竹節たけふし蟲むし科か

竹節たけふし蟲むし科か; 化石かせき时期：100–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 森もり諾だく曼期－现代
	Bactrododema tiaratum
科学かがく分ぶん类
界さかい：	动物界かい Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫こんちゅう纲 Insecta
目め：	竹節たけふし蟲むし目め Phasmatodea
亚目：	真ま䗛亞目め Euphasmatodea
下目しため：	脛ずね平下たいらしも目め Anareolatae
科か：	竹節たけふし蟲むし科か Phasmatidae; Gray, 1835
属ぞく
	见正文せいぶん
多た样性
	10個こ亞あ科か
異名いみょう
	Lanceocercata; Phasmidae;

竹節たけふし蟲むし科か（學名がくめい：Phasmatidae）是これ竹節たけふし蟲むし目め真ま䗛亚目め下した的てき一いち個こ科か^[1]。竹節たけふし蟲むし研究けんきゅう組ぐみ（英えい语：Phasmid Study Group）（PSG）認定にんてい本科ほんか包含ほうがん10個こ亞あ科か，但ただし此定義ていぎ應おう為ため複ふく系けい群ぐん。

分類ぶんるい歷史れきし

竹節たけふし蟲むし科か的てき分類ぶんるい地位ちい仍不穩定，不同ふどう學者がくしゃ對たい其包含ほうがん類るい群ぐん的てき定義ていぎ均ひとし有ゆう差異さい^[2]。過去かこ竹節たけふし蟲むし科か為ため一いち複ふく系けい群ぐん，2001年ねん有ゆう學者がくしゃ將はた竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か、幽靈ゆうれい竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か、短たん角かく棒ぼう䗛亞科か、平ひら头竹节虫亚科、Tropidoderinae與あずかXeroderinae等とう組成そせい單たん系けい群ぐん的てき6個こ亞あ科か合ごう稱しょう為ため「Lanceocercata」，即そく狹義きょうぎ（sensu stricto（英えい语：sensu stricto））的てき竹節たけふし蟲むし科か類るい群ぐん^[3]，後續こうぞく研究けんきゅう將はた平ひら头竹节虫亚科多數たすう的てき屬ぞく改あらため歸き入いれ大頭おおと竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か，該亞科か餘あまり下か的てき類るい群ぐん被ひ認みとめ為ため不ふ屬ぞく於Lanceocercata^[4]。2008年ねん有ゆう研究けんきゅう將しょう長ちょう角かく棒ぼう䗛亞科か從したがえ笛竹ふえたけ節ぶし蟲むし科か移入いにゅう本科ほんか，又また把わ竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か進しん一步分拆出克䗛亞科（Clitumninae），並なみ將はたAchriopterini與あずかStephanacridini兩個りゃんこ族ぞく自じ竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か移出いしゅつ，上述じょうじゅつ所有しょゆう類るい群ぐん與あずか另兩個りゃんこ亞あ科か（Cladomorphinae、Eurycanthinae）共同きょうどう組成そせい廣義こうぎ（sensu lato）的てき竹節たけふし蟲むし科か^[3]。有ゆう些研究けんきゅう認みとめ為ため克かつ䗛亞科か為ため複ふく系けい群ぐん，Stephanacridini與あずかCladomorphinae和わLanceocercata的てき關係かんけい較為接近せっきん，但ただし2019年ねん的てき分子ぶんし種しゅ系けい發生はっせい學がく研究けんきゅう結果けっか顯示けんじ克かつ䗛亞科か為ためLanceocercata的てき姊妹群ぐん^[5]。

