Lakkia language
Lakkia | |
---|---|
Lakkja | |
Native to | China |
Region | Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi |
Native speakers | 9,000 (2007)[1] |
Early form | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | lbc |
Glottolog | lakk1238 |
ELP | Lakkia |
The Lakkia language (Chinese:
Lakkia speakers are thought to have migrated from further east, possibly from the Biao-speaking areas of Northwestern Guangdong Province (L.-Thongkum 1992). Today, they live mostly in the Dayaoshan (Chinese:
Names
[edit]Lakkia people are also known as the Cháshān Yáo
Classification
[edit]There is currently no consensus on the classification of Lakkia within the Kra–Dai family. Solnit (1988) and Hansell (1988) classify Lakkia as a sister of the Kam–Sui branch. Additionally, Solnit (1988) classifies Biao and Lakkia together as part of a Biao–Lakkia branch that is coordinate to Kam-Sui. However, L.-Thongkum (1992) considers Lakkia to be most closely related to the Tai branch, based on the large number of shared lexical items.
Norquest (2021) proposes a Biao–Lakkja branch as the first branch to split off from Kra-Dai.[2]
Dialects
[edit]Dialects of Lakkia include (L.-Thongkum 1992):
- Jintian
金田 - Liula
六 拉 - Jinxiu
金 秀 - Lingzu 岭祖
- Changdong 长峒
The Lingzu dialect still preserves /kl-/ initial clusters, which corresponds to /kj-/ in most other dialects (L.-Thongkum 1992). Additionally, Changdong 长洞 and Jintian
Classification of Lakkia dialects by Norquest (2021):[2]
- Lakkja
- Western
- Jintian
金田
- Jintian
- Eastern
- Liula
六 拉 - Jinxiu
金 秀
- Liula
- Western
Distribution
[edit]Lakkia is spoken in the following locations.[3]
- Jinxiu Township
金 秀 镇: Jinxiu金 秀 , Baisha白 沙 , Liula六 拉 , Xidi昔 地 , Changtan 长滩, Chang'er 长二, Zhaibao 寨保, Yangliu 杨柳, Liuduan六 段 , Jiangjun将 军, Sanpian三 片 , Tiancun田村 , Liucun 刘村, Shecun社 村 , Mengcun孟 村 , Meicun美 村 , Jincun金村 , Jintian金田 , Luomeng 罗梦 - Changdong Township 长洞乡: Changdong 长洞, Gufang
古 放 , Pingdao平道 , Daojiang道江 , Dishui滴水 , Rongdong容 洞 - Sanjiao Township
三 角 乡: Liuding六 定 - Zhongliang Township
忠良 乡: Lingzu 岭祖, Bale巴 勒 - Luoxiang Township 罗香乡: Pingzhu
平 竹
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lat. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | pal. | ||
Stop | voiceless | p | pˡ | t | tʷ | k | kʷ | kʲ | ʔ | ||||
aspirated | pʰ | pʰˡ | tʰ | kʰ | kʰʷ | kʰʲ | |||||||
glottalized/vd. | ˀb | bˡ | |||||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | ts | |||||||||||
aspirated | tsʰ | tsʰʷ | |||||||||||
Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | ŋ̊ʲ | ||||||||
voiced | m | mˡ | n | ŋ | ŋʷ | ŋʲ | |||||||
Fricative | f | s | sʷ | h | hʷ | hʲ | |||||||
Approximant | w | j | jʷ | ||||||||||
Lateral | central | l | |||||||||||
fricative | ɬ |
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-mid | e | ə | o |
Open-mid | ɛ | ||
Open | a |
- Other sounds /y/ and /ɹ̩/, also occur in Chinese loanwords as a result of being introduced from Chinese.
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | ĩ | ũ |
Close-mid | ẽ | õ |
Open-mid | ɛ̃ | |
Open | ã |
Historical phonology
[edit]Lakkia is notable for preserving many prefixes that have been lost in most other Kra-Dai languages, including prefixes (such as *k.-) in archaic Chinese loanwords that are crucial for the reconstruction of Old Chinese.[4]
Lexical isoglosses
[edit]Some Biao–Lakkja lexical isoglosses as proposed by Norquest (2021):[2]
Gloss | Proto-Biao–Lakkja | Proto-Kam-Sui | Proto-Kra | Proto-Hlai | Proto-Be | Proto-Tai |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘house’ | *ljaːk | *r̥aːn | *qran | *hrɯːn | *raːn | *rɤːn |
‘road’ | *tsaːŋ | *qʰwən | *qron | *kuːn | *ʃwən | *r̥wɤn |
‘heavy’ | *N-tsak | *C-dʑan | *q |
*kʰɯn | *xən | *n̥ak |
‘leg’ | *puk | *p-qaː | *C-qaː | *kʰok | *kok | *f-qaː |
‘neck’ | *ʔən | *ʔdənʔ | *C-joː | *hljoŋʔ | *liəŋX | *ɣoː |
See also
[edit]- Proto-Lakkia reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Notes
[edit]- ^ Lakkia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013.
- ^ Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee. 2008. Vocabularies of Guangxi ethnic languages [广西
民族 语言方 音 词汇]. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House [民族 出版 社 ]. - ^ Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014. Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
References
[edit]- Theraphan L.-Thongkum. 1992. "A Preliminary Reconstruction of Proto-Lakkja (Cha Shan Yao)." In Mon-Khmer Studies, 20: 57–90.
Further reading
[edit]- Fan, Wenjia (2019). A Grammar of Lakkja, South China (Ph.D. thesis). The University of Melbourne. hdl:11343/233407.
- Hansell, Mark. 1988. The Relation of Be to Tai: Evidence from Tones and Initials. In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Edited by Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics No. 86: 239–288.
- Haudricourt, André-G. 1967. "La langue lakkia." Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 57 / Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de de Paris 62:1:165-182.
- Lan Qingyuan 蓝庆
元 . 2011. Lajiayu yanjiu拉 珈语研究 . Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press 广西师范大学 出版 社 . - Solnit, David B. 1988. "The position of Lakkia within Kadai." In Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 219–238. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- Su Defu [苏德
富 ], et al. 1992. Chashan Yao yanjiu wenji茶山 瑤 研究 文集 . Beijing: Minzu University:中央 民族 学院 出版 社 .