假想かそう朋友ほうゆう

假想かそう朋友ほうゆう（英文えいぶん：Imaginary friend）也稱為ため假裝かそう朋友ほうゆう、隱かくれ形がた朋友ほうゆう或ある虛構きょこう朋友ほうゆう，是ぜ一いち種しゅ心理しんり和わ社會しゃかい現象げんしょう，其友誼ゆうぎ或ある其他人たにん際ぎわ關係かんけい發生はっせい在ざい想像そうぞう中なか，而不是ぜ外部がいぶ物理ぶつり的てき現實げんじつ世界中せかいじゅう。儘管對たい於創作そうさく者しゃ來らい說せつ，他た們看起おこり來らい很真實しんじつ，但ただし是ぜ孩子們通常つうじょう都みやこ知道ともみち，他た們的想像そうぞう中ちゅう的てき朋友ほうゆう不ふ是ぜ真實しんじつ的てき。^[1]據よりどころ信しんじ，最初さいしょ針はり對たい假想かそう朋友ほうゆう的てき研究けんきゅう是ぜ在ざい1890年代ねんだい進行しんこう的てき。^[2]對たい於兒童じどう假想かそう朋友ほうゆう的てき出現しゅつげん和わ成長せいちょう相關そうかん的てき訊息很少。然しか而，克かつ勞ろう森もり和かず帕斯曼（Klausen and Passman(2007)）報告ほうこく說せつ，假想かそう的てき朋友ほうゆう最初さいしょ被ひ描述為ため超ちょう自然しぜん的てき生物せいぶつ和わ靈魂れいこん，被ひ認みとめ為ため可か以將人じん們與他た們的前世ぜんせい聯れん繫起來らい。^[3]歷史れきし早期そうき的てき成年せいねん人じん擁よう有ゆう家庭かてい神和しんわ守護しゅご天使てんし之の類るい的てき實體じったい，還かえ有ゆう充當じゅうとう虛構きょこう伴侶はんりょ的てき繆斯女神めがみ，為ため創作そうさく工作こうさく提供ていきょう舒適，指導しどう和靈われい感かん。^[3]最終さいしゅう，想像そうぞう中ちゅう的てき同伴どうはん現像げんぞう傳でん給きゅう了りょう孩子們。兒童じどう開始かいし與あずか虛構きょこう的てき朋友ほうゆう交往的てき時代じだい是ぜ未み知的ちてき，但ただし這種現像げんぞう有ゆう可能かのう出現しゅつげん在ざい19世紀せいき中葉ちゅうよう，當とう時人じじん們強調きょうちょう將はた童わらわ年ねん作為さくい遊戲ゆうぎ和わ想像そうぞう的てき重要じゅうよう時間じかん。^[3]

參まいり見み[编辑]

參考さんこう資料しりょう[编辑]

^ Taylor, M. (1999) Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Klausen, Espen; Richard H. Passman. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): the emergence of a field. Journal of Genetic Psychology. December 2006, 167 (4): 349–364 [9 November 2011]. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364. Gale Document Number: GALE|A166239640.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Klausen, E.; Passman, R. H. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): The emergence of a field. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007, 167 (4): 349–364. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364.

延伸えんしん閱讀[编辑]

Dierker, L. C.; Davis, K. F.; Sanders, B. The imaginary companion phenomenon: An analysis of personality correlates and developmental antecedents.. Dissociation. 1995, 8: 220–228.
Gleason, T. Social provisions of real and imaginary relationships in early childhood.. Developmental Psychology. 2002, 38 (6): 979–992. PMID 12428709. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.6.979.
Gleason, T. (2009). 'Imaginary companions.' In Harry T. Reis & Susan Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Relationships (pp. 833–834). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hall, E. (1982). 'The fearful child's hidden talents [Interview with Jerome Kagan].' Psychology Today, 16 (July), 50–59.
Hurlock, E.; Burstein, M. The imaginary playmate: A questionnaire study.. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1932, 41 (2): 380–392. doi:10.1080/08856559.1932.10533102.
Manosevitz, M.; Fling, S.; Prentice, N. Imaginary companions in young children: Relationships with intelligence, creativity and waiting ability.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1977, 18 (1): 73–78. PMID 838788. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00418.x.
Manosevitz, M.; Prentice, N.; Wilson, F. Individual and family correlates of imaginary companions in preschool children.. Developmental Psychology. 1973, 8: 72–79. doi:10.1037/h0033834.
Mauro, J. 'The friend that only I can see: A longitudinal investigation of children's imaginary companions' (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International. 1991, 52: 4995.
Meyer, J.; Tuber, S. Intrapsychic and behavioral correlates of the phenomenon of imaginary companions in young children.. Psychoanalytic Psychology. 1989, 6 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.6.2.151.
Nagera, H. The imaginary companion: Its significance for ego development and conflict solution.. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1969, 24: 165–195. doi:10.1080/00797308.1969.11822691.
Partington, J., & Grant, C. (1984). 'Imaginary playmates and other useful fantasies.' In P. Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 217–240). New York: Basil Blackwell.
Imaginary Friends with Dr Evan Kidd （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆） podcast interview with Dr Evan Kidd of La Trobe University

[1] Taylor, M. (1999) Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Journal_of_Genetic_Psychology-2] Klausen, Espen; Richard H. Passman. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): the emergence of a field. Journal of Genetic Psychology. December 2006, 167 (4): 349–364 [9 November 2011]. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364. Gale Document Number: GALE|A166239640.

[Klausen_2007-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Klausen, E.; Passman, R. H. Pretend companions (imaginary playmates): The emergence of a field. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007, 167 (4): 349–364. PMID 17645227. doi:10.3200/gntp.167.4.349-364.

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