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User:HMGiovanniV/工作4 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
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User:HMGiovanniV/工作こうさく4

< User:HMGiovanniV

这是本ほん页的一いち个历史版本はんぽん，由ゆかりHMGiovanniV（留とめ言げん | 贡献）在ざい2024年ねん7月がつ13日にち (六ろく) 15:36 （→‎政治せいじ）编辑。这可能かのう和わ当とう前ぜん版本はんぽん存在そんざい着ぎ巨大きょだい的てき差さ异。

北方きたがた邦くに
उत्तर प्रदेश
印度いんど的てき邦くに
北方邦徽章
徽章きしょう
北方邦在印度的位置
北方きたがた邦くに在ざい印度いんど的てき位置いち
北方邦地图
北方きたがた邦くに地ち图
坐すわ标 （勒克瑙）：26°50′49″N 80°56′49″E / 26.847°N 80.947°E / 26.847; 80.947
国家こっか 印度いんど
建立こんりゅう时间现代：1805年ねん（作さく为割让和占うらない领的省しょう）
历史
摘要てきよう
  • 1805年ねん：割わり让和占うらない领的省しょう
  • 1834年ねん11月14日にち：阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ管区かんく
  • 1836年ねん1月がつ1日にち：西北せいほく省しょう
  • 1858年ねん4月がつ3日にち：阿おもね约提亚被英国えいこく控ひかえ制せい，德とく里さと从西北きた省しょう分ぶん里さと出来でき，并入英えい属ぞく旁つくり遮さえぎ普ひろし省しょう
  • 1871年ねん4月がつ1日にち：阿おもね杰梅尔, Merwara和わ凯克里さと作さく为独立どくりつ专区
  • 1877年ねん2月がつ15日にち：阿おもね约提亚并入にゅう西北せいほく省しょう
  • 1902年ねん3月がつ22日にち：更さら名めい为阿格かく拉ひしげ和やわ阿おもね约提亚联合ごう省しょう
  • 1921年ねん1月がつ3日にち：更さら名めい为英属ぞく印度いんど联合省しょう
  • 1937年ねん4月がつ1日にち：更さら名めい为联合ごう省しょう
  • 1946年ねん4月がつ1日にち：授予自治じち地位ちい
  • 1947年ねん8月がつ15日にち：成なる为独立どくりつ印度いんど的てき一いち部分ぶぶん
  • 1950年ねん1月がつ16日にち：更さら名めい为北方きたがた邦くに
  • 2009年ねん11月9日にち：北きた安やす查尔邦くに从北方きたがた邦くに析出せきしゅつ，现在叫さけべ做北きた阿おもね坎德邦くに
首府しゅふ勒克瑙
县75 [1]
政府せいふ
 • 行政ぎょうせい机つくえ构印度いんど政府せいふ，北方きたがた邦くに政府せいふ
 • 立法りっぽう机つくえ关两院制せい（404 + 108席せき）
 • 人民じんみん院いん选区80
 • 高等法院こうとうほういん安やす拉ひしげ阿おもね巴ともえ德いさお高等法院こうとうほういん
面めん积
 • 总计243,286 平方ひらかた公里くり（93,933 平方ひらかた英里えり）
面めん积排名めい第だい4位い
人口じんこう（2021年ねん）[1]
 • 總計そうけい241,066,874人にん
 • 排はい名めい第だい1位い
 • 密度みつど991人にん/平方ひらかた公里くり（2,566人にん/平方ひらかた英里えり）
居きょ民みん称しょう谓Uttarpradeshi
时区IST（UTC+05:30）
UN/LOCODEIN-UP
ISO 3166码IN-UP
車輛しゃりょう號ごう牌ぱいUP 01—XX
HDI▲ 0.596（低ひく）
HDI rank第だい35位い（2018年ねん）
识字率りつ67.68%
77.28%（男性だんせい）
57.18%（女性じょせい）
官かん方かた语言印しるし地ち语
英えい语
乌尔都と语
網あみ站upgov.nic.in
Module:Mapframe第だい384行ぎょうLua错误：attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value)

北方きたがた邦くに（印しるし地ち語ご：उत्तर प्रदेश，羅ら馬うま化か：Uttar Pradesh），印度いんど北部ほくぶ的てき邦くに，有ゆう2.41亿人口じんこう，是ぜ印度いんど人口じんこう最多さいた的てき邦くに，亦また是ぜ世界せかい人口じんこう最多さいた的てき一級いっきゅう行政ぎょうせい區く[2]。和わ尼あま泊はく爾なんじ接せっ壤，毗鄰國こく內的北きた阿おもね坎德邦くに、喜き马偕尔邦、哈里亚纳邦くに、拉ひしげ贾斯坦ひろし邦くに、中央ちゅうおう邦くに以及比ひ哈尔邦くに。北方きたがた邦くに面積めんせき243,286平方ひらかた公里くり，佔印度ど的てき7.34%，面積めんせき上じょう是ぜ印度いんど第だい四よん大邦たいほう。該邦分ぶん為ため18個こ分ぶん區く和わ70個こ縣けん，首府しゅふ為ため勒克瑙。印しるし地ち語ご和わ烏がらす爾なんじ都と語ご是ぜ北方きたがた邦くに最さい廣こう泛使用しよう的てき語ご言げん，也是官かん方かた語ご言げん。

北方きたがた邦くに成立せいりつ於1937年ねん4月がつ1日にち，當時とうじ是ぜ英治えいじ期間きかん的てき阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ和わ烏がらす德とく聯合れんごう省しょう，並なみ於1950年ねん更さら名めい為ため北方きたがた邦くに。北方きたがた邦くに是ぜ印度いんど的てき农业大邦たいほう，该邦的てき可耕地かこうち面めん积占总面积的82%，净播种面积占可耕地かこうち面めん积的68.5%[3]。历史上じょう，北方きたがた邦くに曾以蔗糖しょとう种植业闻名めい，而如今いま的てき经济格かく局きょく则以服ふく务业为主导，包括ほうかつ旅たび游ゆう业、酒さけ店てん业、不ふ动产业、保ほ险业、财务咨询业等。北方きたがた邦くに的てき国内こくない生せい产总值排名めい印度いんど第だい三さん位い[4]。

