Booi Aha

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"Booi aha" in Manchu script
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Booi Aha (Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ (booi niyalma) for male, ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᡥᡝᡥᡝ (booi hehe) for female; Chinese transliteration: 包つつみ衣ころも阿おもね哈) is a Manchu word literally meaning "household person", referring to hereditarily servile people in the Eight Banner system in 17th-century Qing China. It is often directly translated as "bondservant", although sometimes also simply rendered as the common word, slave, or more specifically within Chinese social and political context as nucai.

They were largely divided into three categories[1][2][3] translated into English:

  • company servants (Chinese: 佐さ領りょう下人げにん; Chinese: zuǒlǐng xiàrén)
  • half-company servants (Chinese: 管領かんりょう下人げにん; Chinese: guǎnlǐng xiàrén)
  • estate bannermen (Chinese: 莊そう頭あたま旗はた人じん; Chinese: zhuāngtóu qírén)[n 1]

Concept

According to Mark C. Elliott, the word "booi" could be confusing due to the absence of a proper Chinese word having the same meaning. The Manchu phrase literally means "of the household", but calling booi aha "slaves" conveys the wrong meaning. The reason is that there is no corresponding social status in Chinese society for booi, who often served in powerful positions and were sometimes intimates of the emperor.[5]

As a compromise in Chinese they were called "bao-yi", but this caused further misunderstanding. In Manchu documents, booi only sometimes means "bond servant", and despite the common belief it can simply refer to "people to my house" in some occasions.[5]

Pamela Kyle Crossley wrote in her book Orphan Warriors: "The Mongol is the slave of his sovereign. He is never free. His sovereign is his benefactor; [the Mongol] does not serve him for money." This Mongolian "traditional model of slave to owner" was taken up by the Manchu during the development of the Eight Banner military system.[6]

Crossley gave as the definition of Manchu: "A Manchu was, moreover, a man who used his skills exclusively to serve the sovereign....banners as institutions were derived from Turkic and Mongolian forms of military servitude, all enrolled under the banners considered themselves slaves of the emperor and called themselves so (aha, Chinese: 奴やつ才ざい; pinyin: nucai) when addressing him...".[6]

Usage

Booi was sometimes regarded as synonymous with booi aha, but booi usually referred to household servants who performed domestic service, whereas aha usually referred to the servile people who worked in fields.[7]

Status

Manchu families adopted Han Chinese sons from families of bondservant Booi Aha origin and they served in Manchu company registers as detached household Manchus and the Qing imperial court found this out in 1729. Manchu Bannermen who needed money helped falsify registration for Han Chinese servants being adopted into the Manchu banners and Manchu families who lacked sons were allowed to adopt their servant's sons or servants themselves.[8] The Manchu families were paid to adopt Han Chinese sons from bondservant families by those families. The Qing Imperial Guard captain Batu was furious at the Manchus who adopted Han Chinese as their sons from slave and bondservant families in exchange for money and expressed his displeasure at them adopting Han Chinese instead of other Manchus.[9] These Han Chinese who infiltrated the Manchu Banners by adoption were known as "secondary-status bannermen" and "false Manchus" or "separate-register Manchus", and there were eventually so many of these Han Chinese that they took over military positions in the Banners which should have been reserved for Manchus. Han Chinese foster-son and separate register bannermen made up 800 out of 1,600 soldiers of the Mongol Banners and Manchu Banners of Hangzhou in 1740 which was nearly 50%. Han Chinese foster-son made up 220 out of 1,600 unsalaried troops at Jingzhou in 1747 and an assortment of Han Chinese separate-register, Mongol, and Manchu bannermen were the remainder. Han Chinese secondary status bannermen made up 180 of 3,600 troop households in Ningxia while Han Chinese separate registers made up 380 out of 2,700 Manchu soldiers in Liangzhou. The result of these Han Chinese fake Manchus taking up military positions resulted in many legitimate Manchus being deprived of their rightful positions as soldiers in the Banner armies, resulting in the real Manchus unable to receive their salaries as Han Chinese infiltrators in the banners stole their social and economic status and rights. These Han Chinese infiltrators were said to be good military troops and their skills at marching and archery were up to par so that the Zhapu lieutenant general couldn't differentiate them from true Manchus in terms of military skills.[10] Manchu Banners contained a lot of "false Manchus" who were from Han Chinese civilian families but were adopted by Manchu bannermen after the Yongzheng reign. The Jingkou and Jiangning Mongol banners and Manchu Banners had 1,795 adopted Han Chinese and the Beijing Mongol Banners and Manchu Banners had 2,400 adopted Han Chinese in statistics taken from the 1821 census. Despite Qing attempts to differentiate adopted Han Chinese from normal Manchu bannermen the differences between them became hazy.[11] These adopted Han Chinese bondservants who managed to get themselves onto Manchu banner roles were called kaihu ren (開ひらき戶と人じん) in Chinese and dangse faksalaha urse in Manchu. Normal Manchus were called jingkini Manjusa.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It can be shortened to zhuāngtóu rén without the qí.[4]

