Haklau Min

Not to be confused with Hailu dialect.

Haklau
Hai Lok Hong, Hailufeng
學がく佬話／福ぶく佬話 Ha̍k-láu-ōe 海陸かいりく豐ゆたか話ばなし Hái-lio̍k-hong-ōe
Region	Mainly in Shanwei, eastern Guangdong province.
Native speakers	2.65 million (2021)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Southern Min Haklau
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3	(hlh is proposed)
ISO 639-6	hife
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-jik (Haifeng) 79-AAA-jij (Lufeng)
Haklau Min in Shanwei

Haklau Min
Traditional Chinese	海陸かいりく豐ゆたか話ばなし
Simplified Chinese	海うみ陆丰话
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hǎilùfēng huà Yue: Cantonese Jyutping hoi2 luk6 fung1 waa6 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hái-lio̍k-hong-ōa / Hái-lio̍k-hong-ōe Teochew Peng'im hai2 lêg8 hong1 uê7

Haklau, or Hai Lok Hong, is a variety of Southern Min spoken in Shanwei, Guangdong province, China. While it is related to Teochew and Hokkien, its exact classification in relation to them is disputed.

Etymology

The word Haklau (學がく佬／福ぶく佬 Ha̍k-láu) is the Southern Min pronuciation of Hoklo, originally a Hakka exonym for the Southern Min speakers, including Hoklo and Teochew people. The speakers of Hai Lok Hong self-identify as Haklau and distinguish themselves from Teochew people. Historically, the Hai Lok Hong region was not a part of Teochew prefecture (潮うしお州しゅう府ふ, the region currently known as Teo-Swa or Chaoshan), but was included in the primarily Hakka-speaking Huizhou prefecture (惠めぐみ州しゅう府ふ). Modern Huizhou city (particularly the Huidong County) also has a Haklau-speaking minority.

The word Hai Lok Hong (海陸かいりく豐ゆたか Hái-lio̍k-hong) is a portmanteau of Hai Hong (海うみ豐ゆたか, Mandarin Haifeng) and Lok Hong (陸りく豐ゆたか, Mandarin Lufeng), where it is mainly spoken. The character 陸りく has multiple pronunciations in Southern Min: the reading le̍k is vernacular, it is common in Teochew, but rarely used in Hokkien and Hai Lok Hong itself; the reading lio̍k (Hokkien, Hai Lok Hong) or lo̍k (Teochew) is literary and commonly used in Hokkien and Hai Lok Hong, but not Teochew, yet its Teochew rendering is the source of English Hai Lok Hong.

Classification

The Language Atlas of China classifies Hai Lok Hong as part of Teochew. Other classifications pinpoint the phonological features of Hai Lok Hong that are not found in Teochew, but instead are typical for Chiangchew Hokkien. These features include:

• the final /-i/ in characters like 魚さかな hî 'fish', 語かたり gí 'language', and the final /-u/ in 自じ chū 'self', 事こと sū 'matter', as in Chiangchew Hokkien. Northern Teochew has /-ɯ/ in these words, while Southern Teochew (the Teoyeo dialect) has them with /-u/.
• the final /-uĩ/ in words like 門もん mûi 'door; gate', 光ひかり kuiⁿ 'light'. Teochew has them with /-ɯŋ/ or /-uŋ/.
• the finals /-e/ (坐すわ chě 'to sit', 短たん té 'short'), /-eʔ/ (節ふし cheh 'festival', 截 che̍h 'to cut') and /-ei/ (雞 kei 'chicken', 街まち kei 'street'), as in rural southern dialects of Hokkien (such as Zhangpu, Yunxiao, or Chawan), corresponding to Teochew /-o/, /-oiʔ/ and /-oi/. Conservative Northern Hokkien dialects have these words with /-ə/, /-əeʔ/, and /-əe/ respectively.
• the preservation of the codas /-n/ and /-t/ (as in 民みん mîn 'people; nation' and 骨ほね kut 'bone'), which are merged with /-ŋ/ and /-k/ in most dialects of Teochew.

Still, Hai Lok Hong also has features typical for Teochew, but not Hokkien, such as:

• the preservation of 8 tones, pronounced similarly to Northern Teochew. Most dialects of Hokkien only have 7 citation tones.
• the final /-uaŋ/ in 況きょう khuàng 'situation', 亡ほろび buâng 'to perish', which has merged with /-oŋ/ in Hokkien.
• less extensive denasalization: Hai Lok Hong and Teochew differentiate between 逆ぎゃく nge̍k 'to go against' and 玉たま ge̍k 'jade' , or 宜むべ ngî 'suitable' and 疑うたぐ gî 'doubt', while in Hokkien, these pairs are merged (ge̍k and gî respectively).

Lexically, Hai Lok Hong also shares some traits with Teochew: 個こ kâi '(possessive particle)', 愛あい àiⁿ 'to want', 睇 théi 'to see' — compare Hokkien 兮 --ê, 卜ぼく beh and 看み khòaⁿ.