亞あ科か

根據こんきょ竹節たけふし蟲むし研究けんきゅう組ぐみ定義ていぎ，竹節たけふし蟲むし科か包含ほうがん以下いか亞あ科か^[6]：

Cladomorphinae（英えい语：Cladomorphinae）：分布ぶんぷ於馬うま達いたる加か斯加、爪つま哇島、蘇そ拉ひしげ威い西にし與あずか南美みなみ洲しゅう
克かつ䗛亞科か（英えい语：Clitumninae） Clitumninae：分布ぶんぷ於亞洲しゅう
幽靈ゆうれい竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か（英えい语：Extatosomatinae） Extatosomatinae：分布ぶんぷ於澳洲
長ちょう角かく棒ぼう䗛亞科か（英えい语：Lonchodinae）（Lonchodinae）^{[註 1]}
大頭おおと竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か Megacraniinae：分布ぶんぷ於澳大だい拉ひしげ西にし亞あ與あずか亞あ洲しゅう
Monandropterinae：分布ぶんぷ與あずか亞あ洲しゅう與あずか非ひ洲しゅう
短たん角かく棒ぼう䗛亞科か（英えい语：Pachymorphinae） Pachymorphinae：分布ぶんぷ於亞洲しゅう、非ひ洲しゅう與あずか澳洲
竹節たけふし蟲むし亞あ科か（英えい语：Phasmatinae） Phasmatinae：分布ぶんぷ於澳大だい拉ひしげ西にし亞あ與あずか亞あ洲しゅう
平ひら头竹节虫亚科 Platycraninae：分布ぶんぷ於澳大だい拉ひしげ西にし亞あ與あずか亞あ洲しゅう
Tropidoderinae（英えい语：Tropidoderinae）：分布ぶんぷ於澳大だい拉ひしげ西にし亞あ、亞あ洲しゅう與あずか非ひ洲しゅう
Xeroderinae（英えい语：Xeroderinae）：分布ぶんぷ於澳大だい拉ひしげ西にし亞あ與あずか亞あ洲しゅう

此外還かえ有ゆう若干じゃっかん屬ぞく的てき地位ちい未定みてい，包括ほうかつAchrioptera（英えい语：Achrioptera）、Glawiana、Monoiognosis與あずかSpathomorpha，皆みな分布ぶんぷ於非洲しゅう（包含ほうがん馬ば達たち加か斯加）^[6]。除じょ現生げんなま的てき10科か外がい，緬はる甸琥珀こはく（英えい语：Burmese amber）中ちゅう發現はつげん的てき已やめ滅めつ絕ぜっ屬ぞくEchinosomiscus也屬於竹節ぶし蟲むし科か，被ひ歸き入にゅう另一亞あ科かEchinosomiscinae^[2]。

本科ほんか包括ほうかつ以下いか属ぞく：^[8]