Further reading

  • 黃き (Huáng), 麗うらら君くん (Líjūn) (2020). 化か家か為國ためくに: 清しん代だい中期ちゅうき內務府ふ的てき官僚かんりょう體制たいせい (in Chinese). Taipei: 國立こくりつ台灣たいわん大學だいがく出版しゅっぱん中心ちゅうしん. ISBN 978-9863504016.
  • Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804746842.

References

  1. ^ 祁 (Qí), 美よし琴きん (Měiqín) (2009). 清しん代だい内ない务府 (in Chinese). Shenyang: 辽宁民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 52. ISBN 978-7807226734.
  2. ^ Huáng Líjūn 2020 pg. 27. 福ぶく格かく,《聽雨叢くさむら談だん》言げん:「內務府ふ三さん旗はた,分ぶん佐さ領りょう、管領かんりょう。其管領かんりょう下人げにん,是ぜ我わが朝あさ發祥はっしょう之の初はつ家臣かしん;佐さ領りょう下人げにん,是ぜ當時とうじ所しょ置おけ兵へい弁べん,所謂いわゆる凡周之の士し不ふ顯あらわ亦また世よ也。」
  3. ^ Huáng Líjūn 2020 pg. 59. 「莊そう頭あたま旗はた人じん,或ある國くに初はつ帶地おびじ投とう充たかし,或ある由よし兵へい丁ひのと撥ばち充たかし屯田とんでん,今こん皆みな歸き內務府ふ會計かいけい司し管轄かんかつ,不ふ列れつ於佐領りょう、管領かんりょう之の內。若わか考試こうし登のぼり進すすむ,則のり暫附於管領りょう。」福ぶく格かく,《聽雨叢くさむら談だん》,卷まき 1,〈八はち旗はた原げん起おこり〉,頁ぺーじ 5
  4. ^ Huáng (黃き), Yīnóng (一いち農のう) (2014). 二重奏にじゅうそう: 紅べに學がく與清ともきよ史し的てき對話たいわ (in Chinese). Hsinchu: 國立こくりつ清華せいか大學だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 37. ISBN 978-9866116483. 依よ照あきら清きよし初はつ典てん制せい,只ただ有ゆう八旗滿洲才有包衣,八旗蒙古和漢軍則無,各かく旗はた包つつみ衣ころも主要しゅよう分ぶん成なり滿まん洲しゅう佐さ領りょう、旗鼓きこ佐さ領りょう、管領かんりょう下人げにん以及莊そう頭あたま人じん等とう類型るいけい,其中旗鼓きこ佐さ領りょう多た為ため漢人かんど,且大部分ぶぶん集中しゅうちゅう在ざい上うえ三さん旗はた。
  5. ^ a b Elliott 2001 pg. 82.
  6. ^ a b Crossley, Pamela (October 1991). Orphan Warriors 作者さくしゃ：Pamela Kyle Crossley. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00877-6.
  7. ^ Rawski (1998). The Last Emperors. p. 167.
  8. ^ Elliott 2001 pg. 324.
  9. ^ Elliott 2001 pg. 331.
  10. ^ Elliott 2001 pg. 325.
  11. ^ Walthall, Anne, ed. (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0520254442.

External links

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