北方きたがた邦くに是ぜ印度いんど历史上じょう多た个主要よう王朝おうちょう的てき发源地ち，包括ほうかつ孔雀くじゃく王朝おうちょう、戒日王朝おうちょう、笈きゅう多た王朝おうちょう、波なみ罗王朝あさ、德とく里さと蘇そ丹まこと國こく、莫卧儿帝国こく，有ゆう着ぎ深厚しんこう的てき历史文化ぶんか积淀。恒つね河かわ及其支流しりゅう亚穆纳河在ざい北方きたがた邦くに的てき普ひろし拉ひしげ亚格拉ひしげ吉きち交汇，是ぜ为印度いんど教きょう的てき圣地之の一いち。全ちょん邦くに四分之三的人口为印度教徒，伊い斯兰教きょう为第二に大だい教きょう。北方きたがた邦くに有数ゆうすう座ざ印度いんど教きょう圣城，以及负有盛名せいめい的てき历史名城めいじょう，包括ほうかつ阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ、阿おもね里さと格かく尔、阿おもね约提亚、巴ともえ雷かみなり利り、戈ほこ勒克布ぬの爾なんじ、坎普尔、拘かかわ尸しかばね那な揭羅、勒克瑙、马图拉ひしげ、密みつ拉ひしげ特とく、普ひろし拉ひしげ亚格拉ひしげ吉きち、瓦かわら拉ひしげ納おさめ西にし、沃林达文。邦くに内ない共有きょうゆう三さん处世界せかい遗产：泰たい姬ひめ陵りょう、阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ堡、法ほう泰たい赫普尔西克かつ里さと。

历史

史ふみ前ぜん时期

自じ8.5万まん年ねん前まえ至いたり7.2万まん年ねん前まえ，早期そうき现代人じん在ざい今日きょう北方きたがた邦くに定てい居い，以狩猎采集しゅう为生[5][6][7][8]，邦くに内的ないてき普ひろし拉ひしげ塔とう普ひろし加か尔城一いち带存有ゆう旧きゅう石器せっき时代中期ちゅうき至いたり晚期ばんき和わ中ちゅう石器せっき时代的てき狩かり猎采集しゅう文明ぶんめい史し迹遗存そん，距今已やめ有ゆう2.1万まん至いたり3.1万まん年ねん历史[9]。早はや在ざい公おおやけ元もと前まえ6000年ねん，就出现了驯养牛うし羊ひつじ的てき村落そんらく，兼有けんゆう农业生せい产的迹象，这些村落そんらく在ざい之の后きさき的てき公おおやけ元もと前まえ4000年ねん到いた公おおやけ元もと前まえ1500年ねん之の间逐渐发展てん，经历了りょう印度いんど河かわ流域りゅういき文明ぶんめい和わ吠陀べーだ文化ぶんか，一いち直ちょく延のべ续到铁器时代[10][11][12]。

远古至いたり古典こてん时代

 
鹿野かの苑えん的てき答こたえ枚まい克かつ佛塔ぶっとう（英えい语：Dhamekh Stupa）是これ释迦牟尼初はつ转法轮之これ地ち

在ざい印度いんど列国れっこく时代的てき十じゅう六ろく大国たいこく中ちゅう，领土完全かんぜん位い于今日び北方きたがた邦くに内的ないてき就有七なな国こく之の多おお[13][14]。史し诗《罗摩衍那》中ちゅう，拘かかわ萨罗国こく神かみ王おう罗摩的まと都城みやこのじょう阿おもね约提亚[15]，以及史し诗《摩ま诃婆罗多》的てき英雄えいゆう黑くろ天てん的てき出生しゅっしょう地ち马图拉ひしげ，都と位い于北方きたがた邦くに境内けいだい[14]。

在ざい印度いんど历史上じょう，控ひかえ制せい恒つね河かわ平原ひらはら是ただし各かく大だい王朝おうちょう统治印度いんど的てき必需ひつじゅ之の举，如孔雀くじゃく王朝おうちょう（前ぜん320–前まえ200年ねん）、贵霜帝国ていこく（100年ねん–250年ねん）、笈きゅう多た王朝おうちょう（350年ねん–600年ねん）、瞿折罗-普ひろし腊蒂哈腊王朝おうちょう（650年ねん–1036年ねん）[16]。6世せい纪，嚈哒推翻笈きゅう多た王朝おうちょう，曲きょく女おんな城じょう（根ね瑙杰）崛起为恒河かわ平原へいげん的てき重じゅう镇[17]，为戒日王朝おうちょう（590年ねん–647年ねん）都城みやこのじょう[17]，其领土ど北きた达旁つくり遮さえぎ普ひろし，西にし至いたる古こ吉きち拉ひしげ特とく，东及孟はじめ加か拉ひしげ，南みなみ抵奥おく迪すすむ沙すな[14][18]。今日きょう许多社しゃ群ぐん都と自称じしょう是ぜ曲きょく女おんな城じょう人的じんてき后きさき裔[19]。戒日王おう驾崩后きさき，戒日王朝おうちょう即そく告つげ分裂ぶんれつ，恒つね河かわ平原へいげん转由瞿折罗-普ひろし腊蒂哈腊王朝おうちょう统治，和かず孟はじめ加か拉ひしげ的てき波なみ罗王朝あさ形成けいせい对抗之の势[18]。

