平 信徒 枢 机
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Kardinal_Theodulf_Mertel.jpg)
虽历
历史上 的 平信 徒 枢 机 [编辑]
![]() | 此 |
1493 |
||
费迪 |
1562 |
|
萨伏 |
1607 |
|
1618 |
||
1620 |
||
Marino Carafa di Belvedere | 1801 |
|
1858 |
执事[10] |
终止[编辑]
1917
参 见[编辑]
- 侄子
枢 机 ,中世 纪天主教 会 内 存在 的 一 种裙带关系
参考 资料[编辑]
- ^ Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 123.
Laymen were named Cardinals only for twelve months, being bound within that period to take Deacon's orders
- ^ Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 121–122.
In all these cases, however, it is clear that some orders had been taken; and therefore, in the strict sense of the term, these Cardinals were no longer laymen.
- ^ Code of Canon Law. 1983. Canon 351 §1 Archive.is
的 存 檔,存 档日期 2019-04-08. - ^ 4.0 4.1 Cartwright, William Cornwallis. On Papal Conclaves. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1868: 120–122.
- ^ Feros, Antonio. Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 241.
- ^ Francisco Gómez Cardinal Rojas de Sandoval. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-02-25). - ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 29, 1619. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. [2023-02-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-10-24). - ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of February 23, 1801. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. [2023-02-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-02-25). - ^ Mister Marino Carafa di Belvedere. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-02-25). - ^ Teodolfo Cardinal Mertel. Catholic Hierarchy. [2023-02-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-04-06). - ^ Code of Canon Law. 1917. Canon 232 §1.
- ^ 沃耶蒂瓦
教 宗 的 发言人 ,远不止 是 发言人的 纳瓦∙罗瓦尔斯安息 主 怀. vatican insider. [2023-02-02]. (原始 内容 存 档于2023-02-25). - ^ Jacques Maritain Dies at 90. The New York Times. April 29, 1973 [April 27, 2022]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-02-25).