土
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]- Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.
Derived characters
[edit]- Appendix:Chinese radical/
土 - 𫡢, 吐, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 扗, 汢, 肚,
杜 , 𣧅, 灶,牡 , 𤣰,社 , 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 䝅, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 𪶇, 釷 (钍), 靯, 𩡶, 𩵚 (𬶂), 𪐢, 𡉗, 𨙭, 𤬪,壻 , 䲧, 䵺 - 凷, 𫧀, 𫲵, 尘,
圧 ,庄 , 𢨫, 芏, 𬻁,至 , 𣂓, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 𭯼, 㽵, 茔,里 , 𥫦, 𮓛, 𦯀, 䦌 (𮤬), 𫕞, 𭎭, 𣵹, 𤥷, 𡴠, 𩫽, 烾, 𤍢, 𪔋,墨 , 皨, 䜃, 𰀔, 㦱, 𧗥, 㐋,去 , 𠮷, 𡕟,寺 , 𢖽, 𭟯, 𣏅, 灻, 𣏄,赤 ,走 , 赱,幸 , 𥸮, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 223, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
- Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
- Unihan data for U+571F
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
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alternative forms | 圡 𡈽 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character | ||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (
Etymology 1
[edit]There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).
Probably related to
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): tu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tu2
- Northern Min (KCR): tǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): tù
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5thu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): tou3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
- Wade–Giles: tʻu3
- Yale: tǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tu3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: tou2
- Yale: tóu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tou2
- Guangdong Romanization: tou2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: tu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
- Hakka Romanization System: tu`
- Hagfa Pinyim: tu3
- Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tu2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰxu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /tʰu²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /tʰu²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /tʰu¹³/ | |
Jinan | /tʰu⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /tʰu⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Xining | /tʰv̩⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /tʰu⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /tʰu⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /tʰəu⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /tʰu⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /tʰu²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /tʰu²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /tʰu⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /tʰu³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /tʰəu⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /tʰøy³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /tʰu³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /tʰəu³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /tʰəu⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /tʰəɯ⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /tʰu²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /tʰu³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /tʰu³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰou³⁵/ |
Nanning | /tʰu³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /tʰou³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tʰɔ⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tʰu³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tʰu²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /tʰou⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔu³¹/ /hɔu²¹³/ ~ |
- Middle Chinese: thuX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]- earth; soil
- (dialectal) dust
- land
- 溥天
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Pǔtiān zhī xià, mòfēi wángtǔ. [Pinyin]
- Under the wide heaven,
All is the king's land.
之 下 ,莫非王 土 。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- crude opium
- hometown; native place
故 土 ― gùtǔ ― native land; native place
- local; native; indigenous
- rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
- indigenous; traditional and used by the common people
- (~
族 ) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol - Short for
土 耳 其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”). - a surname
Synonyms
[edit]- (earth):
- (dust):
- (land):
土地 (tǔdì) - (hometown):
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “indigenous”):
洋 (yáng)
Compounds
[edit]三 合 土 (sānhétǔ)三和 土 五峰 土 家族 自治 縣 /五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)冥土 北美 土 撥 鼠 /北美 土 拨鼠 (Běiměi tǔbōshǔ)后 土 (hòutǔ)土人 (tǔrén)土俗 土偶 (tǔ'ǒu)土 包子 (tǔbāozi)土匪 (tǔfěi)土 名 土 嗨 (tǔhāi)土器 (tǔqì)土 國 /土 国 土地 土地 廟 /土地 庙 (tǔdìmiào)土地 改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)土 坎 (tǔkǎn)土 坎兒/土 坎儿土 坯 (tǔpī)土 坡土 坡兒/土 坡儿土 城 (tǔchéng)土 城 垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)土 埂 (tǔgěng)土塊 /土 块土 壘 /土 垒土壤 (tǔrǎng)土 壩/土 坝土 家族 (Tǔjiāzú)土 專 家 /土 专家 (tǔzhuānjiā)土 屄 (tǔbī)土 崗/土 岗 (tǔgǎng)土 崩 瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)土 巴 佬土 布 (tǔbù)土庫 曼/土 库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)土庫 曼斯坦 /土 库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)土建 土 得 掉渣土 性 土 房 土 撥 鼠 /土 拨鼠 (tǔbōshǔ)土 撥 鼠 日 /土 拨鼠日 (Tǔbōshǔ Rì)土 改 (tǔgǎi)土 政策 土方 (tǔfāng)土方 兒 /土方 儿土 族 (Tǔzú)土星 (Tǔxīng)土木 (tǔmù)土木 之 變 /土木 之 变土木 堡土木 工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)土木 形骸 土 模 土氣 /土 气 (tǔqì)土 法 (tǔfǎ)土 洋 結合 /土 洋 结合土 溫 /土 温 (tǔwēn)土 澳 (Tǔ'ào)土 炮 (tǔpào)土 牆/土 墙 (tǔqiáng)土 牛 木馬 /土 牛木 马土牢 土物 (tǔwù)土 特產 /土 