Zhangzhou dialects
Zhangzhou | |
---|---|
漳州 | |
Pronunciation | [tsiaŋ˨ tsiu˨ ua˨] |
Native to | China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines. |
Region | city of Zhangzhou, southern Fujian province |
Early forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | fuji1236 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jed |
![]() Zhangzhou dialect | |
The Zhangzhou dialects (simplified Chinese: 漳州话; traditional Chinese: 漳州
Classification
[edit]The Zhangzhou dialects are classified as Hokkien, a group of Southern Min varieties.[6] In Fujian, the Zhangzhou dialects form the southern subgroup (
Phonology
[edit]This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Zhangzhou.
Initials
[edit]There are 15 phonemic initials:[10]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant[b] | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | /p/ ⟨p⟩ |
/t/ ⟨t⟩ |
/ts/ ⟨ch⟩ 曾 |
/k/ ⟨k⟩ |
/ʔ/ ⟨-⟩ |
aspirated | /pʰ/ ⟨ph⟩ 頗 / 颇 |
/tʰ/ ⟨th⟩ |
/tsʰ/ ⟨chh⟩ |
/kʰ/ ⟨kh⟩ |
||
voiced | /b/ ⟨b⟩ |
/dz/ ⟨j⟩ |
/g/ ⟨g⟩ |
|||
Fricative | /s/ ⟨s⟩ |
/h/ ⟨h⟩ | ||||
Lateral | /l/ ⟨l⟩ |
When the rime is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /g/ are realized as the nasals [m], [n] and [ŋ], respectively.[10][11]
Rimes
[edit]Open syllable | Nasal coda | Nasal vowel coda | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
open mouth | /a/ |
/ɔ/ |
/o/ |
/e/ 鞋 |
/ɛ/ |
/ai/ |
/au/ |
/m̩/ 毋 |
/am/ |
/ɔm/ |
/an/ 按 |
/ŋ̍/ |
/aŋ/ |
/ɔŋ/ |
/ã/ |
/ɔ̃/ |
/ɛ̃/ 暝 |
/ãi/ |
/ãu/ | |
checked | /aʔ/ |
/ɔʔ/ 嘔 / 呕 |
/oʔ/ |
/eʔ/ |
/ɛʔ/ |
/auʔ/ 落 |
/m̩ʔ/ |
/ap/ |
/ɔp/ 啑 |
/at/ |
/ŋ̍ʔ/ 嗆 / 呛 |
/ak/ |
/ɔk/ |
/ãʔ/ 焓 |
/ɔ̃ʔ/ |
/ɛ̃ʔ/ |
/ãuʔ/ 澩 / 泶 | |||
even teeth | /i/ |
/ia/ 椰 |
/io/ |
/iu/ |
/iau/ |
/im/ |
/iam/ 薟 / 莶 |
/in/ |
/ian/ |
/iŋ/ |
/iaŋ/ |
/iɔŋ/ 衝 / 冲 |
/ĩ/ |
/iã/ |
/iɔ̃/ |
/iũ/ 妞 |
/iãu/ 貓 / | |||
checked | /iʔ/ |
/iaʔ/ |
/iɔʔ/ |
/ioʔ/ |
/iuʔ/ 喌 |
/iauʔ/ |
/ip/ |
/iap/ |
/it/ 必 |
/iat/ |
/ik/ |
/iak/ |
/iɔk/ |
/ĩʔ/ |
/iãʔ/ 嚇 / 吓 |
/iãuʔ/ 蟯 / 蛲 | ||||
closed mouth | /u/ |
/ua/ |
/ue/ |
/ui/ |
/uai/ |
/un/ |
/uan/ |
/uã/ |
/uĩ/ |
/uãi/ 檨 / 檨 |
||||||||||
checked | /uʔ/ |
/uaʔ/ 辣 |
/ueʔ/ |
/ut/ |
/uat/ |
/uãiʔ/ 跩 |
The vowel /a/ is the open central unrounded vowel [ä] in most rimes, including /a/, /ua/, /ia/, /ai/, /uai/, /au/, /iau/, /ã/, /ãʔ/.[10][13] In the rimes /ian/ and /iat/, /a/ is realized as [ɛ] (i.e. as [iɛn] and [iɛt̚])[13] or [ə] (i.e. as [iən] and [iət̚]).[10]
The rimes /iŋ/ and /ik/ are usually realized with a short [ə] between the vowel [i] and the velar consonant.[10] In many areas outside of the urban area of Zhangzhou, including Pinghe, Changtai, Yunxiao, Zhao'an and Dongshan, /iŋ/ and /ik/ are pronounced as /eŋ/ and /ek/ instead.[14]
The codas /p/, /t/ and /k/ are unreleased, i.e. [p̚], [t̚] and [k̚], respectively.[10]
Tones
[edit]There are seven tones:[10]
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone name | dark level |
light level |
rising |
dark departing |
light departing |
dark entering |
light entering |
Tone contour | ˦ (44) | ˩˧ (13) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩ (21) | ˨ (22) | ˧˨ (32) | ˩˨˩ (121) |
Example hanzi |
Most people in the urban area do not pronounce the dark level tone as high-level, but slightly mid-rising.[10][15] While most sources still records this tone as 44,[16][17] its tone value has also been recorded as 24,[18][19] 45,[20] 34[15] or 35[21] to reflect its rising nature.
