西 班 牙 無敵 艦隊
1588 | |||||||
| |||||||
| |||||||
约翰·霍金斯 |
亚历 | ||||||
34 163 (30 30 |
22 108 | ||||||
伤亡 | |||||||
50–100 400 8 6,000-8,000 |
800 397 5 35 20,000 |
簡介
[编辑]背景
[编辑]1558
海戰 過程
[编辑]1588
23
27
海戰 之 後
[编辑]1588
參 見
[编辑]註釋
[编辑]- ^ Whiting pg. 237-8
- ^ Parker pg. 245
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, p. 40.
- ^ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, pp.10, 13, 19, 26.
- ^ Lewis, Michael.The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, p. 184.
- ^ John Knox Laughton,State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.
- ^ Lewis, p. 182.
- ^ Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 69 (1), 108 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.
- ^ Casado Soto, José L.: Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada, in Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams (eds.): England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1991. ISBN 9780859763004, p. 122.
- ^ Garrett Mattingly rejects old estimations, makes a recount and concludes: "So, lost, at most, 31 ships (not 41), 10 pinnaces at most (not 20), two galleasses (not three), one galley. Total, not more than 44 (not 65), probably five or six and perhaps a doze less." Mattingly, Garrett: The Armada. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. ISBN 9780395083666, p. 426.
- ^ Pendrill, Colin. Spain 1474-1700 : the triumphs and tribulations of Empire. Spain 1474–1700:The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire. Oxford: Heinemann. 2002. ISBN 0-435-32733-X. OCLC 49550138.
- ^ Enrique Lopez, statement made at Fayal about November 18, 1585. Further English Voyages to Spanish America, 1583-1594. Hakluyt Society. 2017-05-15: 108–110.
- ^ Howland, A.C. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vols. XIII (pp. xv, 800) and XIV (pp. xv, 800). Price, $6.00 each. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1913-03, 46 (1) [2022-07-12]. ISSN 0002-7162. doi:10.1177/000271621304600140. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-03-05). - ^ The Spanish Armada, 1588. Historic UK. [2022-07-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-06-12) (英国 英 语). - ^ The Spanish Armada: history, causes and timeline. www.rmg.co.uk. [2022-07-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-06-10) (英 语).
參考 文獻
[编辑]- Corbett, Julian S. Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power (1898) online edition vol 1 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); also online edition vol 2 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Cruikshank, Dan: Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack, Boxtree Ltd, 2002 ISBN 0-7522-2029-2
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588. (1988). 336 pp.
- Froude, James Anthony. The Spanish Story of the Armada, and Other Essays (1899), by a leading historian of the 1890s full text online (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Kilfeather T.P: Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada, Anvil Books Ltd, 1967
- Knerr, Douglas. "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography." American Neptune 1989 49(1): 5–13. Issn: 0003-0155
- Konstam, Angus. The Spanish Armada: The Great Enterprise against England 1588 (2009)
- Lewis, Michael. The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968.
- McDermott, James. England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel (2005) excerpt and text search
- Martin, Colin, and Geoffrey Parker. The Spanish Armada (2nd ed. 2002), 320pp by leading scholars; uses archaeological studies of some of its wrecked ships excerpt and text search (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Martin, Colin (with appendices by Wignall, Sydney: Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada (with appendices by Sydney Wignall), Viking, 1975
- Mattingly, Garrett. The Armada (1959). the classic narrative excerpt and text search (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Parker, Geoffrey. "Why the Armada Failed." History Today 1988 38(may): 26–33. Issn: 0018-2753. Summary by leadfing historian.
- Pierson, Peter. Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia. (1989). 304 pp.
- Rasor, Eugene L. The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. (1992). 277 pp.
- Rodger, N. A. M. The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 vol 1 (1999) 691pp; excerpt and text search (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon, eds. England, Spain, and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604 (1991) 308 pp.
- Thompson, I. A. A. "The Appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada", The Historical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2. (1969), pp. 197–216. in JSTOR
- Alcalá-Zamora, José N. (2004). La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible" : fabulación y realidad). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia ISBN 978-84-95983-37-4
一般 研究
[编辑]- The Confident Hope of a Miracle. The True History of the Spanish Armada, by Neil Hanson, Knopf (2003), ISBN 1-4000-4294-1.
- Holmes, Richard. The Oxford Campanion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-860696-3
- From Merciless Invaders: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Alexander McKee, Souvenir Press, London, 1963. Second edition, Grafton Books, London, 1988.
- The Spanish Armadas, Winston Graham, Dorset Press, New York, 1972.
- Mariner's Mirror, Geoffrey Parker, 'The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England', 82 (1996): pp. 269–300.
- The Spanish Armada, Michael Lewis (1960). First published Batsford, 1960 – republished Pan, 1966
- Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588–1988 (1988) ISBN 0-575-03729-6
- England and the Spanish Armada (1990) ISBN 0-7317-0127-5
- The Enterprise of England (1988) ISBN 0-86299-476-4
- The Return of the Armadas: the Later Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603, RB Wernham ISBN 0-19-820443-4
- The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story, David Howarth (1981) ISBN 0-00-211575-1
- T.P.Kilfeather Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada (Anvil Books, 1967)
- Winston Graham The Spanish Armadas (1972; reprint 2001) ISBN 0-14-139020-4
- Historic Bourne etc., J.J. Davies (1909)
外部 連結
[编辑]- Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history’s most confused and misunderstood battle. Wes Ulm, Harvard University (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Insight into the context, personalities, planning and consequences. Wes Ulm
- English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) – a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library - The story of the Armada battles with pictures from the House of Lords tapestries (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - BBC-ZDF etc. TV coproduction Natural History of Europe
- Discovery Civilization Battlefield Detectives – What Sank The Armada?
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