哺乳 动物
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动物 | |
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爬行 | |
纲: | Linnaeus, 1758 |
现生 | |
以
分 类
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现存
定 义
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“
麦 肯纳/贝尔分 类
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1997
原 兽亚纲 Prototheria獸 形 亞 綱 Theriiformes:現存 的 哺乳 動物 與 其已滅 絕 的 近親
胎盘动物的 分子生物学 分 类
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这三个胎盘类谱系据估计在1.2亿至1.05亿年
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演 化
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起源
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从羊膜 动物中 分化
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第 二 骨質 硬 颚的 漸進 式 發展 - 四肢逐漸由身體兩側移轉至下側,
使 動物 於移動 時 能 避免卡里爾 約束 進 而提高 運動 的 持久 度 。但 這項特徵 的 演 化 過程 十分緩慢且非常不穩定,比 方 來 說 ,所有 草食 性 的 非 哺乳類 形 獸 孔 目 物種 四肢仍為兩側延展(部分 較晚期 物種 則 為 半 直立 )、二疊紀時期的肉食性獸孔目物種期前肢為兩側延展、較晚期 的 肉食 性 物種 則 具有 半 直立 的 後肢 。而現存 的 單 孔 目 則 仍然保留 半 直立 式 的 四肢 。 下 颌骨逐漸成 為 下 顎 主要 的 骨骼 組成 ,在 三 疊 紀 時 ,哺乳類 的 下 顎 僅包含有 下 颌骨,而其他 原本 組成 下 顎 的 骨 頭 則 後 移 形成 中耳 。
哺乳 动物祖先
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2.52亿年
哺乳 動物 特徵 的 出現
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哺乳 动物的 崛起
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解剖 学 结构
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特 征
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现生
顎 关节——下 颌骨和 鳞骨(颅骨中 的 一 块小型 骨骼 )连接,形成 下 颚。大 多数 有 颔下门动物(包括 早期 的 獸 孔 目 )的 颚关节还有 关节骨 (下 颚后方 的 小骨 )和 方 骨 (上 颚后方 的 小骨 )[44]。中耳 ——在 冠 群 哺乳 动物中 ,声音 从鼓膜 通 过三块连接在一起的骨骼传入耳内,这三块骨骼分别是锤骨、砧 骨 和 镫骨。锤骨和 砧 骨 由 关节骨 和 早期 兽孔目下 颌关节的方 骨 演 化 而来[69]。- 换牙——
有 些物種 终生只 會 換 一 次 牙 (再 出 齿),有 些則完全 不 换牙(一 出 齿),如齒鯨 和 鼠 科 [70]。大 象 、海牛 和 袋 鼠 終生 會 不斷 地 換 牙 (多 出 齿)[71]。 - 釉柱釉质——
牙 齿表面 的 牙 釉質由 棱柱状 固体 结构构成,从牙 本質 一直延伸到牙齿表面[72]。 雙 枕 髁——哺乳 動物 的 枕 骨 後 頂 有 兩個 關節 髁,與 寰椎相 接 ;然 而多數 四足 類 僅具有 單 枕 髁[73]。
两性异形
编辑生物 系 统
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发声结构
编辑视觉
编辑皮 毛
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定期 毛髮 (Definitive)–當 達 到 一定 長 度 後 即 會 脫落 。感覺 毛 (Vibrissae)–用 於感測 周 遭環境 。毛皮 (Pelage)–包括 護 毛 、絨毛 與 芒 毛 。棘 刺 (Spine)–堅 硬 的 毛髮 ,用 於防衛 (例 如豪 豬背 上 的 長 刺 )。剛毛 (Bristle)–主要 用 於展示 視覺 訊號(例 如獅子 的 鬃毛)。毳 毛 (Velli)–用 於保暖 ,主要 常見 於新生 的 哺乳 動物 。羊毛 (Wool)–長 而柔軟 的 卷 曲 毛髮 。
体温 調節
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体 色
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生殖 系 统
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温 血 状 态
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壽命
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运动
编辑陆行
编辑飞行
编辑林 栖
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穴居 与 土 棲
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鼩鼱、
水生
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行 为
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沟通与 发声
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许多
饮食
编辑动物
无法觅到
智能
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社會 性
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人 类与其他哺乳 动物
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人 类文化 中 的 哺乳 动物
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对哺乳 动物的 利用
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查尔斯·达尔
杂交
编辑两个遗传
威 胁
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注解
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参 见
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参考 资料
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外部 链接
编辑
- Biodiversitymapping.org –
世界 上 所有 哺乳 动物的 分布 图 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Paleocene Mammals (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), 一个关于哺乳动物诞生的网站, paleocene-mammals.de - Evolution of Mammals (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆),早期 哺乳 动物的 简介, enchantedlearning.com - European Mammal Atlas EMMA (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)欧 洲 哺乳 动物协会, European-mammals.org - Marine Mammals of the World (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) –所有 海洋 哺乳 动物的 概 述 ,包括 全 水生 哺乳 动物和 半 水生 哺乳 动物, noaa.gov - Mammalogy.org (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)美国 哺乳 动物学 家 协会,成立 于1919年 ,旨 在 促进哺乳 动物的 研究 ,网站包括 一个哺乳动物图像库