北方きたがた邦くに大部たいぶ地区ちく由ゆかり德とく里さと蘇そ丹まこと國こく统治了りょう320年ねん，又また可分かぶん为庫くら特とく布ぬの沙すな希まれ王朝おうちょう、卡爾吉きち王朝おうちょう、圖ず格かく魯克王朝おうちょう、薩義德とく王朝おうちょう和わ洛らく迪すすむ王朝おうちょう[20][21]。

德とく里さと的てき首位しゅい苏丹庫くら特とく布ぬの丁ひのと·艾もぐさ伊い拜はい克かつ治下ちか征服せいふく了りょう今日きょう北方きたがた邦くに的てき部分ぶぶん地区ちく，包括ほうかつ密みつ拉ひしげ特とく、阿おもね里さと格かく尔、埃ほこり塔とう瓦かわら等地とうち。伊い勒杜迷失攻おさむ克かつ曲きょく女おんな城じょう，并且征服せいふく了りょう北方きたがた邦くに的てき大部たいぶ领地。巴ともえ勒班治下ちか遭遇そうぐう多た次つぎ民みん众起事ごと，但ただし都と悉数平ひら息いき下か来らい。阿おもね拉ひしげ乌丁·卡尔吉きち（英えい语：Alauddin Khilji）征服せいふく了りょう瓦かわら拉ひしげ納おさめ西にし和わ普ひろし拉ひしげ亚格拉ひしげ吉きち等とう多た地ち。此外，苏非主ぬし义亦また在ざい这期间在北方きたがた邦生くにお根ね发芽，诞生如尼あま扎穆丁ひのと·奥おく利り亚（英えい语：Nizamuddin Auliya）、库特布ぬの丁ひのと·巴ともえ赫蒂亚尔·卡基（英えい语：Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki）等とう影かげ响深远的苏非圣人。这一时期亦有许多著名的清真寺和陵墓建筑留存至今，如江こう布ぬの尔的てき阿おもね塔とう拉ひしげ清真きよざね寺てら（英えい语：Atala Masjid）、法ほう泰たい赫普尔西克かつ里さと的てき贾玛清真きよざね寺てら、图格鲁卡巴ともえ德いさお（英えい语：Tughlaqabad）的てき图格鲁卡巴ともえ德いさお城じょう堡（英えい语：Tughlaqabad Fort）等ひとし[22][23]。

中世ちゅうせい至いたり近世きんせい

16世せい纪，来き自じ中ちゅう亚费尔干ひ纳盆地ち的てき巴ともえ布ぬの尔率りつ军自开伯尔山口こう南下なんか，建立こんりゅう莫卧儿帝国こく，征服せいふく了りょう今日きょう的てき阿おもね富とみ汗あせ、印度いんど大部おおぶ、巴ともえ基はじめ斯坦和わ孟はじめ加か拉ひしげ国こく[24]，今日きょう的てき北方ほっぽう邦くに一带充当了帝国的腹地[19][25][26]。巴ともえ布ぬの尔和胡えびす马雍两位皇帝こうてい定てい都と在ざい德とく里さと[25][26]，1540年ねん，舍しゃ尔沙起おこり兵へい击败胡えびす马雍[27]，建立こんりゅう苏尔王朝おうちょう，统治北方きたがた邦くに地区ちく[28]。第だい二次帕尼帕特战役后きさき，莫卧儿皇帝こうてい阿おもね克かつ巴ともえ收おさむ复北方きたがた邦くに地区ちく[29]，定てい都と在ざい阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ和わ法ほう泰たい赫普尔西克かつ里さと[30]。

18世せい纪起，莫卧儿帝国步こくほ入いれ衰おとろえ落，马拉塔とう帝国ていこく崛起并入侵おかせ北方きたがた邦くに地区ちく，原本げんぽん在ざい该地掌てのひら权的罗希拉ひしげ人じん（英えい语：Rohilla）遭马拉ひしげ地ち人じん驱逐。1803年ねん至いたり1804年ねん，英国えいこく东印度いんど公司こうし和かず马拉地ち人じん爆ばく发第だい二に次じ英国えいこく-马拉地ち战争（英えい语：Second Anglo-Maratha War），由ゆかり英国えいこく人じん取と胜告终，进而统治北方きたがた邦くに的てき大だい部分ぶぶん地区ちく[31]。

英治えいじ时期

自じ18世せい纪下半はん叶かのう起おこり，英国えいこく东印度いんど公司こうし经连年ねん征せい战，逐渐控ひかえ制せい今日きょう的てき北方ほっぽう邦くに诸地[32]，连同阿おもね杰梅尔和わ齋とき浦うら爾なんじ的てき部分ぶぶん领地一いち起おこり，成立せいりつ西北せいほく省しょう（英えい语：North-Western Provinces）管かん辖，其面积在当とう时的英えい属ぞく印度いんど领地下か并不算さん大だい[33]。其首府しゅふ曾在阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ和わ安やす拉ひしげ阿おもね巴ともえ德之のりゆき间两度ど迁移[34]。

1857年ねん，印度いんど土ど兵へい哗变，引起印度いんど民族みんぞく起おこり义，始はじめ于北方きたがた邦くに境内けいだい的てき密みつ拉ひしげ特とく[35]。起おこり义最终失败，于是英国えいこく人じん重じゅう划省份，以分治ち起おこり义故地ち，奥おく德いさお土ど邦くに划入西北せいほく省しょう，改あらため为阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ和わ奧おく德とく省しょう（通称つうしょう联合省しょう[36][37]），德とく里さと划出至いたり旁つくり遮さえぎ普ひろし省しょう，阿おもね杰梅尔-马瓦尔（英えい语：Marwar）地区ちく并入拉ひしげ杰普塔とう纳（英えい语：Rajputana）[38]。

