Jiangshan dialect

Jiangshan dialect
江山えやま話はなし
Native to	China
Region	Jiangshan city, Quzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province
Native speakers	(undated figure of 500,000–600,000)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Wu Chuqu Jiangshan dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	long1386  Jiangshan

The Jiangshan dialect (江山えやま話はなし) is a Southern Wu dialect, closely related to that of Quzhou. It is spoken in Jiangshan, a city in Quzhou prefecture, China.

Phonology

Initials

		Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m 馬うま	n 腦のう		ŋ 我わが
Plosive	tenuis	p 巴ともえ	t 豬		k 姜きょう
	aspirated	pʰ 怕	tʰ 聽		kʰ 氣き
	slack voice	b̥ 爬	d̥ 同どう		ɡ̊ 群ぐん
Affricate	tenuis		ts 再さい	tɕ 朱しゅ
	aspirated		tsʰ 寸すん	tɕʰ 唱
	slack voice		d̥z̥ 茶ちゃ	d̥ʑ̊ 傳つて
Fricative	tenuis	f 夫おっと	s 山やま	ɕ 心しん		h 曉あかつき
	slack voice	v̥ 浮	z̥ 事こと	ʑ̊ 樹き		ɦ 雲くも
Approximant			l 李り

Finals

耳みみ [ør]	衣ころも [ɦi]	无 [vu]	雨あめ [ɦy]	之これ [tsɿ]
拉ひしげ [lɑ]	家いえ [kiɑ]	瓦かわら [ŋuɑ]
鞋 [ɦæ]	也 [ɦiæ]	快こころよ [kʰuæ]
天てん [tʰiɛ̃]		全ちょん [ʑyɛ̃]
开 [kʰe]		会かい [kue]
哥 [ko]
包つつみ [pɐɯ]	表ひょう [piɐɯ]
楼ろう [lɯ]	秋あき [tɕʰiɯ]
三さん [sã]	香こう [hiã]	关 [kuã]
干ひ [kɔ̃]	状じょう [ʑiɔ̃]
盘 [bɐ̃]	官かん [kuɐ̃]
门 [mõ]	穷 [ɡiõ]
齿 [tsʰɿə]	鱼 [ŋɯə]
金きむ [kœ̃]		森もり [ɕyœ̃]
京きょう [kĩ]		春はる [tɕʰỹ]
八はち [paʔ]	学がく [ɦiaʔ]	扩 [kʰuaʔ]
笔 [pœʔ]		十じゅう [ʑyœʔ]
日ひ [nəʔ]	习 [ʑiɛʔ]		越こし [ɦyɛʔ]
月つき [ŋoʔ]	肉にく [ʑioʔ]
合ごう [kɔʔ]		肉にく [ŋyɔʔ]

Tones

The Jiangshan dialect is considered to have eight tones. However, since tone split from Middle Chinese, each character still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant. These constitute just three phonemic tones: pin, shang, and qu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless, as their distinctiveness lies in a final glottal stop.)

Tone chart of Jiangshan dialect

Number	Tone name	Tone contour	Examples
1	陰平かげひら yīn píng	˦ (44)	天空てんくう飛とび山さん
2	陽平ようへい yáng píng	˨˧˩ (231)	南みなみ來らい田た皮がわ
3	陰かげ上じょう yīn shàng	˧˨˦ (324)	紙かみ九きゅう火口かこう
4	陽ひ上じょう yang shàng	˨ (22)	坐すわ買かい有ゆう被ひ
5	陰かげ去さ yīn qù	˥˩ (51)	菜さい四よん送おく去ざ
6	陽ひ去さ yáng qù	˧˩ (31)	備洞路ろ硬かた
7	陰かげ入にゅう yīn rù	˦˥ʔ (45)	七なな雪ゆき踢客
8	陽ひ入にゅう yáng rù	˩˨ʔ (12)	六ろく肉にく白はく獨どく