伽 利 略 ·伽 利 莱
儒略 ( | |
逝世 | 儒略 ( |
帕多 | |
受影响自 | |
签名 | |
生平
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早年
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虽然
作 为科学 家
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1589
去 世
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成果
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直接 成果
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从惯
对现代 科学 的 影 响
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2011
科学 研究 方式
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争 议
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伽 利 略 、开普勒与潮汐 理 论
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红衣
如果
就彗星 与 《试金者 》的 争 议
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1619
《试金
地 心 说争议
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《圣经》
达瓦·
1632
伽 利 略 被 判 “有 强烈 异端嫌疑 ”,即 声 称 太 阳在宇宙 的 中心 ,地球 不 是 中心 而且在 运动着 ,对持有 并为此辩驳者与 神 圣经文相 悖 。他 必须“发誓放 弃、诅咒并厌弃”这样的 观点[90]。異端 審判 庭 指示 将 他 正式 拘 捕 ,翌日 起 ,他 将 会 在家 中 终身软禁[91]。他 悖 逆 的 《对话》将 被 查禁;在 判 决之外 ,他 所有 的 著作 也将被 查禁,今 后 他 不能 再 继续著 书[92]。
天文学
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开普勒超新星
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木星
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1610
金星 、土星 、海王星
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太 阳黑子
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月 球
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银河系 与 恒星
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银河
技 术
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1593
1612
物理
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質量 相 異 者 同時 落地
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1638
数学
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天主教 对伽利 略 的 重 新 认定
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1718
1939
1990
1992
流行 文化
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21
著作
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1586
伽 利 略 卫星;月 球 表面 粗 糙的地理 地 质;存在 有 大量 肉眼 看 不 到 的 天体 ,它们组成了 银河系 ;行 星 与 恒星 外表 的 不同 ——前者 看 上 去 像 是 小 圆盘,后 者 则类似 小 光点 。
1623
伽 利 略 出版 的 主要 作品
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- 《
小 天平 》(1586) - 《运动论》(1590)[208]
- 《
力学 》(ca. 1600) - 《
地理 軍事 兩用 圓 規 使用 指南 》(1606) - 《
星 際 信 使 》(1610;意 大 利文 Sidereus Nuncius) - 《
流體 力學 》(1612) - 《论太阳
黑子 》(1613) - 《致大
侯爵 夫人 克 里 斯蒂娜》(1615; 1636年 出版 ) - 《论潮
汐 》(1616;意 大 利文 Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare) - 《论彗
星 》(1619;意 大 利文 Discorso Delle Comete) - 《试金
者 》(1623;意 大 利文 Il Saggiatore) - 《关于
托 勒密和 哥白尼 两大世界 体系 的 对话》(1632;意 大 利文 Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) - 《论两种新
科学 及其数学 演 化 》(1638;意 大 利文 Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze)
时间轴
编辑- 1543 –
尼 古 拉 ·哥白尼 出版 《天体 运行论》,提出 与 托 勒密相對 的 地 心 说模型 ,导致对亚里士多 德 物理 学 的 质疑。 - 1563 –
溫 琴 佐 ·伽 利 莱与茱莉亚·阿 曼娜蒂结婚 。 - 1564 –
出生 于意大利 比 萨。 - ~1570 –
托 马斯·迪 格 斯出版 Pantometria,介 绍了他 父 亲伦纳德 ·迪 格 斯在 1540–1559年 间制作 的 望 远镜。 - 1573 –
