Pinghua

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For other uses, see Pinghua (disambiguation).
Pinghua
平ひら话
Pinghua written in Chinese characters
Native toChina, Vietnam
EthnicityHan, Zhuang, San Chay
Native speakers
7+ million (2016)[1]
Dialects
  • Northern Pinghua
  • Southern Pinghua
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
cnp – Northern
csp – Southern
Glottologping1245  Northern and Southern
nort3268  Northern
sout3250  Southern
Linguasphere79-AAA-o
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese平話へいわ
Simplified Chinese平ひら话
Cantonese YalePìhng Wá
Hanyu PinyinPínghuà
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese廣西ひろせ平話へいわ
Simplified Chinese广西平ひら话
Cantonese YaleGwóngsāi Pìhng Wá
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxī Pínghuà
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
This article contains Chinese text and IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese and Unicode characters.

Pinghua[a] refers to various Sinitic language varieties spoken mainly in parts of Guangxi, with some speakers in Hunan. Pinghua is a trade language in some areas of Guangxi, spoken as a second language by speakers of Zhuang languages. Some speakers are officially classified as Zhuang, and many are genetically distinct from most other Han Chinese.[2] The northern subgroup is centered on Guilin and the southern subgroup around Nanning. The Southern dialect has several notable features such as having four distinct checked tones, and using various loanwords from the Zhuang languages, such as the final particle wei for imperative sentences.

Classification[edit]

Language surveys in Guangxi during the 1950s recorded varieties of Chinese that had been included in the Yue dialect group but were different from those in Guangdong. Pinghua was designated as a separate dialect group from Yue by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the 1980s[3]: 15  and since then has been treated as a separate dialect in textbooks and surveys.[4]

Since designation as a separate dialect group, Pinghua has been the focus of increased research. In 2008 a report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of research into Chinese varieties noted an increase in research papers and surveys of Pinghua, from 7 before the 1987 publication of the Language Atlas of China based on the revised classification, and about 156 between then and 2004.[5]

In the 1980s the number of speakers was listed as over 2 million;[3]: 21  and by 2016 as 7 million.[6]

Dialects[edit]

Pinghua is generally divided into two mutually unintelligible languages:[7]

  • Northern Pinghua (Guìběi 桂かつら北平きたひら话) is spoken in northern Guangxi, around the city of Guilin, in close proximity with Southwest Mandarin dialects.
  • Southern Pinghua (Guìnán 桂かつら南平みなみだいら话) is spoken in southern Guangxi, around the city of Nanning. These varieties form a dialect continuum with Yue varieties spoken in that part of Guangxi (excluding enclaves of Cantonese, such as in Nanning).[8] Yu Jin subdivides this group into three types:[9]
    • Yongjiang, spoken along the Yong River around Nanning.
    • Guandao (官かん道どう; 'official road'), spoken to the east of Nanning in Laibin and the counties of Heng and Binyang, around the road to the Southwest Mandarin-speaking city of Liuzhou.
    • Rongjiang, spoken along the Rong River to the north of Liuzhou.

The Zheyuan people of Funing County, Yunnan speak a form of Pinghua. They are located in Dongbo and Guichao, and they migrated from Nanning.

Phonology[edit]

Nanning Pinghua has a voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] for Middle Chinese /s/ or /z/, for example in the numbers /ɬam/ "three" and /ɬi/ "four".[10][11] This is unlike Standard Cantonese but like some other Yue varieties such as Taishanese.

Tones[edit]

Southern Pinghua has six contrasting tones in open syllables, and four in checked syllables,[12] as found in neighbouring Yue varieties such as the Bobai dialect.

