こう

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こう U+9999, 香
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9999
くび
[U+9998]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+999A]
U+2FB9, ⾹
KANGXI RADICAL FRAGRANT

[U+2FB8]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FBA]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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こう (Kangxi radical 186, こう+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input たけ (HDA), four-corner 20609, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #186, .

Derived characters

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Descendants

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  • Japanese: 𛀠 (hentaigana)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1428, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44518
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1955, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4423, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9999

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character こう
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意かいい会意かいい) : きび (glutinous millet) + くち (mouth).

In the seal script, the くち was replaced with the related あま (“sweet”).

Currently, the きび has simplified into , and the form of the bottom component あま has become akin to the unrelated or .

Etymology 1

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trad. こう
simp. # こう
alternative forms
𪏰

Pronunciation

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Note:
Note:
  • hiên1/hion1 - vernacular (hiên1 - Chaozhou);
  • hiang1 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location こう
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ɕiaŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiɑŋ²¹/
Jinan /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ɕiaŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /ɕiaŋ²¹/
Xining /ɕiɔ̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Ürümqi /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ɕiã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ɕiaŋ³¹/
Hefei /ɕiɑ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕiɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɕiã⁵³/
Suzhou /ɕiã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɕiɑŋ³³/
Wenzhou /ɕi³³/
Hui Shexian /ɕia³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiau¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕian³³/
Xiangtan /sian³³/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /hioŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /hioŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hœŋ⁵³/
Nanning /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiɔŋ⁵⁵/
/hiũ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hyoŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xiɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hiaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hiaŋ²³/
/hio²³/

Rime
Character こう
Reading # 1/1
Initial (こえ) あかつき (32)
Final (いん) (105)
Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø)
Openness (ひらきあい) Open
Division (ひとし) III
Fanqie もとりょうきり
Baxter xjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/hiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/xiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/hɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/xiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/xĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hoeng1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character こう
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiāng
Middle
Chinese
‹ xjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/
English fragrance

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character こう
Reading # 1/1
No. 13591
Phonetic
component
こう
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
こう
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/

Definitions

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こう

  1. fragrant; fragrance
    Antonym: におい
  2. (of food) aromatic; delicious-smelling
  3. (of eating) having the appearance that one really enjoys the food; (of sleep) sound
  4. (Internet slang) wonderful; enjoyable (in general)
  5. popular
  6. perfume
  7. (religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: たば m; ささえ)
  8. (figurative) woman
  9. (chiefly Wu) to kiss
  10. (Cantonese, euphemistic) to die
  11. (historical) shorthand for Hong Kong during Japanese Occupation between 1941 and 1945
    • こうとく [Cantonese]  ―  hoeng1 duk1 [Jyutping]  ―  Governor of Hong Kong
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (こう):

Others:

  • Indonesian: hio (joss stick, incense)

Etymology 2

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trad. こう
simp. # こう

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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こう

  1. (Southern Min) Alternative form of かおる (fragrant)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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こう

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
こう

Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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こう() (ka

  1. a pleasant smell; a scent, a fragrance, an aroma
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
こう
きょう
Grade: 4
kan'on

From Middle Chinese こう (MC xjang).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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こう(きょう) (kyōきやう (kyau)?

  1. Clipping of 香車きょうしゃ (kyōsha, incense chariot).

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
こう
こう
Grade: 4
goon

From Middle Chinese こう (MC xjang). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing. Compare Vietnamese hương (fragrance; incense).

 こう on Japanese Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Noun

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こう(こう) (かう (kau)?

  1. incense
    Synonym: こう (okō)

References

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  1. ^ こう”, in 日本にっぽん国語こくごだい辞典じてん [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), しん明解めいかい国語こくご辞典じてん [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語にほんご発音はつおんアクセント辞典じてん [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

こう (eum (hyang))

  1. hanja form? of (fragrance; perfume; incense)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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こう: Hán Việt readings: hương (きょ()りょう(lương)きり(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
こう: Nôm readings: nhang[2][3][6][4][5][7], hương[1][2][4][7], hang[1], nhàng[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hương (fragrance; incense).
  2. Nôm form of nhang (incense).
  3. chữ Hán form of Hương (a female given name).
    えびす春香はるかHồ Xuân Hương

Compounds

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References

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