journal of Huaqiao University (Philosophy & Social Sciences) (in Chinese) (4): 141–145. - Huang, Diancheng, ed. (1998).
福建 省 志 ·方言 志 (in Chinese). Beijing:方言 出版 社 . ISBN 7-80122-279-2. Archived from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2018-03-16. - Lin, Huadong (2008).
泉州 方言 研究 (in Chinese). Xiamen: Xiamen University Press. ISBN 9787561530030. - Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (2000).
泉州 市 志 [Quanzhou Annals] (in Chinese). Vol. 50:方言 . Beijing: China Society Science Publishing House. ISBN 7-5004-2700-X. - Zhou, Changji [in Chinese], ed. (2006). 闽南
方言 大 词典 (in Chinese). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-211-03896-9. - Zhou, Changji (2012). B1—15、16 闽语.
中国 语言地 图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言 卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
External links
[edit]當代 泉州 音 字彙 , a dictionary of Quanzhou speech