1920年ねん，省治しょうじ由よし安やす拉ひしげ阿おもね巴ともえ德いさお迁至勒克瑙[39]，但ただし高等法院こうとうほういん仍留在ざい安やす拉ひしげ阿おもね巴ともえ德いさお[40]。安やす拉ひしげ阿おもね巴ともえ德いさお如今仍是北方きたがた邦くに的てき行政ぎょうせい重じゅう镇，设有多た个部门总部ぶ[41]。这一时期的北方邦地区仍是印度政治的中心，并且是ぜ印度いんど独立どくりつ运动的てき温床おんしょう。这里集しゅう结了阿おもね里さと格かく尔穆斯林大学だいがく（英えい语：Aligarh Muslim University）、贝那拉ひしげ斯印度いんど教きょう大学だいがく（英えい语：Banaras Hindu University）、德とく奥おく班はん德とく神学しんがく院いん（英えい语：Darul Uloom Deoband）等とう现代高等こうとう院いん校こう，拉ひしげ姆·普ふ拉ひしげ萨德·比ひ斯米尔（英えい语：Ram Prasad Bismil）、錢ぜに德とく拉ひしげ·謝しゃ卡爾·阿おもね扎德等ひとし知名ちめい民族みんぞく主ぬし义人物ぶつ，以及如莫逖拉ひしげ尔·尼あま赫鲁、贾瓦哈拉尔·尼あま赫鲁、马丹·莫汉·马拉维亚（英えい语：Madan Mohan Malaviya）、戈ほこ温ゆたか德とく·巴ともえ拉ひしげ布ぬの·潘はん特とく（英えい语：Govind Ballabh Pant）等ひとし国大こくだい党とう领袖，都と活かつ跃在北方きたがた邦くに。1936年ねん4月がつ11日にち，全ぜん印しるし农民协会（英えい语：All India Kisan Sabha）成立せいりつ于勒克かつ瑙，选举萨哈贾南德とく·萨拉斯瓦蒂（英えい语：Sahajanand Saraswati）为首任にん主席しゅせき[42]，他た长期领导农民反抗はんこう扎明达尔地主じぬし特とく权，是ぜ印度いんど农民运动的てき重要じゅうよう领袖[43]。1942年ねん退出たいしゅつ印度いんど运动期き间，巴ともえ利とし亚镇曾推翻英国えいこく当局とうきょく，建立こんりゅう独立どくりつ政府せいふ[44]。

独どく立后りっこう

印度いんど独どく立后りっこう的てき1950年ねん1月がつ24日にち，联合省しょう改あらため为北方きたがた邦くに，仍以UP为缩写うつし[45][46][47]。有ゆう九位总理出身于北方邦，为印度いんど诸邦之の首くび。北方きたがた邦くに也是印度いんど人民じんみん院いん议员席せき位い最多さいた的てき邦くに。尽つき管かん长期为印度いんど政治せいじ重じゅう地ち，但ただし该邦长期存在そんざい治ち理り不善ふぜん的てき问题，经济相しょう对落后きさき，犯罪はんざい和わ腐くさ败问题严重じゅう。该邦屡しばしば屡しばしば发生种姓暴力ぼうりょく（英えい语：Caste-related violence in India）和わ社しゃ区く暴力ぼうりょく罪ざい案あん[48]。1992年ねん12月，阿おもね约提亚爆ばく发巴ともえ布里ふり清真きよざね寺てら拆除事件じけん，引发全国ぜんこく广泛的てき暴力ぼうりょく争そう端はし[49]。2000年ねん，北方きたがた邦くに部分ぶぶん地区ちく分ぶん置おけ为北きた阿おもね坎德邦くに[50]。

地理ちり

 
恒つね河かわ平原へいげん

北方きたがた邦くに面めん积为240,928平方ひらかた公里くり（93,023平方ひらかた英里えり），排はい名めい印度いんど第だい四よん，约等于英国こく的てき面めん积。位い于印度いんど北部ほくぶ边界，和わ尼あま泊はく尔接せっ壤，北部ほくぶ边界抵达喜き马拉雅みやび山やま区く[51]，绝大部分ぶぶん领土是ぜ平原へいげん[52]。北部ほくぶ以印度いんど河かわ-恒つね河かわ平原へいげん为主，包括ほうかつ恒つね河かわ-亚穆纳河かわ间地区ちく（英えい语：Doab）、加か格かく拉ひしげ河かわ平原ひらはら、恒つね河かわ平原ひらはら和かず特とく莱平原へいげん[53]，南部なんぶ有ゆう温ぬる迪すすむ亚山脉和かず高原こうげん地ち带[54]。喜き马拉雅みやび山やま脉南缘的西にし瓦かわら利克としかつ山脈さんみゃく和平わへい原はら区く的石まといし床ゆか交界区く称しょう为巴ともえ伯はく尔（英えい语：Bhabar）地区ちく[55]，这里森林もりばやし密ひそか布ぬの，溪流けいりゅう密集みっしゅう，季き风季节就会かい汇成汹涌的てき洪ひろし流りゅう[56]。这里长满高大こうだい的てき象ぞう草そう，森林もりばやし茂しげる密ひそか，其间夹杂着ぎ草くさ沼ぬま和わ树沼[57][58]。