Tones of Nanning Pinghua
Tone name Level
píng 平ひらた 		Rising
shàng 上うえ 		Departing
qù 去さ 		Entering
rù 入いれ
Upper
yīn 陰かげ 		高こう 52 [˥˨] 33 [˧] 55 [˥] 5 [˥]
低ひく 3 [˧]
Lower
yáng 陽ひ 		高こう 21 [˨˩] 24 [˨˦] 22 [˨] 23 [˨˧]
低ひく 2 [˨]

The split of the lower entering tone is determined by the initial consonant, with the low rising contour occurring after sonorant initials.[13]

Genetic profile[edit]

Genetically, Pinghua speakers have more in common with non-Han ethnic groups in southern China, as opposed to other Han groups.[2]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ simplified Chinese: 平ひら话; traditional Chinese: 平話へいわ; pinyin: Pínghuà; Cantonese Yale: Pìhng Wá; sometimes disambiguated as 广西平ひら话; 廣西ひろせ平話へいわ

References[edit]

  1. ^ Chappell, Hilary; Li, Lan (2016). "Mandarin and Other Sinitic Languages". In Chan, Sin-Wai (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 605–628. ISBN 978-1-317-38249-2.
  2. ^ a b Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; et al. (2008). "Pinghua Population as an Exception of Han Chinese's Coherent Genetic Structure". Journal of Human Genetics. 53 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x. PMID 18270655.
  3. ^ a b Hsing, Fu-I 邢福义 (1991). Xiàndài Hànyǔ 现代汉语 [Modern Chinese] (in Chinese). Beijing: Gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe. ISBN 7-04-002652-X.
  4. ^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 55–56, 76. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  5. ^ "[cass report by 王おう宏ひろし宇]" (in Simplified Chinese).[dead link] April 2008
  6. ^ Yu, Jin 余あまり瑾 (2016). Guǎngxī Pínghuà yánjiū 广西平ひら话研究けんきゅう (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. p. 24. ISBN 978-7-5161-8896-5.
  7. ^ Chappell, Hilary; Li, Lan (2016). "Mandarin and Other Sinitic Languages". In Chan, Sin-Wai (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language. Oxon: Routledge. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-317-38249-2.
  8. ^ de Sousa, Hilário (2016). "Language contact in Nanning: Nanning Pinghua and Nanning Cantonese". In Chappell, Hilary M. (ed.). Diversity in Sinitic Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–189. ISBN 978-0-19-872379-0. p. 162.
  9. ^ de Sousa (2016), p. 160.
  10. ^ Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialectology. LINCOM Europa. p. 204. ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
  11. ^ "Learn a language the most natural way - Glossika". Ai.glossika.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  12. ^ Tan, Yuanxiong 覃远雄ゆう; Wei, Shuguan 韦树关; Bian, Chenglin 卞成林りん (1997). Nánníng Pínghuà cídiǎn 南みなみ宁平话词典てん [Nanning Pinghua Dictionary]. Nanning: Jiangsu jiaoyu chubanshe. p. 6. ISBN 978-7-5343-3119-0. (part of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, edited by Li Rong)
  13. ^ Lee, Gina (1993). Comparative, Diachronic and Experimental Perspectives on the Interaction Between Tone and the Vowel in Standard Cantonese (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Ohio State University. pp. 75–76.

Further reading[edit]

  • Xie Jianyou [谢建猷], et al. 2007. Studies on the Han Chinese dialects of Guangxi [广西汉语方言ほうげん研究けんきゅう]. Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House [广西人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ].
  • 《广西通どおり志こころざし·汉语方言ほうげん志こころざし》(续编)课题组 (2013). 广西通どおり志こころざし·汉语方言ほうげん志こころざし：续编．第だい二に篇へん，平ひら话. Nanning: 广西人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.
  • 《广西通どおり志こころざし·汉语方言ほうげん志こころざし》(续编)课题组 (2013). 广西通どおり志こころざし·汉语方言ほうげん志こころざし：续编．第だい五ご篇へん，桂かつら北きた土ど话. Nanning: 广西人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.
  • Sousa, Hilário de (2017). "Pínghuà 平話へいわ Dialects" (PDF). In Sybesma, Rint; Behr, Wolfgang; Gu, Yueguo; Handel, Zev; Huang, C.-T. James; Myers, James (eds.). Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. pp. 425–431. doi:10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_00000332. ISBN 978-90-04-18643-9.
  • Sousa, Hilário de (2015). "The Far Southern Sinitic languages as part of Mainland Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Enfield, N.J.; Comrie, Bernard (eds.). Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The state of the art. Pacific Linguistics. Vol. 649. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 356–439. doi:10.1515/9781501501685-009. ISBN 978-1-5015-0169-2.

External links[edit]

Southern Pinghua test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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