第 谷 ·布 拉 赫出版 De nova stella《论新星 》,否 决了亚里士多 德 天体 观中的 永 恒 、不 变的宇宙 ,以及月 亮 之 上 的 以太空 间。 - 1576 –杰赛
普 ·米 利 特 (Giuseppe Moletti)坐 帕多瓦 大学 数学 主任 ,研究 指出 相 同 质量物体 下 落时速度 一 样,无关材 质。[209] - 1581 –
父 亲溫琴 佐 ·伽 利 莱出版 Dialogo della musica antica et moderna,将 乐理公式 化 。[210] - 1581 –
在 比 萨大学 报到,专业为医学 。 - 1582 –听Ostilio Ricci讲授
的 数学 课,决定研 习数学 和 科学 。 - 1585 –离开
比 萨大学 ,没 有 获得文 凭 ,做家教 为生。 - 1586 –发明
液体 比重 天平 ;写 成 《小 天平 》 - 1586 –
西 蒙 ·斯特芬发表研究 报告,讨论铅球从10米 高 坠落的 结果。 - 1588 –
第 谷 ·布 拉 赫出版 了 对彗星 的 研究 报告,阐述了 第 谷 体系 。[211] - 1589 –
被 任命 为比萨大学 的 数学 主任 。 - 1590 –
完成 《运动论》的 一 部分 ,但 没 有 出版 。 - 1591 –
父 亲溫琴 佐 ·伽 利 略 去 世 。 - 1592 –
被 任命 为帕多 瓦 大学 数学 教授 ,任 教 18年 。 - ~1593 –发明
早期 温度 计,但 必须同 时依赖温度 和 压力。 - ~1595 –
改 进弹道 技 术几何 ,研 发军用 圆规,并通过教授 使用 说明来 获取学 费。 - 1597 –
伽 利 略 致开普 勒的信 中 阐述了 他 对地心 说的主 张。 - 1600 –
威 廉 ·吉 尔伯特 出版 《论磁石 》,支持 哥白尼 体系 。 - 1600 –罗马审判
庭 将 哥白尼 体系 的 支持 者 焦 尔达诺·布 鲁诺判 处异端 ,理由 是 支持 泛神论、多重 世界 观、否 认三 位 一体 、基督 神 圣、玛利亚神圣、以及支持 变形论,交由地方 当局 处以火刑 。 - 1600 –
第 一个孩子弗吉尼亚出生;~1600版 《力学 》写 成 。 - 1601 –
女 儿利维亚出生 。 - 1604 –观测
超新星 位置 ,表明 新星 无视差 。 - 1605 –
被 内 兄 起 诉,控 没 有 支 付 姐 妹 的 嫁 妆。 - 1606 –儿子
溫 琴 佐 出生 。 - 1606 –为计
算 圆规出版 使用 手 册 。 - 1607 – Rotilio Orlandini试图
刺 杀伽利 略 的 朋友 ,神父 保 羅 ·薩爾皮 - 1608 –汉斯·
利 伯 谢发明 折 射 望 远镜 - 1609 –就
漢 斯·李 普 希 的 说明所 述 ,独立 研 发、改 进望远镜。 - 1609 –开普勒
出版 《新 天文学 》包 涵了他 前 两个理 论,并第一次展示哥白尼体系在导航和预测上优于托勒密体系。 - 1609 –
托 马斯·哈里奥 特 通 过望远镜观测,绘制月 球 表面 图,早 于伽利 略 4个月。 - 1610 –
出版 《星 际信使 》;观测月 球 山 脉以及木星 的 四 个卫星 。 - 1610 - Martin Horky
出版 Brevissima Peregrinatio Contra Nuncium Sidereum,反 对伽利 略 - 1610 –开普勒向
伽 利 略 索 要望 远镜或 镜片,但 伽 利 略 回 复自己 忙 ,没 有 剩余 的 。[212] - 1610 –
任命 为帕多 瓦 大学 终身数学 教授 ,并为托 斯卡纳大公 科 西 莫二 世 ·德 ·美 第 奇 的 数学 、哲学 师。 - 1611 –发现
金星 周 相 ;获得教 宗 接 见;成 为琳氏 科学 院 院 士 。 - 1611 –
大 卫·法 布里 修 斯在克 里 斯托佛 ·什车尼 和 伽 利 略 之 前 出版 《观察太 阳黑子 及其旋转》(Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun) - 1612 –
提 议称木星 卫星可 以通过观测其经度来 用 做宇宙 时钟。 - ~1612
或 1613 –弗 朗 西 斯科·西 兹发现太阳黑子 年度 周期 变换规律。 - 1613 –
写 成 《论太阳黑子 》 - 1615 –
写 成 《致大公 夫人 克 里 斯蒂娜》(1636出版 ) - 1616 –
被 教 廷正式 通知 不要 去 维护哥白尼 体系 。 - 1616 –
天主教 廷将《天体 运行论》列 在 《禁 书目录》上 。 - 1616 –
私 下 写 成 《论潮汐 》 - 1617 –搬到
佛 罗伦萨以西 的 Bellosguardo,靠 近 女 儿的修道院 ;观测到大熊 星座 的 双子 开阳星 。 - 1619 –开普勒
出版 Harmonices Mundi,生成 自己 第 三 条 定律 。 - 1619 –
写 成 《论彗星 》 - 1621 – Maffeo Barberini
成 为教宗 乌尔班 八 世 - 1623 –
出版 《试金者 》 - 1624 –
与 教 宗 会 面 ,得 到 赞许,并允许出版 有 关哥白 尼 —托 勒密体系 的 作品 ;使用 复合显微镜。 - 1625 –
使用 显微镜绘制 的 昆虫 图片出版 。 - 1630 –
完成 《关于托 勒密和 哥白尼 两大世界 体系 的 对话》,得 到 教 廷出版 的 许可。 - 1632 –
出版 《对话》。 - 1633 –
被 审判庭 判 决软禁 ,理由 是 强烈 异端嫌疑 。 - 1633 –
天主教 廷将《关于托 勒密和 哥白尼 两大世界 体系 的 对话》列 在 《禁 书目录》上 。 - 1638 –
出版 《论两种新科学 及其数学 演 化 》。 - 1642 –
在 意 大利 Arcetri去 世 。 - 1668 –
牛 顿制造 自己 的 反射 望 远镜。 - 1687 –
牛 顿出版 《自然 哲学 的 数学 原理 》,使用 万有引力定律推导开普勒公式,将 天地 之 间的韵律合 而为一 。
参 见
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脚注
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- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. Galileo Galilei. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
蘇 格 蘭 聖 安德 魯大學 . [2007-07-24]. (原始 内容 存 档于2009-10-06). - ^ Drake(1978, p.1).