北方きたがた邦くに的てき耕作こうさく活かつ动密集みっしゅう[59]，横よこ跨またが三个农业气候区，包括ほうかつ中部ちゅうぶ恒つね河かわ平原へいげん地区ちく（地区ちく四よん）、上うえ恒ひさし河かわ平原へいげん地区ちく（地区ちく五ご）和かず中部ちゅうぶ高原こうげん丘陵きゅうりょう地区ちく（地区ちく八はち）[60]。河谷こうだに土地とち较为肥沃ひよく，因いん此开垦有大量たいりょう梯はしご田た，但ただし灌溉不足ふそく[61]。整せい个冲积平原分はるぶん为三さん个次区域くいき[62]。东部地区ちく有ゆう14个县，洪ひろし旱ひでり灾害频仍，较为缺かけ水すい，人口じんこう密度みつど最高さいこう，人にん均ひとし土地とち最少さいしょう，而中部ちゅうぶ和わ西部せいぶ地区ちく情じょう况相对好，有ゆう着ぎ发达的てき灌溉系けい统[63][64]。有ゆう多た于32条じょう大小だいしょう河かわ流りゅう流りゅう经该邦くに，较知名めい的てき有ゆう恒つね河かわ、亞あ穆きよし納おさめ河かわ、薩拉斯瓦蒂河、萨拉尤ゆう河かわ（英えい语：Sarayu）、貝かい特とく瓦かわら河かわ、加か格かく拉ひしげ河かわ，这些河かわ流りゅう在ざい印度いんど教きょう中ちゅう都と有ゆう崇高すうこう地位ちい[65]。

气候

Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.[66] The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.[67] Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0—50 °C（32—122 °F） in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the Loo（英えい语：Loo (wind)）.[68] The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.[67] The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm（26英えい寸すん） in the southwest corner of the state to 1,000 mm（39英えい寸すん） in the eastern and south eastern parts of the state.[69] Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon（英えい语：Monsoon of India） is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the western disturbances（英えい语：western disturbances） and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.[66][70]

 
Monsoon clouds over Indirapuram（英えい语：Indirapuram）
北方きたがた邦くに
月つき份 1月がつ 2月がつ 3月がつ 4月がつ 5月 6月がつ 7月がつ 8月がつ 9月 10月 11月 12月 全ぜん年とし
平均へいきん高温こうおん °C（°F） 29.9
(85.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.9
(98.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.1
(86.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.6
(88.9)
平均へいきん低温ていおん °C（°F） 11.0
(51.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
平均へいきん降水こうすい量りょう mm（英えい寸すん） 0
(0) 		3
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		11
(0.4) 		40
(1.6) 		138
(5.4) 		163
(6.4) 		129
(5.1) 		155
(6.1) 		68
(2.7) 		28
(1.1) 		4
(0.2) 		741
(29.2)
平均へいきん降水こうすい天てん数すう 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
月つき均ひとし日照ひでり時數じすう 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34
数かず据すえ来らい源みなもと：[71]

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm（67英えい寸すん） in hilly areas to 84 cm（33英えい寸すん） in Western Uttar Pradesh（英えい语：Western Uttar Pradesh）.[66] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000、1,200 mm（39和わ47英えい寸すん）, most of which comes during the monsoon.[67] Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30—38 °C（86—100 °F）. There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called loo（英えい语：loo (wind)） blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[66]

Flora and fauna

参まいり见：Pilibhit Tiger Reserve和わDudhwa National Park
State symbols of Uttar Pradesh[72][73]
State animal Swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii)  
State bird Sarus crane (Antigone antigone)  
State tree Ashoka (Saraca asoca)  
State flower Palash (Butea monosperma)  
State dance Kathak（英えい语：Kathak）  
State sport Field hockey  

Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.[74] In 2011, the recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km2（6,403 sq mi） which is about 6.9% of the state's geographical area.[75] In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a habitat for 4.2% of all species of Algae recorded in India, 6.4% of Fungi, 6.0% of Lichens, 2.9% of Bryophytes, 3.3% of Pteridophytes, 8.7% of Gymnosperms, 8.1% of Angiosperms.[76] Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles, and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild[77] and are also grown in plantations. The Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands（英えい语：Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands） support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish, and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the Babool (Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are found in the arid Vindhyas.[78][79] Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.[80] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.[81]

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[82] The most common birds which are found in the state are doves, peafowl, junglefowl, black partridges, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeet（英えい语：parakeet）s, quails, bulbuls, comb ducks, kingfishers, woodpeckers, snipe（英えい语：snipe）s, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary（英えい语：Bakhira Sanctuary）, National Chambal Sanctuary（英えい语：National Chambal Sanctuary）, Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary（英えい语：Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary）, Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary（英えい语：Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary）, Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary（英えい语：Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary）, and Okhla Sanctuary（英えい语：Okhla Sanctuary）.[83][84][85][86][87][88]

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobra（英えい语：cobra）s, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are mahaseer（英えい语：Mahseer） and trout. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the rhinoceros from the Terai region, Ganges river dolphin（英えい语：South Asian river dolphin） primarily found in the Ganges have become endangered.[89] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government（英えい语：Government of Uttar Pradesh）.[90]

行政ぎょうせい区く划

主しゅ条目じょうもく：北方きたがた邦くに行政ぎょうせい区く划
参まいり见：北方きたがた邦くに西部せいぶ（英えい语：Western Uttar Pradesh）、北方きたがた邦くに东部（英えい语：Eastern Uttar Pradesh）和わ阿おもね瓦かわら德とく
 
