幸こう

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See also: 倖, 㚔, 羍, and 辛からし
幸こう U+5E78, 幸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E78
← 幷
[U+5E77] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 幹みき →
[U+5E79]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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幸こう (Kangxi radical 51, 干ひ+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土ど廿にじゅう十じゅう (GTJ), four-corner 40401, composition ⿱土ど𢆉)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 341, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9176
  • Dae Jaweon: page 649, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 434, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+5E78

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (幸こう) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
幸こう *ɡreːŋʔ
倖 *ɡreːŋʔ
婞 *ɡeːŋʔ
涬 *ɡeːŋʔ
緈 *ɡeːŋʔ
悻 *ɡeːŋʔ
睪 *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *ɡreːŋʔ) : phonetic 犬いぬ (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ) + semantic 羊ひつじ. Original meaning is unclear. 羊ひつじ often appears as a component with a positive meaning. See 祥さち, 善ぜん and 義よし.

Shuowen interprets it as an ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) : 屰 (“opposite”) + 夭 (“death”) – lucky to be alive; fortunate.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 幸こう

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 幸こう
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Jinan /ɕiŋ²¹/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕiŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /ɕiə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕiŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /ɕĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /ɕiŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕin³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕin¹³/
Guiyang /ɕin²¹³/
Kunming /ɕĩ¹/
Nanjing /ɕin⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦin³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦin¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦɛ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ɕiʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /xɛ²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ɕin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /ɕin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /hen⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐŋ²²/
Nanning /hɐŋ²²/
Hong Kong /hɐŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiŋ²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xaiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /heŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /heŋ³³/
Rime
Character 幸こう
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 匣くしげ (33)
Final (韻いん) 耕こう (117)
Tone (調しらべ) Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
Division (等ひとし) II
Fanqie 胡えびす耿切きり
Baxter heangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠɛŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚæŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɐŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəɨjŋX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɛŋX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣæŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣæŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hang6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 幸こう
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xìng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hɛngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁreŋʔ/
English fortunate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 幸こう
Reading # 1/1
No. 13881
Phonetic
component 		幸こう
Rime
group 		耕こう
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		幸こう
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡreːŋʔ/

Definitions

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幸こう

  1. by fluke; lucky
    alt. forms: 倖／幸こう (xìng)
  2. fortunate; lucky
    三さん生なま有ゆう幸こう  ―  sānshēngyǒuxìng  ―  to be very lucky
  3. luckily; fortunately
  4. to rejoice
    幸こう災わざわい樂らく禍か／幸こう灾乐祸  ―  xìngzāilèhuò  ―  to be gratified by others' misfortunes
  5. (literary) to hope; to wish
  6. (historical, of an emperor) to personally visit
  7. (literary) to favour; to dote on
  8. a surname
Synonyms
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  • (to hope):
edit

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (幸こう):
  • → Japanese: 幸こう(こう) (kō)
  • → Korean: 행(幸こう) (haeng)
  • → Vietnamese: hạnh (幸こう)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 幸こう – see 倖 (“to favor; to dote on; by fluke or chance; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 倖).
Notes:

Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 幸こう – see 㚔.
(This character is a variant form of 㚔).

Japanese

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Kanji

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幸こう

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
こう
Grade: 3
on'yomi

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 幸こう (hɛngX, literally “lucky, fortunate, auspicious”). The kan'on, so a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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幸こう(こう) • (kō) 

  1. good luck, good fortune; happiness
  2. an appearance by the emperor or a retired emperor
Usage notes
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The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

Synonyms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
しあわせ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 幸こう – see the following entry.
【幸こうしあわせ】
[adjective] happy
[adjective] fortunate, lucky
[noun] a moment when circumstances come together: fate, opportunity (used to indicate both good and bad instances)
[noun] happiness
[noun] good fortune, good luck
[noun] circumstances, the flow of events
(This term, 幸こう, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
さいわい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/ → /saiwai/

Derived from sakiwai below.[2][1]

