Kam–Sui languages
Kam–Sui | |
---|---|
侗水 Dong–Shui | |
Geographic distribution | eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi |
Linguistic classification | Kra–Dai
|
Proto-language | Proto-Kam–Sui |
Language codes | |
Glottolog | kams1241 |
The Kam–Sui languages (Chinese: 侗水
Classification
[edit]The Kam–Sui branch includes about a dozen languages. Solnit (1988)[2] considers Lakkia and Biao languages to be sister branches of Kam–Sui, rather than part of Kam–Sui itself.
The best known Kam–Sui languages are Dong (Kam), with over a million speakers, Mulam, Maonan, and Sui. Other Kam–Sui languages include Ai-Cham, Mak, and Tʻen, and Chadong, which is the most recently discovered Kam–Sui language. Yang (2000) considers Ai-Cham and Mak to be dialects of a single language.[3]
Thurgood (1988)
[edit]Graham Thurgood (1988) presents the following tentative classification for the Kam–Sui branch.[4] Chadong, a language that has been described only recently by Chinese linguist Jinfang Li, is also included below. It is most closely related to Maonan.[5] Cao Miao and Naxi Yao, which are closely related to Southern Dong, have also been added from Shi (2015).[6]
Norquest (2021)
[edit]Peter Norquest (2021:234) presents another classification for the Kam–Sui branch.[8]
Demographics
[edit]Nearly all speakers of Kam–Sui languages originate in the Qiandongnan (Dong) and Qiannan (Sui, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) Prefectures of Guizhou, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Hechi (Mulam and Maonan) and Guilin (Chadong) in northern Guangxi. Many Kam–Sui speakers have also migrated to farther urban areas such as Guangzhou.
Small groups of Kam and Sui speakers also reside in Tuyên Quang Province, Vietnam, in the villages of Đồng Mộc and Hồng Quang, respectively.
By language
[edit]- Mulam 佬 – Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County 罗城仫佬
族 自治 县, Hechi, northern Guangxi; Qiandongnan Prefecture, southeastern Guizhou - Dong 侗 – Qiandongnan Prefecture, southeastern Guizhou
- Then 佯僙/佯爷 – Pingtang County
平 塘县, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou - Maonan
毛 南 – Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County 环江毛 南 族 自治 县, Hechi, northern Guangxi - Chadong
茶 洞 – Chadong Township, Lingui County 临桂县, Guilin, northeastern Guangxi - Sui
水 – Sandu Shui Autonomous County 黔南布 依 族 苗 族 自治 州 , Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou - Mak (Mojia) 莫 – Libo County 荔波县, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou
- Ai-Cham 锦 – Libo County 荔波县, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou
By location
[edit](Listed counterclockwise: east to north to west to south)
- Guizhou
- Qiandongnan – Dong; 1,500,000 speakers
- Qiannan
- Sandu County – Sui; 300,000 speakers
- Pingtang County – Then; 15,000 speakers
- Libo County – Mak and Ai-Cham; 10,000 and 2,700 speakers
- Guangxi
- Hechi
- Luocheng County – Mulam; 86,000 speakers
- Huanjiang County – Maonan; 30,000 speakers
- Guilin (Lingui County) – Chadong; 20,000 speakers
- Hechi
By population
[edit]There is a total of about 2 million Kam–Sui speakers.
The four largest Kam–Sui ethnic groups, the Dong, Shui, Mulao, and Maonan, are officially recognized by the Chinese government. Non-recognized Kam–Sui ethnic groups (Chadong, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) who can still speak their own languages number less than 50,000.
- Dong: about 1,500,000 speakers; 1.7 million in 1995
- Sui: 300,000 speakers
- Mulam: 86,000 speakers (ethnic population: 200,000)
- Maonan: 30,000 speakers (ethnic population: 100,000)
- Chadong: 20,000 speakers
- Then: 15,000 speakers
- Mak: 10,000 speakers
- Ai-Cham: 2,700 speakers
Other languages
[edit]The following language varieties are closely related to, or part of, Southern Dong.
- Mjuniang 谬娘 or Cao Miao
草 苗 (ISO 639-3: cov): 60,000 (1991) in Liping, Tongdao, and Sanjiang; closely related to Dong.[6][9] Speakers are classified as ethnic Miao. - Naxi Yao
那 溪 瑶 (autonym: mu2 ɲiu1) is spoken by 2,500 people in Naxi Township那 溪 瑶 族 乡, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China.[6] - Diao 调 (刁人): 2,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou around Liping and Congjiang; may speak Chinese or Dong.[10] Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong. Diao (tjau13) is a Cao Miao subgroup according to Shi (2015:43).[6]
The following peoples may also speak Kam–Sui languages.[11]
- Xialusi
下 路 司 : 3,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou; classified as Dong, but their linguistic affiliation is unknown (possibly Kam-Sui).[12] Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong. - Shui of Yunnan: 6,800 (1990) in Huangnihe
黃 泥 河 and Gugan古 敢水族 乡,[13] Fuyuan County, Yunnan; 490 (1990) in Dahe and Long'an of Yiliang County.[14] In Gugan, there is a village cluster known as the "Five Shui Villages"水 五 寨,[15] consisting of Buzhang 补掌,[16] Dongla 咚喇,[17] Reshui 热水,[18] Dazhai大 寨,[19] and Duzhang都 章 .[20] It is still spoken in Xinbao Village新 堡村, Laochang Township老 厂乡, Fuyuan County, Yunnan.[21][22] Also in Dacunzi大村 子 , Geyi Township格 宜 镇, Xuanwei City.[23][24] However, these are actually all Northern Tai languages (Bouyei) according to Hsiu (2013).[25]
There are also some languages in southeastern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, and southwestern Hunan that have been influenced by Kam–Sui languages, such as Suantang
Reconstruction
[edit]The Proto-Kam–Sui language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.