伽 利 略 出生 日 期 用 的 是 儒略曆 ,當時 所有 基督教 國家 都 使用 這個曆法 。義 大利 及幾 個 天主教 國家 於1582年 改 用 公 曆 。除 非 特別 註明,條目 中 的 日 期 皆 為 公 曆 。 - ^ "Galileo Galilei" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007
- ^ Singer, Charles, A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century, Clarendon Press, 1941 [2009-08-03], (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-03-29)(page 217) - ^ 5.0 5.1 Weidhorn, Manfred. The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History. iUniverse. 2005: 155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.
- ^ Thomas Hobbes: Critical Assessments, Volume 1. Preston King. 1993. p. 59
- ^ Finocchiaro (2007).
- ^ "Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention & Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36
- ^ Vincenzo Galilei
- ^ Giulia Ammannati
- ^ John Gribbin. The Fellowship: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton and the Story of the Scientific Revolution. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 26
- ^ Michelangelo,
又 作 Michelagnolo(米 凱拉尼 奧 洛 ) - ^ Galileo Bonaiuti, 1370-1450
年 - ^ Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa
- ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Galileo Galilei". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 17, 213)
- ^ Marina Gamba
- ^ John Gribbon. The Fellowship: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton and the Story of the Scientific Revolution. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 42
- ^ Sobel(2000, p. 5)Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. "But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her 13th birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri."
- ^ Pedersen, O.(24–27 May 1984). "Galileo's Religion". Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp. 75–102. Bibcode 1985gamf.conf...75P.
- ^ Reston(2000, pp. 3–14).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Asimov, Isaac (1964). Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-0-385-17771-9
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Edgerton, Samuel Y. The Mirror, the Window, and the Telescope, 2009
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Panofsky, Erwin (1956). "Galileo as a Critic of the Arts: Aesthetic Attitude and Scientific Thought". Isis 47 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1086/348450. JSTOR 227542.
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 45–66).
- ^ Rutkin, H. Darrel. "Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look". Program in History & Philosophy of Science & Technology, Stanford University. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ Carney, Jo Eldridge. Renaissance and Reformation, 1500–1620: a. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.
- ^ The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II
- ^ Shea & Artigas(2003, p. 199); Sobel(2000, p. 378).
