閑

See also: 闲, 閒あいだ, and 間あいだ

閑 U+9591, 閑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9591 ← 閐 [U+9590] CJK Unified Ideographs 閒あいだ → [U+9592]

Translingual

Traditional	閒あいだ
Simplified	闲
Japanese	閑
Korean	閑

Han character

閑 (Kangxi radical 169, 門もん+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日にち弓木ゆみき (AND), four-corner 7790₄, composition ⿵門もん木き)

Derived characters

• 𰊨, 嫻(娴), 𢡿, 澖(𰛵), 𤡦, 𨼝, 𭧴, 㯗, 𣩝, 𦠯, 𥊺, 𨶓, 𨅽, 䥜, 𩦃, 𬵬, 鷴, 䔵, 𮫐, 𤺛

Descendants

• 𛀟

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1332, character 2
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41247
• Dae Jaweon: page 1837, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4287, character 3
• Unihan data for U+9591

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 閑
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (閑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
閑	*ɡreːn
嫻	*ɡreːn
鷴	*ɡreːn

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) : 門もん (“door”) + 木き (“wood”) – a fence.

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of 閑 – see 閒あいだ (“not busy; idle; vacant; unoccupied; unused; etc.”). (This character is a variant traditional form of 閒あいだ).

Etymology 2

trad.		閑
simp.		闲*

Related to 闌たけなわ (OC *ɡ·raːn, “railing; balustrade”), 欄らん (OC *ɡ·raːn, “fence; railing”) and 攔 (OC *ɡ·raːn, “to obstruct”), and perhaps related to 練ねり (OC *ɡ·reːns, “to train”) (Schuessler, 2007). External comparanda may include Burmese ရန်း (ran:, “to erect railings, barriers”) or Mizo khâr (“to shut; to close; to shut off”) (ibid.).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xián (xian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haan⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xián
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sián
    • Wade–Giles: hsien²
    • Yale: syán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haan⁴
    • Yale: hàahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: han⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːn²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hean

Rime
Character	閑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	匣くしげ (33)
Final (韻いん)	山やま (73)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	II
Fanqie	戸と閒あいだ切きり
Baxter	hean
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨn/
Li Rong	/ɣɛn/
Wang Li	/ɣæn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閑	閑
Reading #	4/4	3/4
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛn ›	‹ hɛn ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁra[n]/	/*[ɡ]ˁra[n]/
English	bar, barrier	well-trained
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閑
Reading #	1/1
No.	13531
Phonetic component	閑
Rime group	元もと
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	閑
Old Chinese	/*ɡreːn/

Definitions

閑

1. ^† fence; bar; railings
2. ^† stable (building for horses)
3. ^† rule; law; limit; norm
4. ^† to restrict; to restrain
5. ^† Alternative form of 嫻／娴 (xián, “to be familiar; to be skilled; to be practised”)
6. ^† to block; to guard against
7. 4th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "barrier" (𝌉)

Compounds

• 不ふ閑／不ふ闲
• 心こころ閑／心こころ闲
• 明媚めいび閑雅かんが／明媚めいび闲雅
• 熟じゅく閑／熟じゅく闲
• 舉止閑冶／举止闲冶
• 蕩とろけ檢けん踰閑／荡检逾闲
• 踰閑／逾闲
• 踰閑蕩とろけ檢けん／逾闲荡检
• 閑邪存そん誠まこと／闲邪存そん诚
• 閑雅かんが／闲雅
• 防ぼう閑／防ぼう闲

 

Etymology 3

trad.		閑
simp.		闲*

Probably cognate with 介かい (OC *kreːds, “to increase; to become great”) and perhaps derived from 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “large; great”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xián (xian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haan⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xián
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sián
    • Wade–Giles: hsien²
    • Yale: syán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haan⁴
    • Yale: hàahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: han⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːn²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hean

Rime
Character	閑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	匣くしげ (33)
Final (韻いん)	山やま (73)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	II
Fanqie	戸と閒あいだ切きり
Baxter	hean
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨn/
Li Rong	/ɣɛn/
Wang Li	/ɣæn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閑
Reading #	2/4
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛn ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁra[n]/
English	great; large-minded
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閑
Reading #	1/1
No.	13531
Phonetic component	閑
Rime group	元もと
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	閑
Old Chinese	/*ɡreːn/

Definitions

閑

1. (obsolete) large; great

   • 松まつ桷有ゆう梴，旅たび楹有ゆう閑，寢ね成なり孔あな安やす。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     松まつ桷有ゆう梴，旅たび楹有ゆう闲，寝ね成なり孔あな安やす。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Sōngjué yǒu chān, lǚyíng yǒu xián, qǐn chéng kǒng ān. [Pinyin]

     Long are the projecting beams of pine;
     Large are the many pillars.
     The temple was completed, – the tranquil abode [of his tablet].

Japanese

Kanji

閑

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: げん (gen)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: ひま (hima, 閑); しずか (shizuka, 閑か); ならう (narau, 閑う); しきり (shikiri)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
閑
かん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 閑 (MC hean).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

閑(かん) • (kan) 

1. tranquil; calm; quiet
2. free time; leisure
3. unimportant; useless

Noun

閑(かん) • (kan) 

1. free time; leisure

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
閑
ひま Grade: S
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 閑 – see the following entry.

【暇ひまひま】S [adjective] free; leisure; idle; vacant [noun] time, free time [noun] leisure

(This term, 閑, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
閑
のど Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
和わ

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [no̞do̞]

Adjective

閑(のど) • (nodo) -na (adnominal 閑(のど)な (nodo na), adverbial 閑(のど)に (nodo ni))

1. (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful

Inflection

Inflection of 閑

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然みぜん形がた)	閑だろ	のどだろ	nodo daro
Continuative (連用形れんようけい)	閑で	のどで	nodo de
Terminal (終止しゅうし形がた)	閑だ	のどだ	nodo da
Attributive (連体れんたい形がた)	閑な	のどな	nodo na
Hypothetical (仮定かてい形がた)	閑なら	のどなら	nodo nara
Imperative (命令めいれい形がた)	閑であれ	のどであれ	nodo de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	閑ではない 閑じゃない	のどではない のどじゃない	nodo de wa nai nodo ja nai
Informal past	閑だった	のどだった	nodo datta
Informal negative past	閑ではなかった 閑じゃなかった	のどではなかった のどじゃなかった	nodo de wa nakatta nodo ja nakatta
Formal	閑です	のどです	nodo desu
Formal negative	閑ではありません 閑じゃありません	のどではありません のどじゃありません	nodo de wa arimasen nodo ja arimasen
Formal past	閑でした	のどでした	nodo deshita
Formal negative past	閑ではありませんでした 閑じゃありませんでした	のどではありませんでした のどじゃありませんでした	nodo de wa arimasen deshita nodo ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	閑で	のどで	nodo de
Conditional	閑なら（ば）	のどなら（ば）	nodo nara (ba)
Provisional	閑だったら	のどだったら	nodo dattara
Volitional	閑だろう	のどだろう	nodo darō
Adverbial	閑に	のどに	nodo ni
Degree	閑さ	のどさ	nodosa

Korean

Hanja

閑 (eumhun 한가할 한 (han'gahal han))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

閑: Hán Nôm readings: nhàn, hèn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.