See also
[edit]- Hunan Kam-Sui languages comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
References
[edit]- ^ "Map & Language Descriptions". Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
- ^ Solnit, David B. (1988). "The Position of Lakkia Within Kadai". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 219–238.
- ^ Yang, Tongyin 杨通银 (2000). Mò yǔ yánjiū 莫语
研究 [A Study of Mak] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81056-427-4. - ^ Thurgood (1988)
- ^ a b Li, Jinfang (2008). "Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi". In Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai–Kadai Languages. New York: Routledge. pp. 596–620.
- ^ a b c d Shi, Lin
石林 (2015). Xiāng-Qián-Guì biānqū de sān gè zúqún fāngyán dǎo 湘黔桂 边区的 三个族群方言岛 [Three Language Varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi Border Region] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-5161-6494-5. - ^ Lin, Shi; Cui, Jianxin (1988). "An Investigation of the Ai-Cham Language". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 59–85.
- ^ Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. S2CID 238672319.
- ^ "Mjuniang" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ "Diao" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ "China". Asia Harvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "Xialusi" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Gǔgǎn Cūnwěihuì"
富 源 县古敢水族 乡古敢村委 会 [Gugan Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Shui, Yunnan" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-31 – via Asia Harvest.
- ^ http://file.lw23.com/5/54/542/5426d856-8bbb-4108-a310-96caa7bace36.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Bǔzhǎng Cūn"
富 源 县古敢水族 乡补掌 村 委 会 补掌村 [Buzhang Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōnglǎ Cūn"
富 源 县古敢水族 乡补掌 村 委 会 咚喇村 [Dongla Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Rèshuǐlǎozhài Cūn"
富 源 县古敢水族 乡补掌 村 委 会 热水老 寨村 [Reshuilaozhai Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dàzhài Cūn"
富 源 县古敢水族 乡补掌 村 委 会 大 寨村 [Dazhai Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōuzhāng Cūn"
富 源 县古敢水族 乡补掌 村 委 会 都 章 村 [Duzhang Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ Hai, Zuoliang
海 佐良 (2006). "Yúnnán shuǐzú yǔyán zuìhòu de yúyīn"云 南 水 族 语言最 后 的 余 音 . Jīnrì mínzú今日 民族 (in Chinese). 2006 (4): 32–33. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. - ^ "Fùyuán Xiàn Lǎochǎng Xiāng Xīnbǎo Cūnwěihuì Lèé Cūn"
富 源 县老厂乡新 堡村委 会 乐额村 [Le'e Village, Xinbao Village Committee, Laochang Township, Fuyuan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Xuānwēi Shì Géyí Zhèn Dàpíng Cūnwěihuì Dàcūnzi Cūn"
宣 威 市 格 宜 镇大坪 村 委 会 大村 子 村 [Dacunzi Village, Daping Village Committee, Geyi Town, Xuanwei City]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. - ^ "Qūjìng mínzú yuánliú gàishù"
曲 靖 民族 源流 概 述 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2013-03-08 – via Baidu. - ^ Hsiu, Andrew (2013). ""Shui" Varieties of Western Guizhou and Yunnan". doi:10.5281/zenodo.1133488.
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(help) - ^ Peng, Jianguo 彭
建国 ; He, Yuna何 妤娜 (2010). "Húnán Tōngdào dòngzú "Běndìhuà" de yǔyīn xìtǒng jí qí guīshǔ"湖南 通 道 侗族“本地 话”的 语音系 统及其归属 [The Phonetic System and Belongingness of "Bendihua" of Tongdao]. Yúnmèng xué kān / Journal of Yunmeng (in Chinese). 31 (4): 138–141. Archived from the original on 2021-08-30 – via Baidu. - ^ Chen, Qiguang 陈其
光 (2013). Miáo Yáo yǔwén苗 瑶 语文 [Miao and Yao Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
Further reading
[edit]- Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian, eds. (2014) [First published 2005]. The Tai-Kadai Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-700-71457-5.
- Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1988). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-066-6.
- Peiros, Ilia (1998). Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C142. hdl:1885/146631. ISBN 0-85883-489-8.
- Thurgood, Graham (1988). "Notes on the Reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 179–218.