More often spelled as 幸さいわい with the final い to indicate the reading.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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幸こう(さいわい) • (saiwai) ←さいはひ (saifafi)?-na (adnominal 幸こう(さいわい)な (saiwai na), adverbial 幸こう(さいわい)に (saiwai ni))

  1. very fortunate and happy, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
  2. favorable, ideal (often used in polite constructions)
    お返かえし(へん)事こと(じ)をいただければ幸こう(さいわ)いです。
    O-henji o itadakereba saiwai desu.
    It would be favorable if I could have your reply. → I would greatly appreciate your reply.
Conjugation
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Inflection of 幸こう
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然みぜん形がた) 幸こうだろ さいわいだろ saiwai daro
Continuative (連用形れんようけい) 幸こうで さいわいで saiwai de
Terminal (終止しゅうし形がた) 幸こうだ さいわいだ saiwai da
Attributive (連体れんたい形がた) 幸こうな さいわいな saiwai na
Hypothetical (仮定かてい形がた) 幸こうなら さいわいなら saiwai nara
Imperative (命令めいれい形がた) 幸こうであれ さいわいであれ saiwai de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 幸こうではない
幸こうじゃない 		さいわいではない
さいわいじゃない 		saiwai de wa nai
saiwai ja nai
Informal past 幸こうだった さいわいだった saiwai datta
Informal negative past 幸こうではなかった
幸こうじゃなかった 		さいわいではなかった
さいわいじゃなかった 		saiwai de wa nakatta
saiwai ja nakatta
Formal 幸こうです さいわいです saiwai desu
Formal negative 幸こうではありません
幸こうじゃありません 		さいわいではありません
さいわいじゃありません 		saiwai de wa arimasen
saiwai ja arimasen
Formal past 幸こうでした さいわいでした saiwai deshita
Formal negative past 幸こうではありませんでした
幸こうじゃありませんでした 		さいわいではありませんでした
さいわいじゃありませんでした 		saiwai de wa arimasen deshita
saiwai ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 幸こうで さいわいで saiwai de
Conditional 幸こうなら（ば） さいわいなら（ば） saiwai nara (ba)
Provisional 幸こうだったら さいわいだったら saiwai dattara
Volitional 幸こうだろう さいわいだろう saiwai darō
Adverbial 幸こうに さいわいに saiwai ni
Degree 幸こうさ さいわいさ saiwaisa

Adverb

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幸こう(さいわい) • (saiwai) ←さいはひ (saifafi)?

  1. fortunately, luckily, happily
    幸こう(さいわい)、怪我けが(けが)はなかった。
    Saiwai, kega wa nakatta.
    Luckily, no one was hurt.
Usage notes
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When used as an adverb without a particle, this term usually comes at the start of the sentence. It also appears used with advervial particles に (ni) and と (to), or, perhaps more commonly, in an adverbial construction as 幸こうなことに.

Noun

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幸こう(さいわい) • (saiwai) ←さいはひ (saifafi)?

  1. very good fortune and happiness, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
  2. an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  3. (derivation unknown) the tail and back fins of a carp or other fish, as used in cooking
Synonyms
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
さきわい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
幸さいわい

/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/

The 連れん(れん)用よう(よう)形かたち(けい) (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸こう(さきわ)う (sakiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸こう(さき) (saki, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這(は)う (hau), 延のべ(は)う (hau, “to spread out widely”).[2]

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [sa̠kʲiβべーた̞a̠i]

Noun

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幸こう(さきわい) • (sakiwai) ←さきはひ (sakifafi)?

  1. (obsolete) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  2. (obsolete) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes
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Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above.