- ^ Monumental tomb of Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ Shea & Artigas(2003, p. 199); Sobel(2000, p. 378); Sharratt(1994, p. 207); Favaro(1906,18:378–80) (Italian).
- ^ Shea & Artigas(2003, p. 199); Sobel(2000, p. 380).
- ^ Shea & Artigas(2003, p. 200); Sobel(2000, pp. 380–384).
- ^ Section of Room VII Galilean iconography and relics, Museo Galileo. Accessed on line 27 May 2011.
- ^ Middle finger of Galileo's right hand, Museo Galileo. Accessed on line 27 May 2011.
- ^ Hawking(1988, p.179).
- ^ Einstein(1954, p.271). "Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics—indeed, of modern science altogether."
- ^ Fischer, Daniel (2001). Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the Galileo Spacecraft. Springer. pp. v. ISBN 978-0-387-98764-4.
- ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). "Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy"(PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Plaque Dedicated to Galileo. [2011-08-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-09-17). - ^ Three Figurines to Jupiter Orbit. [2011-08-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-08-24). - ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 204–05)
- ^ Cohen, H. F.(1984). Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at. Springer. pp. 78–84. ISBN 978-90-277-1637-8.
- ^ Field, Judith Veronica (2005). Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art. Yale University Press. pp. 317–320. ISBN 978-0-300-10342-7.
- ^ In Drake(1957, pp. 237–238)
- ^ Wallace,(1984).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 202–04), Galilei(1954, pp. 250–52), Favaro (1898), 8:274–75 (Italian)
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 202–04), Galilei(1954, pp. 252), Favaro (1898), 8:275 (Italian)
- ^ Cardinal Bellarmine
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67–9.
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52
- ^ Cardinal Orsini)
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 119–133
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 127–131 and Galilei,(1953), pp. 432–6
- ^ Einstein (1953) p. xvii
- ^ Galilei,(1953), p. 462.
- ^ Kusukawa, Sachiko. "Starry Messenger: The Telescope". Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
- ^ Father Orazio Grassi
- ^ Drake(1960, pp.vii, xxiii–xxiv), Sharratt(1994, pp. 139–140).
- ^ Grassi (1960a).
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 268), Grassi(1960a, p. 16).
- ^ Galilei & Guiducci (1960).
- ^ Drake(1960, p.xvi).
- ^ Mario Guiducci
- ^ Drake(1957, p. 222), Drake(1960, p.xvii).
- ^ Christopher Scheiner
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 135), Drake(1960, p.xii), Galilei & Guiducci(1960, p. 24).
- ^ 40
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 135), Drake(1960, p.xvii).
- ^ Grassi (1960b).
- ^ Lothario Sarsio Sigensano
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinised version of his name and home town.
- ^ Galilei (1960).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 137), Drake(1957, p. 227).
- ^ Sarsi
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 138–142).
- ^ Drake(1960, p.xix).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 175).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 175–78), Blackwell(2006, p. 30).
- ^ Brodrick(1965, c1964, p. 95)quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171–172) (Italian).
- ^ Galileo Galilei – New Mexico Museum of Space History. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Congregation of the Index
- ^ "Galileo Project – Pope Urban VIII Biography".
- ^ Dava Sobel
- ^ Sobel(2000, pp. 232–4).
- ^ Finocchiaro (1997), p. 82; Moss & Wallace (2003), p. 11
- ^ See Langford(1966, pp. 133–134), and Seeger(1966, p. 30), for example. Drake(1978, p. 355)asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the Dialogue left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio(Drake, 1953, p. 491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in The Sleepwalkers (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue"(1959, p. 483).
- ^ Vincenzo Maculani
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 171–75); Heilbron(2010, pp. 308–17); Gingerich(1992, pp. 117–18).
- ^ Fantoli(2005, p. 139), Finocchiaro(1989, pp. 288–293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. "Vehemently suspect of heresy" was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of "erroneous in faith"(Fantoli, 2005, p. 140; Heilbron, 2005, pp. 282–284).
- ^ Finocchiaro(1989, pp.38, 291, 306). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line.
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 367), Sharratt(1994, p. 184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230,Italian). See Galileo affair for further details.
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 356). The phrase "Eppur si muove" does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon(Drake, 1978, p. 357).
