貧民窟ひんみんくつ

貧民窟ひんみんくつ (粵音：pan4 man4 fat1，英文えいぶん：Slum)，又また好こう多おお時とき叫さけべ貧民ひんみん區く，係かかり一いち個こ人口じんこう密度みつど好こう高こう嘅窮きゅう人じん社しゃ區く，一般啲質素都係非常之差，好こう多た時じ只ただ係がかり鐵てつ皮かわ屋や^[1]。

名な

「貧民窟ひんみんくつ」本身ほんみ嘅意思いし純粹じゅんすい係がかり好こう多た窮きゅう人じん住じゅう埋うめ一齊いっせい嘅地方ちほう。不ふ過か，因いん為ため特別とくべつ係がかり二に戰せん前ぜん嗰幾いく年ねん，納おさめ粹いき德とく國こく開始かいし將はた好こう多た猶なお太ふとし人じん放ひ哂入歐おう洲しゅう嘅唔同どう少數しょうすう族ぞく群ぐん區く，而呢啲地方ちほう亦また確實かくじつ好こう窮きゅう，所以ゆえん有機ゆうき會かい造成ぞうせい混淆こんこう。

定義ていぎ

根據こんきょ聯合れんごう國こく嘅定義ていぎ，一いち個こ貧民ひんみん區く就係^[2]：

.... 住じゅう喺同一塊ひとかたまり屋や頂いただき下面かめん，而又唔能夠接觸せっしょく到いた足あし夠嘅乾いぬい淨水じょうすい、有ゆう清潔せいけつ系統けいとう、同どう埋うめ有ゆう房ぼう屋や嘅安全あんぜん

原因げんいん

其中一いち個こ主要しゅよう原因げんいん，就係自じ從したがえ18世紀せいき以嚟開始かいし咗嘅工業こうぎょう革命かくめい，令れい好こう多た原本げんぽん住じゅう喺郊區嘅人搬咗去大城おおき市し，搞到城市じょうし嘅人口じんこう密度みつど升ます得とく好こう快かい。不ふ過か，因いん為ため唔係一定都夠地方或者錢去起樓，所以ゆえん比較ひかく窮きゅう嘅人就唯有住ありずみ喺質素しっそ差さ嘅地方ちほう^[3]^[4]。

到いた依よ家いえ，好こう多た貧民窟ひんみんくつ仍然維持いじ嘅原因げんいん，可か以包括ほうかつ：經濟けいざい增長ぞうちょう放ひ慢、高こう失業しつぎょう率りつ、跨またが代だい貧窮ひんきゅう、自然しぜん災難さいなん、同どう埋うめ社會しゃかい問題もんだい等とう等とう^[1]^[5]^[6]。

特徵とくちょう

佢哋一般いっぱん都と係がかり喺市區しく附近ふきん，不ふ過か質素しっそ就非常ひじょう之これ差さ^[7]，連れん基本きほん嘅需要じゅよう，例れい如水みず同どう電でん，都と基本きほん上じょう唔會有ゆう。喺某啲社會しゃかい主義しゅぎ國家こっか，政府せいふ曾經起おこり過か一啲低質素嘅住宅，不ふ過か依よ家いえ已やめ經けい殘ざん哂，都會とかい落入貧民窟ひんみんくつ嘅一部分ぶぶん^[8]。

到いた依よ家いえ，好こう多た發展はってん中ちゅう國家こっか仍然喺大城じょう市有しゆう貧民窟ひんみんくつ，不ふ過か發達はったつ國家こっか其實一いち樣よう都みやこ有ゆう^[9]^[10]。喺所有しょゆう貧民窟ひんみんくつ之の中なか，全ぜん世界せかい最大さいだい嘅係喺巴ともえ基はじめ斯坦嘅卡拉奇き^[11]^[12]^[13]。

處理しょり方法ほうほう

對たい於呢個こ問題もんだい，有ゆう唔同嘅方法ほうほう可か以去處理しょり，最さい直接ちょくせつ嘅包括ほうかつ剷走呢啲區く，不ふ過か亦また有ゆう啲比較ひかく長ちょう遠どお啲嘅方法ほうほう，例れい如起公おおやけ屋や嚟住貧民ひんみん區く嘅人^[14]^[15]。

出で名めい例れい子こ

雖然貧民窟ひんみんくつ嘅例子こ全ぜん世界せかい都と有ゆう，不ふ過か尤ゆう其係喺粵語區く，最さい出だし名めい嘅都莫過於香港ほんこん嘅九きゅう龍りゅう寨城。呢個寨城曾經由けいゆ1840年代ねんだい開始かいし起おこり，到いた最後さいご1993年ねん清きよし拆，成なり為ため咗一個非常完全獨立運作又自給自足嘅貧民窟。

