北大西洋 涛动
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NAO
定 义
[编辑]NAO
这些
描述
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winter-NAO-Index.svg/220px-Winter-NAO-Index.svg.png)
吹过
冰岛
影 响
[编辑]对北大西洋 海 平面 的 影 响
[编辑]北大西洋 飓风
[编辑]生 态效应
[编辑]NAO
相 关事件
[编辑]欧 洲 2009-10年 冬季
[编辑]2009-10
如果
欧 洲 2015-16年 冬季
[编辑]参 见
[编辑]参考 文献
[编辑]- ^ Hurrel, James W. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact. American Geophysical Union. 2003. ISBN 9780875909943.
- ^ Stephenson, D.B., H. Wanner, S. Brönnimann, and J. Luterbacher (2003), The History of Scientific Research on the North Atlantic Oscillation, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, edited by J.W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Visbeck, pp. 37-50, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, doi:10.1029/134GM02
- ^ Hurrell, James W. Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation. Science. 1995, 269 (5224): 676–679. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..676H. PMID 17758812. doi:10.1126/science.269.5224.676.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Hurrell, Jim. NAO/NAM Climate Indices. CGD's Climate Analysis Section. (
原始 内容 存 档于28 March 2010). - ^ Bjerknes, J. Atlantic air-sea interaction. Adv. Geophys. Advances in Geophysics. 1964, 10: 1–82. Bibcode:1964AdGeo..10....1B. ISBN 9780120188109. doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60005-9.
- ^ Cook, E. R.; D'Arrigo, R. D.; Briffa, K. R. A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe. Holocene. 1998, 8 (1): 9–17. Bibcode:1998Holoc...8....9C. doi:10.1191/095968398677793725.
- ^ North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). NOAA. [3 April 2014]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-10-20). - ^ Climate Prediction Center Internet Team. Climate Prediction Center, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). NOAA. 10 January 2012 [3 April 2014]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-11). - ^ Scaife, A. A.; Arribas, A.; Blockley, E.; Brookshaw, A.; Clark, R. T.; Dunstone, N.; Eade, R.; Fereday, D.; Folland, C. K. Skilful Long Range Prediction of European and North American Winters. Geophysical Research Letters. March 2014, 41 (7): 2514–2519. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.2514S. doi:10.1002/2014GL059637.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Osman, Mahmoud; Zaitchik, Benjamin; Badr, Hamada; Hameed, Sultan. North Atlantic centers of action and seasonal to subseasonal temperature variability in Europe and eastern North America. International Journal of Climatology. 2021, 41 [2022-04-30]. ISSN 1097-0088. doi:10.1002/joc.6806. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-03-08) (英 语).引用 错误:带有name属性 “:0”的 <ref>
标签用 不同 内容 定 义了多 次 - ^ Riaz,Syed M. F.; Iqbal, M. J.; Hameed, Sultan. Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate of Germany. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography. 2017-01-01, 69 (1): 1406263. Bibcode:2017TellA..6906263R. doi:10.1080/16000870.2017.1406263.
- ^ Sultan Hameed; Piontkovski, Sergey. The dominant influence of the Icelandic Low on the position of the Gulf Stream northwall. Geophysical Research Letters. 2004-05-04, 31 (9): n/a. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..31.9303H. ISSN 0094-8276. doi:10.1029/2004gl019561.
- ^ Scott, D. B.; Collins, E. S.; Gayes, P. T.; Wright, E. Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedimentological evidence, with comparison to other Atlantic Coast records. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 2003, 115 (9): 1027–1039. Bibcode:2003GSAB..115.1027S. doi:10.1130/B25011.1.
- ^ Liu, Kam-biu; Fearn, Miriam L. Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records. Quaternary Research. 2000, 54 (2): 238–245. Bibcode:2000QuRes..54..238L. doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2166.
- ^ McCloskey, T. A.; Knowles, J. T. Elsner, J. B.; Jagger, T. H. , 编. Hurricanes and Climate Change. New York: Springer. 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-09409-0.
- ^ James B. Elsner; Liu, Kam-biu; Kocher, Bethany. Spatial Variations in Major U.S. Hurricane Activity: Statistics and a Physical Mechanism. Journal of Climate. 2000, 13 (13): 2293–2305. Bibcode:2000JCli...13.2293E. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2293:SVIMUS>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Pearson, Aria. Perfect Storm: Why storms are good news for fishermen. New Scientist: 32–35. 2009-01-03 [2009-01-13]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-17).引用 错误:带有name属性 “pearson”的 <ref>
标签用 不同 内容 定 义了多 次 - ^ Coulson, T; et al. Age, Sex, Density, Winter Weather, and Population Crashes in Soay Sheep. Science. 2001, 292 (5521): 1528–1531. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1528C. PMID 11375487. doi:10.1126/science.292.5521.1528.
- ^ Jonas, Jayne L.; Joern, Anthony; et al. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) communities respond to fire, bison grazing and weather in North American tallgrass prairie: a long-term study.. Oecologia. 2007, 153 (3): 699–711. Bibcode:2007Oecol.153..699J. PMID 17546466. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0761-8.
- ^ Link between solar activity and the UK's cold winters. Sciencedaily.com. 2010-04-15 [2012-02-11]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-16). - ^ D. Fereday; A. Arribas; A.A. Scaife; J.R. Knight. A. Maidens. Seasonal Forecasts of Northern Hemisphere Winter 2009/10. Environmental Research Letters. 2012, 7 (3): 034031. Bibcode:2012ERL.....7c4031F. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034031. Authors list
列 表 缺 少 |last2=
(帮助) - ^ UK's climatic research unit NAO index data. Cru.uea.ac.uk. 1995-02-06 [2012-02-11]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-03-05). - ^ Pamela Rutherford. Huge snowfall caused by rare clash of weather events. BBC News (BBC News Online). 2 September 2010 [2 December 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-15). - ^ R. Seager; J. Nakamura; M. Ting; N. Naik. Y. Kushnir. Northern hemisphere winter snow anomalies: ENSO, NAO and the winter of 2009/10. Geophysical Research Letters. July 2010, 37 (14): L14703 [2 December 2010]. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3714703S. doi:10.1029/2010GL043830. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-04). Authors list列 表 缺 少 |last2=
(帮助) - ^ Masters, Jeffrey. Florida shivers; Hot Arctic-Cold Continents pattern is back. Weather Underground. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. [28 December 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-03-25). - ^ Environment Canada - Climate Change - Climate Trends and Variables Bulletin - Winter of 2020/2011. [5 March 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于19 January 2012). - ^ Jaiser, R.; Dethloff, K.; Handorf, D.; Rinke, A.; Cohen, J. Impact of sea ice cover changes on the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric winter circulation. Tellus A. 2012, 64 (1): 11595. Bibcode:2012TellA..6411595J. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.11595.
- ^ Record breaking December rainfall. 2015-12-28 [2022-04-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-24). - ^ Malta records worst winter drought in 50 years. 2016-02-29 [2022-04-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-02-17).
外部 链接
[编辑]目前 的 NAO 观测和 预测 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)英国 关于 NAO的 气候研究 单位信 息 表 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)美国 国家 大 气研究 中心 关于 NAO的 概 述 论文Hurrell at al, ~2002, 35pp- 马丁维斯贝克:
北大西洋 涛动 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) 北大西洋 涛动 (NAO)指数 1850 - 2013李 建 平 每日 北大西洋 涛动 (NAO)指数 1948 - 2013年 作者 :李 建 平 - 气候
指数 概 览 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)