- ^ Ascanio Piccolomini, the Archbishop of Siena
- ^ William Shea, M. A. The Galileo Affair 2006. Available online William Shea (January 2006). "The Galileo Affair". Grupo de Investigación sobre Ciencia, Razón y Fe (CRYF). Unpublished work. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
- ^ Stephen Hawking, ed. p. 398, On the Shoulders of Giants: "Galileo ... is the father of modern physics—indeed of modern science"—Albert Einstein.
- ^ Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). Renaissance and Reformation, 1500–1620: a. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30574-0.
- ^ Allan-Olney (1870)
- ^ Hans Lippershey
- ^ King(2003, pp.30–32). The Netherlands States-General would not grant Lippershey his requested patent(King, 2003, p.32).
- ^ Drake(1990, pp. 133–34).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, pp. 1–2)
- ^ Walusinsky
- ^ 1964, p. 273
- ^ According to Walusinsky(1964, p. 273), it "aroused the life-long enmity of all the opponents of modern science"
- ^ i.e., invisible to the naked eye.
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 146).
- ^ In Sidereus Nuncius(Favaro,1892, 3:81(Latin)) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake(1978, p. 152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 17).
- ^ Linton(2004, pp. 98,205), Drake(1978, p. 157).
- ^ Drake(1978, pp. 158–68), Sharratt(1994, pp. 18–19).
- ^ God's Philosophers ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 168), Sharratt(1994, p. 93).
- ^ Thoren (1989), p. 8; Hoskin (1999) p. 117.
- ^ Tychonic
- ^ Capellan
- ^ In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth
- ^ Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on 2007-03-11
- ^ Drake & Kowal (1980)
- ^ In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his Astronomia Nova celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 Epitome(See p514 on p896 of the Encyclopædia Britannica 1952 Great Books of the Western World edition)Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his Commentaries on Mars Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613(Favaro,1901, 11:491 (Italian)). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.
- ^ In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation(Linton, 2004, p. 212; Sharratt, 1994, p. 166; Drake, 1970, pp. 191–196). This did not apply, however, to the modified version of Tycho's system introduced by his protegé, Longomontanus, in which the Earth was assumed to rotate. Longomontanus's system could account for the apparent motions of sunspots just as well as the Copernican.
- ^ perspective tube
- ^ Ondra (2004), p. 72–73
- ^ Graney(2010, p. 455); Graney & Grayson(2011, p. 353).
- ^ Van Helden,(1985, p. 75); Chalmers,(1999, p. 25); Galilei(1953, pp. 361–62).
- ^ Finocchiaro(1989, pp. 167–76), Galilei(1953, pp. 359–60), Ondra(2004, pp. 74–5).
- ^ Simon Marius
- ^ Giovanni Battista Riccioli
- ^ Martinus Hortensius
- ^ Graney(2010, p. 454-462); Graney & Grayson(2011, p. 352-355).
- ^ Niccolò Tartaglia
- ^ Guidobaldo del Monte
- ^ Marc'Antonio Mazzoleni
- ^ Reston(2000, p. 56).
- ^ Griffith Observatory
- ^ Accademia dei Lincei,
又 译作林 琴 学院 、林 赛学会 、猞猁学会 、山猫 学会 、山猫 眼 学会 等 ,以山猫 眼 在 夜 里 发光而寓意 启蒙。 - ^ Rosen, Edward, The Naming of the Telescope (1947)
- ^ Giovanni Demisiani
- ^ Sobel(2000, p. 43), Drake(1978, p. 196). In the Starry Messenger, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term "perspicillum".
- ^ Drake(1978, pp. 163–164), Favaro(1892, 3:163–164,Latin)
- ^ Cardinal Zollern
- ^ Duke of Bavaria
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 289), Favaro(1903, 13:177,Italian).
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 286), Favaro(1903, 13:208,Italian). The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated 2003-08-01), © 1995–2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved 2007-08-28
- ^ Giovanni Faber
- ^ "brunelleschi.imss.fi.it "Il microscopio di Galileo""(PDF).
- ^ Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-08-28. See also Timeline of microscope technology.
- ^ Drake(1978, p. 286).
