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尼古丁依赖 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书 とべ转到内容ないよう

あま古丁ふるちょう

维基百科ひゃっか自由じゆうてき百科ひゃっかぜん

あま古丁ふるちょう[1]けむりいち种慢せい、复发せい疾病しっぺい。患有此类疾病しっぺいてき患者かんじゃかい非常ひじょう渴望かつぼう服用ふくようあま古丁ふるちょう,并对あま古丁ふるちょう有害ゆうがい健康けんこうてき问题视而[2]あま古丁ふるちょういち交感こうかんしん兴奋剂[3]のう附着ふちゃくざいだい脑中てきあま古丁ふるちょうおつ酰胆碱受たいうえ[4]よし于长使用しようあま古丁ふるちょうだい犒赏けい内的ないてきかみ经可塑性そせい发生变化,いん而产せいあま古丁ふるちょう[1][5][6]世界せかい上大かみおお约有9.76亿烟みん[7]ずい时间てき推移すいいあま古丁ふるちょう赖的严重程度ていどかいずい一个人持续服用尼古丁而日益加深[8]

あま古丁ふるちょう赖是いち个严たかしてき公共こうきょう卫生问题,いん烟草たばこちゅう含有がんゆう大量たいりょうあま古丁ふるちょう,而烟みん数量すうりょう庞大。截至2021ねん世界せかい上大かみおお约有9.76亿烟みん。此外こげ虑症患者かんじゃ越来ごえくえつ赖尼古丁ふるちょう[9]いん此尼古丁ふるちょう赖是造成ぞうせいじん死亡しぼうてき主要しゅよう原因げんいんいち[10]

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 D'Souza MS, Markou A. Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011, 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825可免费查阅. PMID 22003417. D'Souza MS, Markou A (2011). "Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments". Addict Sci Clin Pract. 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825. PMID 22003417.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ Falcone, Mary; Lee, Bridgin; Lerman, Caryn; Blendy, Julie A. Translational Research on Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 28. 2015: 121–150. ISBN 978-3-319-33911-5. ISSN 1866-3370. PMC 3579204可免费查阅. PMID 26873019. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5005. 
  3. ^ Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers. Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. 19 July 2012: 640– [2021-04-16]. ISBN 978-1-133-71465-1. (原始げんし内容ないようそん于2020-05-18). 
  4. ^ Bullen, Christopher. Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation. Current Cardiology Reports. 2014, 16 (11): 538 [2021-04-16]. ISSN 1523-3782. PMID 25303892. doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0538-8. (原始げんし内容ないようそん于2021-05-16). 
  5. ^ Saccone, NL; Culverhouse, RC; Schwantes-An, TH; Cannon, DS; Chen, X; Cichon, S; Giegling, I; Han, S; Han, Y. Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD.. PLOS Genetics. 5 August 2010, 6 (8): e1001053. PMC 2916847可免费查阅. PMID 20700436. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001053. 开放获取
  6. ^ Fiore, MC; Jaen, CR; Baker, TB; et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. 2008 [2016-09-02]. (原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)そん档于2016-03-27). 
  7. ^ Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.. JAMA. 8 January 2014, 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692. 
  8. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction: A report of the Surgeon General (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406. 1988 [2021-04-16]. (原始げんし内容ないようそん (PDF)于2019-08-02). 
  9. ^ Moylan, Steven; Jacka, Felice N; Pasco, Julie A; Berk, Michael. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Medicine. 2012, 10 (1): 123. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 3523047可免费查阅. PMID 23083451. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-123. 
  10. ^ Rachid, Fady. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. The American Journal on Addictions. 2016, 25 (6): 436–451. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405.