Tone sandhi
[edit]The Zhangzhou dialect has nine tone sandhi rules: only the last syllable of nouns and clause endings remain unchanged by tone sandhi. The two-syllable tone sandhi rules are shown in the table below:[22]
Original citation tone | Tone sandhi | Example word & sandhi | |
---|---|---|---|
dark level 44 | 22 | /si˦ [si˨ kiŋ˦/ kiŋ˦] (诗经)
| |
light level 13 | 22 | /lam˩˧ [lam˨ kiã˦/ kiã˦] | |
rising 53 | 44 | /tsua˥˧ [tsua˦ siɔ̃˦/ siɔ̃˦] (纸箱)
| |
dark departing 21 | 53 | /si˨˩ [si˥˧ kan˦/ kan˦] (
| |
light departing 22 | 21 | /si˨ [si˨˩ hui˦/ hui˦] | |
dark entering 32 | coda /-ʔ/ | 53 (the glottal stop /-ʔ/ is lost) |
/tʰiʔ˧˨ [tʰi˥˧ tiŋ˦/ tiŋ˦] (铁钉)
|
coda /-p/, /-t/, /-k/ | 5 | /tsiap˧˨ [tsiap˥ siu˦/ siu˦] | |
light entering 121 | coda /-ʔ/ | 21 (the glottal stop /-ʔ/ is lost) |
/tsioʔ˩˨˩ [tsio˨˩ suã˦/ suã˦] |
coda /-p/, /-t/, /-k/ | 21 | /lip˩˨˩ [lip˨˩ tsʰun˦/ tsʰun˦] |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]
- ^ The place of articulation of the alveolar phonemes /ts/, /tsʰ/, /s/ and /dz/ is slightly further back, as if between that of [ts] and [tɕ]; palatalization of these phonemes is especially obvious before rimes that begin with /i/, e.g.
入 [d͡ʑip̚].[10][11]
References
[edit]- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Douglas 1873, p. 607.
- ^ Phillips 1877, p. 122.
- ^ Zhou 2012, p. 111.
- ^ Huang 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Ding 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Cheng 1999, p. 241.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 1.
- ^ a b Gao 2001, p. 110.
- ^ Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 4.
- ^ a b Gao 2001, p. 112.
- ^ Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 6.
- ^ a b Yang 2014.
- ^ Lin 1992, p. 151.
- ^ Ma 2008, p. 103.
- ^ Tung 1959, p. 853.
- ^ Hirayama 1975, p. 183.
- ^ Gao 2001, p. 113.
- ^ Huang 2018, p. 75.
- ^ Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 2.
Sources
[edit]- Cheng, Chin-Chuan (1999). "Quantitative Studies in Min Dialects". In Ting, Pang-Hsin (ed.). Contemporary Studies in Min Dialects. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 14. Chinese University Press, Project on Linguistic Analysis. pp. 229–246. JSTOR 23833469.
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders. Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
- Douglas, Rev. Carstairs (1873). Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner & Co.
- Gao, Ran (2001). 漳州
方言 音 系 略 说 [A Note on the Phonology of the Zhangzhou Dialect]. In Minnan Fangyan Research Laboratory (ed.). 闽南方言 ·漳州话研究 [Min Nan Fangyan: Research on the Zhangzhou Dialect]. Beijing:中国 文 联出版 社 . pp. 109–116. - Hirayama, Hisao (1975). 厦门话古调值
的 内部 构拟 [Internal Reconstruction of the Ancient Tone Values of the Xiamen Dialect]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics (in Chinese). 3 (1): 3–15. JSTOR 23749860. - Huang, Diancheng, ed. (1998).
福建 省 志 ·方言 志 (in Chinese). Beijing:方言 出版 社 . ISBN 7-80122-279-2. - Huang, Yishan (2018). Tones in Zhangzhou: Pitch and Beyond (PDF) (PhD). Australian National University.
- Lin, Baoqing (1992). 漳州
方言 词汇(一 ) [Vocabulary of the Zhangzhou Dialect (1)]. Fangyan (in Chinese) (2): 151–160. - Ma, Zhongqi, ed. (2008). 闽台闽南
方言 韵书比 较研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 978-7-5004-7230-8. - Phillips, George (1877). "Zaitun Researches: Part V". The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal. 8 (2): 117–124.
- Tung, Tung-ho (1959).
四 個 閩南方言 [Four South Min Dialects]. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology. 30: 729–1042. - Yang, Xiu-ming (2014). 漳州
方言 阴平调的调形特 点 与 历史演 变 [Traits of Yin-ping Tone of Zhangzhou Dialect and the Historical Evolution]. Journal of Minnan Normal University (Philosophy & Social Sciences) (in Chinese) (3): 45–52. doi:10.16007/j.cnki.issn2095-7114.2014.03.042. - Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (1999). Zhangzhou Shizhi 漳州
市 志 [Zhangzhou Annals] (in Chinese). Vol. 49:方言 . Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 978-7-5004-2625-7. - Zhou, Changji (2012). B1—15、16 闽语.
中国 语言地 图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言 卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.