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Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the dialect spoken in Beijing urban area, see Beijing dialect.
Beijing Mandarin
Beijingese
北京ぺきん官話かんわ / 北京ぺきん官かん话
Běijīng Guānhuà
PronunciationBeijing dialect: [pèɪtɕíŋ kwánxwâ]
RegionBeijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Tianjin
Native speakers
27 million (2004)[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
ISO 639-6bjgh
cmn-bei
Glottologbeij1235  Beijingic
Linguasphere79-AAA-bb

In Chinese dialectology, Beijing Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 北京ぺきん官かん话; traditional Chinese: 北京ぺきん官話かんわ; pinyin: Běijīng Guānhuà) refers to a major branch of Mandarin Chinese recognized by the Language Atlas of China, encompassing a number of dialects spoken in areas of Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Tianjin,[1] the most important of which is the Beijing dialect, which provides the phonological basis for Standard Chinese. Both Beijing Mandarin and its Beijing dialect are also called Beijingese.

Classification

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See also: Mandarin Chinese § Classification

Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin were proposed by Chinese linguist Li Rong as two separate branches of Mandarin in the 1980s.[2] In Li's 1985 paper, he suggested using tonal reflexes of Middle Chinese checked tone characters as the criterion for classifying Mandarin dialects.[3] In this paper, he used the term "Beijing Mandarin" (北京ぺきん官かん话) to refer the dialect group in which checked tone characters with a voiceless initial have dark level, light level, rising and departing tone reflexes.[3] He chose the name Beijing Mandarin as this Mandarin group is approximate to the Beijing dialect.[4]

He subsequently proposed a split of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin in 1987, listing the following as reasons:[5][6]

  • Checked-tone characters with voiceless initials in Middle Chinese are far more commonly distributed into the rising tone category in Northeastern Mandarin than in Beijing Mandarin;
  • The tonal value of the dark level tone is lower in Northeastern Mandarin than that in Beijing Mandarin;
  • Generally, the 日にち initial of Middle Chinese developed into a modern non-null initial in Beijing Mandarin and a modern null initial in Northeastern Mandarin.

The 2012 edition of Language Atlas of China added one more method for distinguishing Beijing Mandarin from Northeastern Mandarin:[7]

Meanwhile, there are some scholars who regard Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as a single division of Mandarin. Lin (1987) noticed the phonological similarity between Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.[8] Zhang (2010) suggested that the criteria for the division of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as top-level Mandarin groups are inconsistent with the criterion for the division of other top-level Mandarin groups.[9]

Subdivisions

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Beijing Mandarin is classified into the following subdivisions in the 2012 edition of Language Atlas of China:[10]

  • Jīng–Chéng (京きょう承うけたまわ)
    • Jīngshī (京きょう师; 京師けいし), including the urban area and some inner suburbs of Beijing.
    • Huái–Chéng (怀承; 懷なつけ承うけたまわ), including some suburbs of Beijing, parts of Langfang, most parts of Chengde, Wuqing and Duolun.
  • Cháo–Fēng (朝ちょう峰ほう), an area between the Huái–Chéng cluster and the Northeastern Mandarin, covering the cities of Chaoyang and Chifeng. This subgroup has characteristics intermediate of those of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.[11]

Per the 2012 edition of Atlas, these subgroups are distinguished by the following features:[1]

  • Jīng–Chéng subgroup has a high dark level tone, and the Cháo–Fēng subgroup a relatively low one;
  • Within the Jīng–Chéng subgroup, dialects in the Huái–Chéng cluster append an /n/ or /ŋ/ initial to kaikou hu characters with 影かげ, 疑うたぐ, 云うん and 以 initials in Middle Chinese, while an initial is absent in the Jīngshī cluster.

Compared with the first edition (1987), the second edition (2012) of the Atlas demoted Jīngshī and Huái–Chéng subgroups to clusters of a new Jīng–Chéng subgroup. Shí–Kè (石いし克かつ) or Běijiāng (北きた疆) subgroup (including the cities of Shihezi and Karamay), listed as a subgroup of Beijing Mandarin in the 1987 edition, is re-allocated to a Běijiāng (北きた疆) subgroup of Lanyin Mandarin and a Nánjiāng (南みなみ疆) subgroup of Central Plains Mandarin. The Cháo–Fēng subgroup covers a greater area in the 2012 edition.[12]

Phonological features

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Initials

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With regard to initials, the reflexes of kaikou hu syllables with any of the 影かげ, 疑うたぐ, 云うん and 以 initials in Middle Chinese differ amongst the subgroups: a null initial is found in the Jīngshī cluster, while /n/ or /ŋ/ initials are often present in the Huái–Chéng cluster and the Cháo–Fēng subgroup.[1][13]

Initial in Middle Chinese ► *ŋ *ŋ *ʔ *ʔ *ʔ
Subdivision Location 鹅 昂のぼる 爱 矮 袄
Jingshi Beijing ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
Huai–Cheng Chengde[14] n n n n n
Chao–Feng Chifeng[15]
(old-style) 		ŋ ∅ ∅ ŋ n

Dental and retroflex sibilants are distinct phonemes in Beijing Mandarin.[5] This is contrary to Northeastern Mandarin, in which the two categories are either in free variation or merged into a single type of sibilants.[5]