Acanthoderus
Gray, 1835
- Acanthoderus spinosus (Gray, 1834)
Acanthograeffea Günther, 1932
Acanthomima Kirby, 1904
Acanthoxyla Uvarov, 1944
Achrioptera Coquerel, 1861
Acrophylla Gray, 1835
Agamemnon Moxey, 1971
Anchiale Stål, 1875
Anchiole
Anophelepis Westwood, 1859
Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938
Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004
Apterograeffea Cliquennois & Brock, 2002
Apteroplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Argosarchus Hutton, 1898
Arphax Stål, 1875
Baculomia Bresseel & Constant, 2019
Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008
Caledoniophasma Zompro, 2001
Cephaloplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Cigarrophasma Brock & Hasenpusch, 2001
Cladomorphus Gray, 1835
Cladoxerus Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
Clitarchus Stål, 1875
Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008
Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908
Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878
Cranidium Westwood, 1843
Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833
Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Diagoras Stål, 1877
Diapherodes Gray, 1835
Didymuria Kirby, 1904
Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859
Dryococelus Gurney, 1947
Echetlus Stål, 1875
Ectentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Entoria Stål, 1875
Epicharmus Stål, 1875
Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908
Erringtonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Eucarcharus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838
Extatosoma Gray, 1833
Gigantophasma Sharp, 1898
Glawiana Hennemann & Conle, 2004
Gongylopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868
Guamuhaya Yong, 2017
Haplopus Burmeister, 1838
Hermachus Stål, 1875
Hermarchus Stål, 1875
Hesperophasma Rehn, 1901
Heterophasma Redtenbacher, 1908
Hirtuleius Stål, 1875
Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908
Interphasma Chen & He, 2008
Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908
Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007
Lamponius Stål, 1875
Leosthenes Stål, 1875
Lobofemora Bresseel & Constant, 2015
Lysicles Stål, 1877
Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle, 2006
Malandania Sjöstedt, 1918
Mauritiophasma Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
Medaura Stål, 1875
Medauroidea Zompro, 2000
Medauromorpha Bresseel & Constant, 2017
Megacrania Kaup, 1871
Mesentoria Chen & He, 2008
Metentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Monandroptera Audinet-Serville, 1838
Monogynacantha Cliquennois, 2021
Monoiognosis Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
Neomedaura Ho, 2020
Neosinophasma Ho, 2017
Neospiniphasma Ho, 2021
Nesiophasma Günther, 1934
Nisyrus Stål, 1877
Onchestus Stål, 1877
Ophicrania Kaup, 1871
Otocraniella Zompro, 2004
Parabactridium Redtenbacher, 1908
Parabaculum Brock, 1999
Paracranidium Brock, 1998
Paractenomorpha Hennemann & Conle, 2004
Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908
Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997
Paraleiophasma Chen & He, 2008
Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Parapodacanthus Brock, 2003
Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Parhaplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908
Peloriana Uvarov, 1940
Pharnacia Stål, 1877
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
筒つつ胸むね竹節たけふし蟲むし屬ぞく Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907
Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Phryganistria
Stål, 1875
- Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004)
- Phryganistria fruhstorferi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
- Phryganistria grandis Rehn, 1906
- Phryganistria guangxiensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997)^[9]
- Phryganistria longzhouensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria tamdaoensis Bresseel & Constant, 2014
- Phryganistria virgea (Westwood, 1848)
Platycrana Gray, 1835
Podacanthus Gray, 1833
Prosentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Pseudoclitarchus Salmon, 1991
Pterinoxylus Audinet-Serville, 1838
Pterulina Bresseel & Constant, 2020
Ramulus Saussure, 1862
Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Rhaphiderus Audinet-Serville, 1838
Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908
Sadyattes Stål, 1875
Sigaruphasma Hennemann, Conle, Perez-Gelabert & Valero, 2020
Sinoxenophasmina Ho, 2021
Spathomorpha Cliquennois, 2005
Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908
Tainophasma Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert, 2014
Taraxippus Moxey, 1971
Tepakiphasma Buckley & Bradler, 2010
Teruelphasma Yong, 2017
Tirachoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Tropidoderus Gray, 1835
Vasilissa Kirby, 1896
Venupherodes Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Wattenwylia Piza, 1938
Woodmasonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Xenomaches Kirby, 1896
Xenophasmina Uvarov, 1940
Xeroderus Gray, 1835
Xylodus Saussure, 1859

註腳

^ 已やめ於2018年ねん被ひ移入いにゅう一新いっしん科か長ちょう角かく棒ぼう䗛科（英えい语：Lonchodinae）^[7]。

參考さんこう文獻ぶんけん

^ Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group（英えい语：Phasmid Study Group）. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-03-04）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-06-21）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.
^ Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-02-10） –通どおり过ResearchGate.
^ Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group（英えい语：Phasmid Study Group）. [2022-02-10]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-12-09）.
^ Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216 .
^ Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2023-02-05）.
^ Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104
^ World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2008-10-19）.
^ World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-11-27）.

[8] 已やめ於2018年ねん被ひ移入いにゅう一新いっしん科か長ちょう角かく棒ぼう䗛科（英えい语：Lonchodinae）^[7]。

[psg2009-1] Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group（英えい语：Phasmid Study Group）. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-03-04）.

[Engel-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-06-21）.

[Hennemann2008-3] 3.0 ^3.1 FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.

[pmid33756861-4] Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-02-10） –通どおり过ResearchGate.

[5] Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.

[PSG-6] 6.0 ^6.1 family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group（英えい语：Phasmid Study Group）. [2022-02-10]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-12-09）.

[Robertson2018-7] Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216 .

[9] Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2023-02-05）.

[10] Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104

[11] World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2008-10-19）.

[12] World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-11-27）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[註 1]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[7]