- ^ Giovanni Domenico Cassini
- ^ Zebulon Pike
- ^ John Harrison
- ^ Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time, Dava Sobel Penguin, 1996 ISBN 978-0-14-025879-0, ISBN 978-0-14-025879-0
- ^ Newton, R. G.(2004). Galileo's Pendulum: From the Rhythm of Time to the Making of Matter. Harvard University Press. p. 51.ISBN 978-0-674-01331-5.
- ^ Galileo Galilei, Two New Sciences,(Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974)p. 50.
- ^ I. Bernard Cohen, "Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676)", Isis, 31 (1940): 327–379, see pp. 332–333
- ^ Hammer Versus Feather on the Moon. [2011-11-01]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-04-30). - ^ Drake(1978, pp. 19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed(Drake, 1978, p. 20).
- ^ Groleau, Rick. "Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002". Ball, Phil (2005-06-30). "Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005". The Hindu(Chennai, India).
- ^ Galileo Galilei: The Falling Bodies Experiment. Last accessed 26 Dec 2011.
- ^ (Discorsi)
- ^ Salviati
- ^ Lucretius
- ^ Lucretius, De rerum natura II, 225–229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), p. 49.
- ^ Simon Stevin
- ^ Simon Stevin, De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing](Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586)reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated in: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., The Principal Works of Simon Stevin Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets & Zeitlinger, 1955 vol. 1, pp. 509, 511.
- ^ Cristiano Banti
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 203), Galilei(1954, pp. 251–54).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 198), Galilei(1954, p. 174).
- ^ Nicole Oresme
- ^ Clagett(1968, p. 561). Oresme, however, regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena, and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of falling bodies(Grant, 1996, p.103).
- ^ Sharratt(1994, p. 198), Wallace(2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272)Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.
- ^ Jean Buridan
- ^ John Philoponus
- ^ Joseph Needham
- ^ Heilbron(2004, p. 299).
- ^ Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included(Coyne 2005, p. 347).
- ^ Heilbron(2005, p. 307); Coyne(2005, p. 347)The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer('Declaratio')before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.
- ^ Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939–1986, Vatican City, p. 34
- ^ Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p. 411
- ^ An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990(Ratzinger, 1994, p. 81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him "in support of" his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time(Feyerabend, 1995, p. 178).
- ^ 182.0 182.1 182.2 Ratzinger(1994, p. 98).
- ^ "Vatican admits Galileo was right". New Scientist (1846). 1992-11-07. Retrieved 2007-08-09..
- ^ "Papal visit scuppered by scholars". BBC News. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
- ^ Owen & Delaney (2008).
- ^ "Pope praises Galileo's astronomy". BBC News. 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
- ^ Owen (2009).
- ^ Bohemian Rhapsody. everything2. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ Stavis, Barrie. Lamp at Midnight. South Brunswick, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes, 1966.
- ^ Lalonde, Robert. Galileo Galilei/Vesalius and Servetus. February 2008. ISBN 978-0-9783909-1-4.
- ^ Robinson, Kim Stanley (2009). Galileo's Dream. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-553-80659-5.
- ^ (La Billancetta)
- ^ Hydrostatic balance. The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ (Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare)
- ^ The Works of Galileo. The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ (De Motu)
- ^ (Le Meccaniche)
- ^ (Sidereus Nuncius)
- ^ Sunspots and Floating Bodies. The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina. The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ (Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare)
- ^ Galileo's Theory of the Tides. The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ (Discorso Delle Comete)
- ^ Galileo Timeline. The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ Galileo Galilei. Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo)
- ^ (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)
- ^ "Collection of Galileo Galilei's Manuscripts and Related Translations". Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Giuseppe Moleti, Walter Roy Laird. The unfinished mechanics of Giuseppe Moletti (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). University of Toronto Press, 1999. p. 5 - ^ Robert Henry Herman, Vincenzo Galilei. Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna of Vincenzo Galilei: translation and commentary, Part 1. North Texas State University, 1973. p. 17
- ^ Adam, Mosley. Tycho Brahe. Starry Messenger. History & Philosophy of Science Dept, University of Cambridge. [13 January 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-10-23). - ^ Timothy Ferris. Coming of Age in the Milky Way. William Morrow & Company, Inc. 1988. p. 95
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