北方きたがた邦くに的てき18个专区く

北方きたがた邦くに分ぶん为18个专区く（division），下しも辖共75个县（district）[91]。

专区 首府しゅふ 县
阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ专区（英えい语：Agra division） 阿おもね格かく拉ひしげ
阿おもね里さと格かく尔专区く（英えい语：Aligarh division） 阿おもね里さと格かく尔
阿おもね约提亚专区く（英えい语：Ayodhya division） 阿おもね约提亚
阿おもね泽姆格かく尔专区く（英えい语：Azamgarh division） 阿おもね泽姆格かく尔
巴ともえ雷かみなり利り专区（英えい语：Bareilly division） 巴ともえ雷かみなり利り
伯はく斯蒂专区（英えい语：Basti division） 伯はく斯蒂
奇特きとく拉ひしげ庫こ特とく专区（英えい语：Chitrakoot division） 班はん达（英えい语：Banda, Uttar Pradesh）
代だい维帕坦ひろし专区（英えい语：Devipatan division） 貢みつぎ達たち（英えい语：Gonda, Uttar Pradesh）
戈ほこ勒克布ぬの爾なんじ专区（英えい语：Gorakhpur division） 戈ほこ勒克布ぬの爾なんじ
占うらない西にし专区（英えい语：Jhansi division） 占うらない西にし
坎普尔专区く（英えい语：Kanpur division） 坎普尔
勒克瑙专区く（英えい语：Lucknow division） 勒克瑙
密みつ拉ひしげ特とく专区 密みつ拉ひしげ特とく
莫拉達たち巴ともえ德いさお专区（英えい语：Moradabad division） 莫拉達たち巴ともえ德いさお
普ひろし拉ひしげ亚格拉ひしげ吉きち专区（英えい语：Prayagraj division） 普ひろし拉ひしげ亚格拉ひしげ吉きち
薩哈蘭らん普あまね爾しか专区（英えい语：Saharanpur division） 薩哈蘭らん普ひろし爾なんじ
瓦かわら拉ひしげ納おさめ西にし专区（英えい语：Varanasi division） 瓦かわら拉ひしげ納おさめ西にし
米べい尔扎布ぬの尔专区く（英えい语：Mirzapur division） 米べい尔扎布ぬの尔

Demographics

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Demographics of Uttar Pradesh
参まいり见：List of people from Uttar Pradesh

Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)[92]

  Hinduism（79.73%）
  Islam（19.26%）
  Sikhism（0.32%）
  Christianity（0.18%）
  Buddhism（0.10%）
  Jainism（0.11%）
  Other（0.01%）
  Not stated（0.29%）

Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census[93]

  Hindi（80.16%）
  Bhojpuri（10.93%）
  Urdu（5.42%）
  Awadhi（1.9%）
  Punjabi（0.3%）
  Bengali（0.1%）
  Others（1.19%）

Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 per cent.[94] It is the most populous state in India, with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011.[95] The state contributes to 16.2 per cent of India's population. As of 2021, the estimated population of the state is around 240 million people.[96] The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated states in the country.[97] It has the largest scheduled caste population whereas scheduled tribes are less than 1 per cent of the total population.[98][99]

The sex ratio in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943.[100] The low sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh, is a result of various factors, such as sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and discrimination against girls and women.[101][102] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, higher than the national rate of 17.64 per cent.[103][104] It has a large number of people living below the poverty line.[105] As per a World Bank document released in 2016, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country.[106] Estimates released by the Reserve Bank of India for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had 59 million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.[105][107] The central and eastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As per the report of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released in 2020, the state per capita income is below 8万まん卢比 (1,242.4美び元もと) per annum.[108]

As per 2011 census, Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus and Muslims.[109] The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 per cent, which was below the national average of 74 per cent.[110][111] The literacy rate for men is 79 per cent and for women 59 per cent. In 2001 the literacy rate in the state stood at 56 per cent overall, 67 per cent for men and 43 per cent for women.[112] A report based on a National Statistical Office (NSO) survey[a] revealed that Uttar Pradesh's literacy rate is 73 per cent, less than the national average of 77.7 per cent. According to the report, in the rural region, the literacy rate among men is 80.5 per cent and women is 60.4 per cent, while in urban areas, the literacy rate among men is 86.8 per cent and women is 74.9 per cent.[113]

Hindi is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.[114] Bhojpuri is the second most spoken language of the state,[115] it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include Awadhi spoken in Awadh in central Uttar Pradesh, Bhojpuri spoken in Purvanchal in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region in Western Uttar Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions. Urdu is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.[114][116] English is used as a means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include Punjabi (0.3 per cent) and Bengali (0.1 per cent).[116]

政治せいじ

 
北方きたがた邦くに立法院りっぽういん

北方きたがた邦くに实行代だい议民主みんしゅ制せい和わ议会制せい，是ぜ印度いんど六ろく个实行ぎょう两院制せい的てき邦之くにゆき一いち，分ふん为和立法院りっぽういん（英えい语：Vidhan Sabha）（下院かいん）和わ立法りっぽう会かい（英えい语：Vidhan Parishad）（上院じょういん）[117][118]。北方きたがた邦くに立法院りっぽういん有ゆう404个议席せき，任期にんき五ご年ねん。立法りっぽう会かい有ゆう100个永久えいきゅう议席，每まい两年有ゆう三分之一的议员退休离任。北方きたがた邦くに是ぜ印度いんど国会こっかい议员席せき位い最多さいた的てき邦くに[119]，下院かいん人民じんみん院いん占うらない80席せき，上院じょういん联邦院いん占うらない31席せき[120][121]。

北方きたがた邦くに政府せいふ为民主みんしゅ选举产生，邦くに长为宪政首くび长，由ゆかり印度いんど总统任命にんめい，任期にんき五ご年ねん[122]。立法院りっぽういん优势党派とうは的てき党とう魁さきがけ由よし邦くに长任命にんめい为首席せき部ぶ长，邦くに部ぶ长会议由邦くに长参照さんしょう首席しゅせき部ぶ长建议任命にんめい。邦くに长是礼れい仪性的てき邦くに元首げんしゅ，而首席せき部ぶ长和内ない阁负责日常にちじょう行政ぎょうせい工作こうさく。部ぶ长会议由内ない阁部长和国こく务部长组成なり，并有邦くに首席しゅせき秘ひ书（英えい语：Chief Secretary (India)）带领的てき秘ひ书处协助工作こうさく。首席しゅせき秘ひ书亦是ぜ政府せいふ的てき行政ぎょうせい首くび长。部ぶ长是各かく个政府せいふ部ぶ门的首くび脑，有ゆう首席しゅせき辅秘或ある主任しゅにん秘ひ书 (印度いんど)（英えい语：Principal Secretary (India)）协助[123][124]。