Synonyms
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Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
さき
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with 先さき (saki, “tip, point; future, ahead”) from the idea of [favorable] future. Possibly also related to sachi / satsu below.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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幸こう(さき) • (saki) 

  1. (obsolete) good luck, good fortune; happiness
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 18, poem 4095:
      大夫たいふ能のう 許もと己おのれ呂りょ於毛保ほ由よし 於保伎美能のう 美び許もと登とう佐吉さきち乎 聞者多た布ぬの刀がたな美び
      大夫たいふの 心しん思おもえほゆ 大君おおきみの 御言みことの幸こうを 聞きけば貴とうとみ
      ますらをの こころおもほゆ おほきみの みことのさきを きけばたふとみ
      Masurawo no | kokoro omohoyu | Ohokimi no | mikoto no saki wo | kikeba tafutomi
      “Such manliness of spirit is brought to mind. How noble to hear of the happiness / good fortune of the words of the emperor...”
Usage notes
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The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

Saki in this sense appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

Synonyms
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Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
さちわい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/sat͡ɕipapi/ → /sat͡ɕiɸaɸi/ → /sat͡ɕiwahi/ → /sat͡ɕiwai/

The 連用形れんようけい (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸こうう (sachiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸こう (sachi below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這はう, 延のべう (hau, “to spread out widely”).[2]

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [sa̠t͡ɕiβべーた̞a̠i]

Noun

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幸こう(さちわい) • (sachiwai) ←さちはひ (satifafi)?

  1. (obsolete, rare) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  2. (obsolete, rare) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes
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Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above. In historical Japanese, sachiwai appears to be a rarer variant of sakiwai above.

Synonyms
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Etymology 7

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
さち
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.

The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.

This is the standalone form of satsu below.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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幸こう(さち) • (sachi) -na (adnominal 幸こう(さち)な (sachi na), adverbial 幸こう(さち)に (sachi ni))

  1. very fortunate and happy
Inflection
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Inflection of 幸こう
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然みぜん形がた) 幸こうだろ さちだろ sachi daro
Continuative (連用形れんようけい) 幸こうで さちで sachi de
Terminal (終止しゅうし形がた) 幸こうだ さちだ sachi da
Attributive (連体れんたい形がた) 幸こうな さちな sachi na
Hypothetical (仮定かてい形がた) 幸こうなら さちなら sachi nara
Imperative (命令めいれい形がた) 幸こうであれ さちであれ sachi de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 幸こうではない
幸こうじゃない 		さちではない
さちじゃない 		sachi de wa nai
sachi ja nai
Informal past 幸こうだった さちだった sachi datta
Informal negative past 幸こうではなかった
幸こうじゃなかった 		さちではなかった
さちじゃなかった 		sachi de wa nakatta
sachi ja nakatta
Formal 幸こうです さちです sachi desu
Formal negative 幸こうではありません
幸こうじゃありません 		さちではありません
さちじゃありません 		sachi de wa arimasen
sachi ja arimasen
Formal past 幸こうでした さちでした sachi deshita
Formal negative past 幸こうではありませんでした
幸こうじゃありませんでした 		さちではありませんでした
さちじゃありませんでした 		sachi de wa arimasen deshita
sachi ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 幸こうで さちで sachi de
Conditional 幸こうなら（ば） さちなら（ば） sachi nara (ba)
Provisional 幸こうだったら さちだったら sachi dattara
Volitional 幸こうだろう さちだろう sachi darō
Adverbial 幸こうに さちに sachi ni
Degree 幸こうさ さちさ sachisa

Noun

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幸こう(さち) • (sachi) 

  1. (archaic) a hunting implement; the spirit of a hunting implement
  2. a bounteous catch (for fishing), amply caught game (for hunting); food (specifically animal protein caught in the wild: fish or game)
  3. good fortune, good luck; happiness

Derived terms

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Etymology 8

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Kanji in this term
幸こう
さつ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.

The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.

This is the bound form of sachi above. This form is only ever used in compounds. Possibly the original form.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Prefix

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幸こう(さつ) • (satsu-) 

  1. (obsolete) hunting, for hunting
    幸こう(さつ)矢や(や)、幸こう(さつ)弓ゆみ(ゆみ)、幸こう(さつ)人ひと(ひと)
    satsuya, satsuyumi, satsuhito
    a hunting arrow, a hunting bow, a hunter

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語こくご大だい辞典じてん（新装しんそう版ばん） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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幸こう (eumhun 다행 행 (dahaeng haeng))

  1. hanja form? of 행 (“fortune; good luck”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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幸こう: Hán Nôm readings: hạnh, may

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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