特 产 (tǔtèchǎn)土生 土 長 /土生 土 长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)土產 /土 产 (tǔchǎn)土 疙瘩土 皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)土石 方 土 笛 土 糞 /土 粪土 紙 /土 纸土 老 帽 土 老 帽 兒 /土 老 帽 儿土 老 財 /土 老 财土 耳 其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)土 耳 其人 (Tǔ'ěrqírén)土 耳 其文 (tǔ'ěrqíwén)土 耳 其語/土 耳 其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)土肥 (tǔféi)土 腥 氣 /土 腥 气 (tǔxīngqì)土色 土 著 土葬 (tǔzàng)土 裡 土氣 /土 里 土 气 (tǔlitǔqì)土 話 /土 话 (tǔhuà)土語 /土 语 (tǔyǔ)土 豆 (tǔdòu)土 豆 兒 /土 豆 儿 (tǔdòur)土 豆 泥 (tǔdòuní)土豪 (tǔháo)土 財 主 /土 财主土 貨/土 货 (tǔhuò)土質 /土 质 (tǔzhì)土 造 (tǔzào)土 道 土門 /土 门土 關 埡/土 关垭 (Tǔguānyà)土 階 茅 茨 /土 阶茅茨 土 雞/土 鸡 (tǔjī)土 雞國/土 鸡国土 雞蛋/土 鸡蛋土 霸王土 音 (tǔyīn)土 頭 土 腦 /土 头土脑 (tǔtóutǔnǎo)土 鱉/土 鳖 (tǔbiē)土 黃 /土 黄 (tǔhuáng)塵土 /尘土 (chéntǔ)塵 歸 塵 ,土 歸 土 /尘归尘,土 归土 (chénguīchén, tǔguītǔ)恩 施 土 家族 苗 族 自治 州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)- 挖土
機 /挖土机 (wātǔjī) 掘 土 機 /掘 土 机 (juétǔjī)- 推土
機 /推土机 (tuītǔjī) 故 土 (gùtǔ)故 土 難 離 /故 土 难离 (gùtǔnánlí)日土 (Rìtǔ)有 土 栽培 本土 (běntǔ)樂土 /乐土 (lètǔ)水 土 (shuǐtǔ)水 土 不 伏 水 土 不服 (shuǐtǔbùfú)水 土 保持 (shuǐtǔ bǎochí)水 土 流失 (shuǐtǔ liúshī)沃土 (wòtǔ)泥土 (nítǔ)混 凝 土 淨土 /净土 (jìngtǔ)無 土 栽培 /无土栽培 紅土 /红土 (hóngtǔ)老 土 (lǎotǔ)- 脾土 (pî-thó͘) (Min Nan)
赤土 (Chìtǔ)- 鏟土
機 /铲土机 (chǎntǔjī) 陶土 (táotǔ)黃土 崗/黄土 岗 (Huángtǔgǎng)- 黏土 (niántǔ)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dù
- Wade–Giles: tu4
- Yale: dù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
- Palladius: ду (du)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: duX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]- † Alternative form of
杜 (dù, “root”)- 迨
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
- Before the sky was dark with rain,
I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree,
And bound round and round my window and door.
天 之 未 陰 雨 、徹 彼 桑 土 、綢繆牖戶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
迨天 之 未 阴雨、彻彼 桑 土 、绸缪牖户。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † An ancient river
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chǎ
- Wade–Giles: chʻa3
- Yale: chǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaa
- Palladius: ча (ča)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]- † Only used in
土 苴 (chǎzhǎ).
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tú
- Wade–Giles: tʻu2
- Yale: tú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]Etymology 5
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of (This character is a variant form of |
References
[edit]- “
土 ”, in漢語 多功 能 字 庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2],香港 中 文 大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014– - Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (
教育 部 異體 字 字典 ), A00740 - Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (
教育 部 異體 字 字典 ), A00831-001 - “Entry #192”, in
臺灣 閩南語 常用 詞 辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: つ (tsu)
- Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
- Kan’yō-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
- Kun: つち (tsuchi,
土 , Jōyō) - Nanori: ひじ (hiji)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
つち Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]土 狼 (tsuchiōkami)土 豚 (tsuchibuta)真 土 (matsuchi)
Idioms
[edit]土 を踏む (tsuchi o fumu, “tread on the ground → enter a foreign country”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
と Grade: 1 |
kan’on |
Short form of the ateji spelling
Proper noun
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
ど Grade: 1 |
kan’yōon |
Ultimately from Middle Chinese
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- earth, soil
- land, ground, territory
- earth (one of the five elements)
- Short for
土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday
References
[edit]- ^ “
土 ・地 ”, in日本 国語 大 辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),
大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN - ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK
日本語 発音 アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 통〯 (Yale: thwǒ) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: hòlk) | 토〮 (Yale: thwó) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tʰo̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [토]
Hanja
[edit]- Hanja form? of 토 (“earth; soil”). [affix]
- Hanja form? of 토 (“Short for 토요일(
土曜日 ) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”).
Compounds
[edit]- 국토 (
國土 , gukto, “national territory”) - 본토 (
本土 , bonto) - 영토 (
領土 , yeongto, “territory”) - 척토 (
瘠 土 , cheokto, “barren soil”) - 토기 (
土器 , togi, “earthenware”) - 토대 (
土臺 , todae) - 토성 (
土星 , Toseong, “Saturn”) - 토양 (
土壤 , toyang) - 토요일 (
土曜日 , Toyoil) - 토종 (
土 種 , tojong, “native species”) - 토지 (
土地 , toji) - 풍토 (
風土 , pungto) - 향토 (鄕土, hyangto, “local; rural”)
- 황토 (
黃土 , hwangto)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (
國際 退 溪 學會 大邱 慶 北 支部 ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子 字典 . [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Grade 1 kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading つ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading と
- Japanese kanji with kan'yōon reading ど
- Japanese kanji with kun reading つち
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひじ
- Japanese terms spelled with
土 read as つち - Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms spelled with
土 - Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms spelled with
土 read as と - Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese short forms
- Japanese terms spelled with
土 read as ど - Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- ja:Natural resources
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
- ko:Days of the week
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Nom