北方きたがた邦くに的てき各かく个专区く的てき行政ぎょうせい长官称しょう专区专员 (印度いんど)（英えい语：Divisional Commissioner）[123][125][126]，各かく县的行政ぎょうせい长官称しょう县长 (印度いんど)（英えい语：District collector）[123][127]，负责为辖区く提供ていきょう公共こうきょう服ふく务、维持法律ほうりつ秩序ちつじょ。

邦くに的てき司法しほう机つくえ构包括ほうかつ普ひろし拉ひしげ亚格拉ひしげ吉きち的てき高等法院こうとうほういん（英えい语：Allahabad High Court），勒克瑙的高等法院こうとうほういん法ほう庭にわ，专区法ほう院いん、县法院いん和わ乡法院いん[123][128]。邦くに首席しゅせき法官ほうかん由ゆかり印度いんど总统根ね据すえ联邦首席しゅせき法官ほうかん和わ北方きたがた邦くに邦くに长建议任命にんめい[123][129]。

北方きたがた邦くに的てき四大政党主导着邦内政局：社会党しゃかいとう、大だい眾社會黨しゃかいとう（英えい语：Bahujan Samaj Party）、印度いんど人民じんみん党とう、印度いんど国民こくみん大会たいかい党とう[130]。

Crime and accidents

According to the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of encounter killings and custodial deaths.[131] In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the country.[132] NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889 cases.[133] A data from Minister of Home Affairs (MHA) avers, Bareilly recorded the highest number of custodial death at 25, followed by Agra (21), Allahabad (19) and Varanasi (9). National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per capita crime rate is low.[134] The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum communal violence incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23% of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.[135][136] According to a research assembled by State Bank of India, Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its Human Development Index (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).[137] Based on sub-national human development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.[138][139][140] The Uttar Pradesh Police, governed by the Department of Home and Confidential, is the largest police force in the world.[141][142][143]

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 23,219 – due to road and rail accidents in 2015, according to NCRB data.[144][145] This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving.[146] Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[147][148]

In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.[149][150][151] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.[152][153] In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in Kanpur, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.[154]

Economy

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Economy of Uttar Pradesh
参まいり见：List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh
Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2011–12 Base)

figures in crores of Indian rupees

Year Net State Domestic Product[155]
2011–12 532,218
2015–16 1,137,808
2016–17 1,288,700
2017–18 1,446,000[156] (est.)
 
Sown saplings of rice in a paddy; located in the rich fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain, agriculture is the largest employment generator in the state.

In terms of net state domestic product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the fourth-largest economy in India, with an estimated gross state domestic product of ,[156] contributing 8.4% of India's gross domestic product.[157] According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output.[158] About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country's largest producer of sugar.[158] As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh.[159]

With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of SMEs in Uttar Pradesh.[160] The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the state.[161] The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new units under a single window scheme.[162] In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.[163] The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.[164] According to a recent report of the World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India, Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states.[165]

According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 per cent of the GSDP.[166] The state's total financial debt stood at in 2011.[167] Uttar Pradesh has not been able to witness double-digit economic growth despite consistent attempts over the years.[166] The GSDP is estimated to have grown 7 per cent in 2017–18 and 6.5 per cent in 2018–19 which is about 10 per cent of India's GDP. According to a survey conducted by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), Uttar Pradesh's unemployment rate increased 11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 per cent in April 2020.[168] Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state.[169] The 2011 census data on migration shows that nearly 14.4 million (14.7%) people had migrated out of Uttar Pradesh.[170] Marriage was cited as the predominant reason for migration among females. Among males, the most important reason for migration was work and employment.[171]

 
IT Parks in Noida, which are known for their infrastructure and services, as well as high-end housing complexes.[172]

In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8 per cent of the state domestic product compared to 44 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 per cent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[173][174] Noida, Meerut, and Agra rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas Lucknow and Kanpur rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.[175] During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 per cent, lower than 15.5 per cent, the average for all states of the country.[176][177] The state's per capita GSDP was 29,417 (US$ 456.85), lower than the national per capita GSDP of 60,972 (US$ 946.9).[178] Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labour. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.[179]

Transportation

更さら多た信しん息いき：List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh、List of airports in Uttar Pradesh和わUttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
 
A section of Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway

The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. 截至2015年ねん (2015-Missing required parameter 1=month!), there were 9,077 km（5,640 mi） of rail in the state.[180][181] The railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the Indian Railways viz. North Central Railway and North Eastern Railway. Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[182] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway.[183][184] Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division. Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express, the second fastest Shatabdi Express train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Lucknow while Kanpur Shatabdi Express, connects New Delhi to Kanpur Central. This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB coaches.[185] The railway stations of Prayagraj Junction, Agra Cantonment, Lucknow Charbagh, Gorakhpur Junction, Kanpur Central, Mathura Junction and Varanasi Junction are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.[186] The Lucknow Metro, along with the Kanpur Metro (Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur, respectively.

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[187] It has 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km（3,071英里えり） comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways length in India.[188] The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[189] All cities are connected to state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is Agra–Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km（188英里えり） controlled-access highway constructed by UPEIDA.[190] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km（638英里えり） per 1,000 km2（390平方ひらかた英里えり） – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km（31,517英里えり）.[191]

By passenger traffic in India, Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.[192] Another international airport has been built at Kushinagar. However, since its inauguration, Kushinagar International Airport has not yet seen any outbound flights to international destinations.[193][194] Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur and Kanpur.[195][196] The state has also proposed creating the Noida International Airport near Jewar in Gautam Buddha Nagar district.[197][198] [199]

Sports

参まいり见：Indian Grand Prix和わUttar Pradesh Cricket Association
 
Force India racing at Buddh International Circuit

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).[200] Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[201]

Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey.[202] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[203] Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex is a newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.[204] Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many akharas (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.[205]

The Uttar Pradesh football team (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the All India Football Federation.[206] The UPFS participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football Federation.[207] Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and the Kanpur Football Association.[208] The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to Badminton Association of India responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.[209]

The Buddh International Circuit hosted India's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[210] Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.[211]

Education

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Education in Uttar Pradesh
参まいり见：List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh
 
JRHU is a private university for people with disabilities in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.
 