入いれ面めん嘅社會かい，雖然的てき確かく受到好こう多た犯罪はんざい同どう黑くろ社會しゃかい而影響えいきょう住じゅう，不ふ過か又また事實じじつ上じょう維持いじ到いた一いち個こ聚居地ち所ところ需要じゅよう嘅基本きほん資源しげん，包括ほうかつ住宅じゅうたく、水みず源みなもと、同どう嘢食等ひとし等ひとし^[16]。

攷

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 What are slums and why do they exist? 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2011-02-06. UN-Habitat, Kenya (April 2007)
↑ "Population living in slums". United Nations. 喺15 May 2022搵到.
↑ Lawrence Vale (2007), From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674025752
↑ Ashton, J R (2006). "Back to back housing, courts, and privies: the slums of 19th century England". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 60 (8): 654. PMC 2588079.
↑ Patton, C. (1988). Spontaneous shelter: International perspectives and prospects, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
↑ Assessing Slums in the Development Context 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2014-01-05. United Nations Habitat Group (2011)
↑ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 601. ISBN 9780415252256.
↑ UN-HABITAT 2007 Press Release 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2011-02-06. on its report, "The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003".
↑ Slums: Past, Present and Future United Nations Habitat (2007)
↑ The challenge of slums – Global report on Human Settlements, United Nations Habitat (2003)
↑ Mike Davis, Planet of Slums [« Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global »], La Découverte, Paris, 2006 (ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2)
↑ 5 Biggest Slums in the World 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2013-09-21., International Business Times, Daniel Tovrov, IB Times (December 9, 2011)
↑ Craig Glenday (Editor), Guinness World Records 2013, Bantam, ISBN 978-0-345-54711-8; see page 277
↑ Slum Dwellers to double by 2030 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2013-03-17. UN-HABITAT report, April 2007.
↑ Local Government Actions to Reduce Poverty and Achieve The Millennium Development Goals 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2019-10-22., Mona Serageldin, Elda Solloso, and Luis Valenzuela, Global Urban Development Magazine, Vol 2, Issue 1 (March 2006)
↑ Girard, Greg; Lamblot, Ian. "Hong Kong: Kowloon Walled City". Laboratoire Urbanisme Insurrectionnel.

睇

[whyslums-1] 1.0 ^1.1 What are slums and why do they exist? 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2011-02-06. UN-Habitat, Kenya (April 2007)

[2] "Population living in slums". United Nations. 喺15 May 2022搵到.

[Lawrence_Vale_2007-3] Lawrence Vale (2007), From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674025752

[Ashton2006-4] Ashton, J R (2006). "Back to back housing, courts, and privies: the slums of 19th century England". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 60 (8): 654. PMC 2588079.

[5] Patton, C. (1988). Spontaneous shelter: International perspectives and prospects, Philadelphia: Temple University Press

[grhs2011-6] Assessing Slums in the Development Context 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2014-01-05. United Nations Habitat Group (2011)

[7] Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 601. ISBN 9780415252256.

[UN-HABITAT_2007_Press_Release-8] UN-HABITAT 2007 Press Release 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2011-02-06. on its report, "The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003".

[Slums:_Past,_Present_and_Future-9] Slums: Past, Present and Future United Nations Habitat (2007)

[grhs2003-10] The challenge of slums – Global report on Human Settlements, United Nations Habitat (2003)

[11] Mike Davis, Planet of Slums [« Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global »], La Découverte, Paris, 2006 (ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2)

[12] 5 Biggest Slums in the World 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2013-09-21., International Business Times, Daniel Tovrov, IB Times (December 9, 2011)

[13] Craig Glenday (Editor), Guinness World Records 2013, Bantam, ISBN 978-0-345-54711-8; see page 277

[unh2007a-14] Slum Dwellers to double by 2030 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2013-03-17. UN-HABITAT report, April 2007.

[15] Local Government Actions to Reduce Poverty and Achieve The Millennium Development Goals 互聯網もう檔案館かん嘅歸かえり檔，歸かえり檔日期き2019-10-22., Mona Serageldin, Elda Solloso, and Luis Valenzuela, Global Urban Development Magazine, Vol 2, Issue 1 (March 2006)

[16] Girard, Greg; Lamblot, Ian. "Hong Kong: Kowloon Walled City". Laboratoire Urbanisme Insurrectionnel.

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