Leizhou Min

Leizhou Min
Leizhou Min
Leizhounese
[lɔi˩ uɛ˨˦]
Pronunciation	[lɔi˩ uɛ˨˦] (Lei city dialect)
Native to	China, Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, United States (California)
Region	Leizhou Peninsula in southwestern Guangdong
Native speakers	around 2.8 million in China (2004)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Qiong–Lei Leizhou Min; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min ; ;
Dialects	Zhanjiang;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	(luh is proposed)
Glottolog	leiz1236
Linguasphere	79-AAA-jj
	Leizhou Min
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Leizhou or Luichew Min (simplified Chinese: 雷いかつち州しゅう话; traditional Chinese: 雷いかつち州しゅう話はなし; pinyin: Léizhōuhuà, [lěɪʈʂóʊ xwâ]) is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Leizhou city, Xuwen County, Mazhang District, most parts of Suixi County and also spoken inside of the linguistically diverse Xiashan District. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, though it has low intelligibility with other Southern Min varieties. In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.^[6] Hou Jingyi combined it with Hainanese in a Qiong–Lei group.^[7]

Phonology

Leizhou Min has 17 initials, 47 rimes and 8 tones.

Initials

			Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal			m 魔ま	n 娜	ŋ 俄にわか
Plosive	voiced		b 磨すり
	voiceless	unaspirated	p 波なみ	t 刀かたな	k 哥
	voiceless	aspirated	pʰ 坡	tʰ 駝	kʰ 戈ほこ
Fricative	voiced			z 尿にょう
Fricative	voiceless			s 所ところ		h 何なに
Affricate	voiceless	unaspirated		t͡s 槽ふね
Affricate	voiceless	aspirated		t͡sʰ 切きり
Lateral approximant				l 羅ら
zero consonant			zero consonant 窩

The phoneme given here as /b/ is described by Li and Thompson instead as /v/.^[8]

Rimes

	i 濟すみ	u 敷じき
a 爸	ia 兵へい	ua 瓜ふり
ɛ 馬うま	iɛ 爺じい	uɛ 妹いもうと
ɔ 波なみ	iɔ 漿
ai 派は		uai 蒯
au 包つつみ	iau 彪あや
ɛu 嘔	iu 休きゅう
ɔi 矮		ui 拉ひしげ
m̩ 唔
am 耽ふけ	iam 添
em 冚	im 音おと
ŋ̩ 嗯	iŋ 興きょう	uŋ 尊みこと
aŋ 班はん	iaŋ 江こう	uaŋ 完かん
eŋ 冰	ieŋ 填はま
ɔŋ 磅	iɔŋ 永えい
ap 合ごう	iap 臘
ep 鑷	ip 立だて
	ik 集しゅう	uk 郁いく
ak 達いたる	iak 燭しょく	uak 括くく
ek 德とく	iek 即そく	uek 國くに
ɔk 鐸	iɔk 略りゃく

Tones

Leizhou has six tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.

Tone chart of the Leizhou dialect
Tone number	Tone name	Tone contour	Description
1	yin ping (陰平かげひら)	˨˦ (24)	rising
2	yin shang (陰かげ上じょう)	˦˨ (42)	falling (high falling)
3	yin qu (陰かげ去さ)	˨˩ (21)	bottom (low falling)
4	yin ru (陰かげ入いれ)	˥̚ (5)	high checked
5	yang ping (陽平ようへい)	˨ (2)	low
6	yang shang (陽ひ上じょう)	˧ (3)	mid
7	yang qu (陽ひ去さ)	˥ (5)	high
8	yang ru (陽ひ入いれ)	˩̚ (1)	low checked

Notes

^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[2]^[3]^[4]

References

^ 湛たたえ江え市し志しむら·第だい三さん十じゅう六ろく篇へん方言ほうげん·第だい三さん章しょう雷いかつち州しゅう话
^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
^ "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
^ Hou, Jingyi 侯ほう精一せいいち (2002). Xiàndài hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海しゃんはい教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 238.
^ Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part I)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 13 (1): 3–21.

Běijīng dàxué zhōngguóyǔyánwénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989) Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì. Běijīng: Wénzìgǎigé chūbǎnshè.(北京ぺきん大學だいがく中國語ちゅうごくご言げん文學ぶんがく系けい語ご言げん學がく教きょう研けん室しつ. 1989. 漢語かんご方かた音字おんじ匯. 北京ぺきん: 文字もじ改革かいかく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ)
Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
Yuán, jiāhuá (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing, China: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語かんご方言ほうげん概要がいよう. 北京ぺきん:文字もじ改革かいかく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.)
Zhū, yuèmíng. (2005) "Léizhōuhuà yú Pǔtōnghuà bǐjiàoyīnxì yánjiū" (Comparative phonological studies on the Leizhou dialect and Putonghua) Yúnnán shīfàndàxué xuébào (zhéxué shèhuìkēxué bǎn) (Yunnan Normal University Journal (philosophy and social sciences)): vol.37 no. 5 p. 133-136. (朱しゅ月明げつめい. 2005. "雷いかつち州しゅう話ばなし與あずか普通ふつう話ばなし音おと系けい比較ひかく研究けんきゅう" 《雲南うんなん師範しはん大學だいがく學がく報ほう (哲學てつがく社會しゃかい科學かがく版ばん)》: 第だい 37 卷かん第だい 5 期き頁ぺーじ133-136)
Office of Chorography of Zhanjiang City 湛たたえ江え市し地方ちほう志こころざし办公室しつ (2004). Zhan jiang shi zhi 湛たたえ江え市し志しむら ["Chorography of Zhanjiang City"]. Vol. 36. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-04214-7.

External links

Cantonese and other dialects (in Chinese)
Classification of Northern Min Dialects from Glossika

This Sino-Tibetan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[minClassification-5] Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[2]^[3]^[4]

[leizhouhua-1] 湛たたえ江え市し志しむら·第だい三さん十じゅう六ろく篇へん方言ほうげん·第だい三さん章しょう雷いかつち州しゅう话

[2] Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766

[3] Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

[glottoMin-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

[6] "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[7] Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.

[hou238-8] Hou, Jingyi 侯ほう精一せいいち (2002). Xiàndài hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言ほうげん概がい论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海しゃんはい教育きょういく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 238.

[9] Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part I)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 13 (1): 3–21.

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