Central Drug Research Institute, an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute

Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[212] Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periods. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding Pali, Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration.[213] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or the council for ICSE boards.[214] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. Some Uttar Pradesh schools, for example Delhi Public School (Noida), La Martinière Girls' College (Lucknow), and Step by Step School (Noida) have been ranked among the best schools in the country.[215]

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,[216] including five central universities, twenty eight state universities, eight deemed universities, two IITs in Varanasi and Kanpur, AIIMS Gorakhpur and AIIMS Rae Bareli, an IIM in Lucknow[217][218]

The Integral University, a state level institution, was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different technical, applied science, and other disciplines.[219] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.[220] A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Motilal Nehru, Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi.[221]

Tourism

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
参まいり见：Kumbh Mela和わArchitecture of Uttar Pradesh
 
Kumbh Mela at Sangam, Allahabad, 2013

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.[222][223] Some 44,000 foreign tourists arrived in the state in 2021, and almost 110 million domestic tourists.[224] The Taj Mahal attracts some 7 million people a year, earning almost 7.8亿卢比 (1,211.34万まん美び元もと) in ticket sales in 2018–19.[225] The state is home to three World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal,[226] Agra Fort,[227] and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.[228]

Religious tourism plays a significant role in the state's economy. Varanasi is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism.[229][230][231] Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place for Vaishnavism.[232][233] Sravasti generally considered as revered sites in Buddhism, believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his Suttas (sermons).[234]

Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.[235][236][237] Millions gather at Prayagraj to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[238] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[239]

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include stupas and monasteries. The historically important towns of Sarnath where Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both of which are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists.[240] Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km（50英里えり） from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis, the 18th-century Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[241] Jhansi Fort, located in the city of Jhansi, is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[242] The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.[243]

Healthcare

 
District Hospital, Kanpur Dehat

Uttar Pradesh has a mix of public as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers, community health centers, district hospitals, and medical colleges. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.[244] In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.[245] Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.[245] The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.[246] 截至2017年ねん (2017-Missing required parameter 1=month!), the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively.[247]

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of Bihar, five years fewer than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015).[245] Its maternal mortality ratio is higher than the national average at 258 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2017), with 62 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum ante-natal care.[248][249] Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, deliver babies at home. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.[250] It has the highest child mortality indicators,[251] from the neonatal mortality rate to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.[252]

Culture

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Culture of Uttar Pradesh

Language and literature

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Languages of Uttar Pradesh
 
The battle of Kurukshetra, folio from the Mahabharata

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[253]

Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951.[254] A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu, as an additional language of the state.[255] Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Indo Aryan languages. The major Hindi languages of the state are Awadhi, Bagheli, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji, and Hindustani.[256] Bhojpuri, an Eastern Indo Aryan language, is also spoken in the state.[257]

Music and dance

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Music of Uttar Pradesh

With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. During the medieval period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and Banda. The other was the religious music stemming from the Bhakti Cult, which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and Ayodhya.[258] The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child. Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, Kajari sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely associated the Benares gharana.[259] Ghazal, Thumri and Qawwali which is a form of Sufi poetry is popular in the Awadh region, Rasiya (especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna. Khayal is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are Biraha, Chaiti, Chowtal, Alha, and Sawani.[258]

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[260] Ramlila is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity Rama and is performed during festivals such as Vijayadashami.[261] Nautanki is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.[262] In the gharana dance form, both the Lucknow and the Benares gharanas are situated in the state.[263] Charkula is popular dance of the Braj region.[264]

Fairs and festivals

 
Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer

Chhath Puja is the biggest festival of eastern Uttar Pradesh.[265] The Kumbh Mela, organised in the month of Maagha (February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river Ganges.[266] Lathmar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura.[267] Taj Mahotsav, held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area.[268] Ganga Mahotsav, a festival of Kartik Purnima, is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.[269]

Cuisine

主しゅ条目じょうもく：Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by Central Asian cuisine. Awadhi cuisine from the city of Lucknow consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.[270]

Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common among the Bhojpuri people of Uttar Pradesh. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.[來らい源みなもと請求せいきゅう]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among persons aged seven and above.

References

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Statistics of Uttar Pradesh. Census of India 2011. UP Government. 2011-03-01 [2012-07-31]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2012年ねん4月がつ26日にち）. 
  2. ^ Kopf, Dan; Varathan, Preeti. If Uttar Pradesh were a country. Quartz India. 2017-10-11 [2019-05-20]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2019-06-22）. 
  3. ^ Agriculture (PDF). niti.gov.in. NITI Aayog（英えい语：NITI Aayog）. [2021-10-19]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档 (PDF)于2021-10-07）. 
  4. ^ 引用いんよう错误：没ぼつ有ゆう为名为UP_budjet的てき参考さんこう文献ぶんけん提供ていきょう内容ないよう
  5. ^ Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona. BRILL. 1985: 69 [23 July 2012]. ISBN 9004075127. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于3 March 2018）. 
  6. ^ Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. 1982: 58 [23 July 2012]. ISBN 052128550X. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于25 March 2017）. 
  7. ^ Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia; Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo; Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar. Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume. Popular Prakashan. 1985: 96. ISBN 978-0861320882. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于24 March 2017）. 
  8. ^ Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago.
  9. ^ Gibling, Sinha; Sinha, Roy; Roy, Tandon; Tandon, Jain; Jain, M. Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2008, 27 (3–4): 391. Bibcode:2008QSRv...27..391G. S2CID 129392697. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001. 
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