Tones

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In both Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin, the checked tone of Middle Chinese has completely dissolved and is distributed irregularly[16] among the remaining tones.[17] However, Beijing Mandarin has significantly fewer rising-tone characters with a checked-tone origin, compared with Northeastern Mandarin.[18]

Subdivision Location 戳 福ぶく 质 [19]
Beijing Mandarin Beijing dark level light level departing
Northeastern Mandarin Harbin rising rising rising

The Cháo–Fēng subgroup generally has a lower tonal value for the dark level tone.[1]

Tones of Beijing Mandarin dialects
Subdivision Location Dark level Light level Rising Departing Ref.
Jingshi Beijing ˥ (55) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˦ (214) ˥˩ (51) [20]
Huai–Cheng Chengde ˥ (55) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˦ (214) ˥˩ (51) [20]
Chao–Feng Chifeng ˦ (44) ˧˧˥ (335) ˨˩˧ (213) ˥˧ (53) [21]
Xingcheng ˦ (44) ˧˥ (35) ˨˩˧ (213) ˥˩ (51) [21]
Taiwanese Taipei ˦ (44) ˧˨˧ (323) ˧˩˨ (312) ˥˨ (52) [22]
Taichung ˦ (33) ˧˨˨ (322) ˧˩ (31) ˦˨ (32) [23]

Lexical features

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The Cháo–Fēng subgroup has more words in common with that of Northeastern Mandarin.[11]

this place to envy to deceive to show off;
to brag 		dirty to do
MSC 这地方ちほう 嫉妒 骗人 炫耀 脏 搞
Chao–Feng 这圪垯 眼め气 忽ゆるがせ悠ゆう 得とく瑟 埋うめ汰 整せい

The intensifier 老ろう is also used in the Cháo–Fēng subgroup.[11]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 42.
  2. ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 41.
  3. ^ a b Li (1985), p. 3, 4.
  4. ^ Li (1989), p. 247.
  5. ^ a b c Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 40.
  6. ^ Li (1989), p. 246.
  7. ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 35, 40, 41.
  8. ^ Lin (1987), p. 166–167.
  9. ^ Zhang (2010), p. 45.
  10. ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 42 - 43.
  11. ^ a b c Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 37.
  12. ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), p. 11.
  13. ^ Hou (2002), p. 18.
  14. ^ There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. (Zhang 2010, p. 79)
  15. ^ There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. (Zhang 2010, p. 79)
  16. ^ Zhang (2010), p. 180.
  17. ^ Hou (2002), p. 17.
  18. ^ Hou (2002), p. 19.
  19. ^ Referring to its checked-toned pronunciation, as in 质量.
  20. ^ a b Hou (2002), p. 38.
  21. ^ a b Zhang (2010), p. 33.
  22. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Fon, Yee-Jean (1999). "What Does Chao Have to Say about Tones? A Case Study of Taiwan Mandarin". AH.
    • 石いし, 鋒ほこさき; 鄧, 丹たん (2006). "普通ふつう話ばなし與あずか台灣たいわん國語こくご的てき語ご音おん對比たいひ" (PDF). 山高やまたか水みず長ちょう：丁ちょう邦くに新しん先生せんせい七なな秩壽慶けい論ろん文集ぶんしゅう: 371–393. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-19. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
    • Sanders, Robert (2008). "Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours" (PDF). Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). 1: 87–107.
  23. ^ 慧とし如(Khoo, Hui-lu) 許もと (2020). "「台だい中ちゅう腔」－台灣たいわん中部ちゅうぶ華はな語ご的てき聲調せいちょう特徵とくちょう及其成因せいいん初はつ探さがせ". Taiwan Journal of Linguistics. 18 (1): 115–157. doi:10.6519/TJL.202001_18(1).0004. ISSN 1729-4649.

References

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  • Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012), Zhōngguó Yǔyán Dìtú Jí 中国ちゅうごく语言地ち图集 [Language Atlas of China], vol. Hànyǔ Fāngyán Juàn 汉语方言ほうげん卷まき [Chinese dialects volume] (2nd ed.), Beijing: Commercial Press, ISBN 9787100070546
  • Hou, Jingyi (2002), Xiàndài Hànyǔ Fāngyán Gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论, Shanghai Educational Publishing House, ISBN 7-5320-8084-6
  • Li, Rong (1985), "Guānhuà Fāngyán de Fēnqū" 官かん话方言ほうげん的てき分ぶん区く, Fāngyán 方言ほうげん (1): 2–5, ISSN 0257-0203
  • Li, Rong (1989), "Hànyǔ Fāngyán de Fēnqū" 汉语方言ほうげん的てき分ぶん区く, Fāngyán 方言ほうげん (4): 241–259, ISSN 0257-0203
  • Lin, Tao (1987), "Běijīng Guānhuà Qū de Huàfēn" 北京ぺきん官かん话区的てき划分, Fāngyán 方言ほうげん (3): 166–172, ISSN 0257-0203
  • Zhang, Shifang (2010), Běijīng Guānhuà Yǔyīn Yánjiū 北京ぺきん官かん话语音おん研究けんきゅう, Beijing Language and Culture University Press, ISBN 978-7-5619-2775-5
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