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==Urging Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao==
==Urging Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao==
In late 208, when [[Sun Quan]] received news that [[Cao Cao]] was planning to lead his forces across the [[Yangtze River]] to invade [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], he held a discussion with his subjects on how to deal with Cao Cao. Everyone present at the meeting advised Sun Quan to surrender and welcome Cao Cao; only Lu Su remained silent. When Sun Quan left the meeting for a change of clothes, Lu Su hurriedly left his seat and followed his lord. Sun Quan understood Lu Su's intention, so he held Lu Su's hand and asked:<ref group="Sanguozhi">(會かい權けん得とく曹公欲よく東之ひがしの問とい，與あずか諸しょ將しょう議ぎ，皆みな勸すすむ權けん迎むかえ之の，而肅獨どく不言ふげん。權けん起おこり更衣ころもがえ，肅追於宇下か，權けん知ち其意，執と肅手曰：「卿きょう欲よく何なん言こと？」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref> "What do you wish to tell me?" Lu Su replied: {{quote|"The others gave you misleading advice. They can't help you accomplish your great task. I can surrender and welcome Cao Cao but you can't. Why? Because if I surrender to Cao Cao, he will give me an appointment and treat me just like how he treats his other followers. I can still have a carriage, personal bodyguards and servants; I can continue to mingle with other [[scholar-official]]s. Officials won't lose their provinces and [[Commandery (China)|commanderies]]. However, if you submit to Cao Cao, what will happen to you? I hope you can make up your mind on this important decision soon, and don't be affected by what the others said."<ref group="Sanguozhi">(肅對曰：「向こう察衆人じん之の議ぎ，專せん欲ほし誤あやま將軍しょうぐん，不足ふそく與あずか圖ず大事だいじ。今こん肅可迎むかい操みさお耳みみ，如將軍ぐん，不ふ可也かなり。何なに以言之の？今こん肅迎操みさお，操みさお當とう以肅還付かんぷ鄉黨きょうとう，品ひん其名位い，猶なお不ふ失しつ下か曹從事じゅうじ，乘じょう犢車，從したがえ吏卒，交游士し林りん，累るい官かん故こ不ふ失しつ州しゅう郡ぐん也。將軍しょうぐん迎むかい操みさお，將はた安やす所しょ歸き？願ねがい早はや定てい大計たいけい，莫用衆人しゅうじん之の議ぎ也。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>}} Sun Quan sighed and said: "I am very disappointed with what those gentlemen said. Your thoughts are exactly the same as mine. This is a sign that Heaven has granted you to me."<ref group="Sanguozhi">(權けん歎息たんそく曰：「此諸人じん持じ議ぎ，甚失孤こ望もち；今こん卿きょう廓くるわ開ひらき大計たいけい，正せい與あずか孤こ同どう，此天以卿賜たまもの我わが也。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>
In late 208, when [[Sun Quan]] received news that [[Cao Cao]] was planning to lead his forces across the [[Yangtze]] to invade [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], he discussed with his subjects on how to deal with Cao Cao. Everyone present at the meeting advised Sun Quan to surrender and welcome Cao Cao; only Lu Su remained silent. When Sun Quan left the meeting for a change of clothes, Lu Su hurriedly left his seat and followed his lord. Sun Quan sensed that Lu Su had something to say so he held Lu Su's hand and asked him,<ref group="Sanguozhi">(會かい權けん得とく曹公欲よく東之ひがしの問とい，與あずか諸しょ將しょう議ぎ，皆みな勸すすむ權けん迎むかえ之の，而肅獨どく不言ふげん。權けん起おこり更衣ころもがえ，肅追於宇下か，權けん知ち其意，執と肅手曰：「卿きょう欲よく何なん言こと？」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref> "What do you want to tell me?" Lu Su replied, {{quote|"The others gave you misleading advice. They can't help you accomplish your grand objective. I can surrender and welcome Cao Cao but you can't. Why? Because if I surrender to Cao Cao, he will give me an appointment and treat me just like how he treats his other followers. I can still have a carriage, personal bodyguards and servants; I can continue to mingle with other [[scholar-official]]s. Officials won't lose their provinces and [[Commandery (China)|commanderies]]. However, if you surrender to Cao Cao, what will happen to you? I hope you can make up your mind on this important decision soon, and that you won't be affected by what others say."<ref group="Sanguozhi">(肅對曰：「向こう察衆人じん之の議ぎ，專せん欲ほし誤あやま將軍しょうぐん，不足ふそく與あずか圖ず大事だいじ。今こん肅可迎むかい操みさお耳みみ，如將軍ぐん，不ふ可也かなり。何なに以言之の？今こん肅迎操みさお，操みさお當とう以肅還付かんぷ鄉黨きょうとう，品ひん其名位い，猶なお不ふ失しつ下か曹從事じゅうじ，乘じょう犢車，從したがえ吏卒，交游士し林りん，累るい官かん故こ不ふ失しつ州しゅう郡ぐん也。將軍しょうぐん迎むかい操みさお，將はた安やす所しょ歸き？願ねがい早はや定てい大計たいけい，莫用衆人しゅうじん之の議ぎ也。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>}} Sun Quan sighed, "I am very disappointed with those gentlemen. Your thoughts are exactly the same as mine. That's why I say you are Heaven's gift to me."<ref group="Sanguozhi">(權けん歎息たんそく曰：「此諸人じん持じ議ぎ，甚失孤こ望もち；今こん卿きょう廓くるわ開ひらき大計たいけい，正せい與あずか孤こ同どう，此天以卿賜たまもの我わが也。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>


===Alternative accounts===
===Alternative accounts===
The ''Wei Shu'' (魏ぎ書しょ; ''Book of Wei'') and the ''Jiuzhou Chunqiu'' (九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう) gave different accounts on how Lu Su urged Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao. Lu Su attempted to use [[reverse psychology]] to persuade his lord by saying: "Cao Cao is truly a formidable foe. He has engulfed [[Yuan Shao]]'s territories and his military forces are very powerful. If he uses the might of a victorious army to invade a state that is weak and chaotic, he will definitely win. Why don't we dispatch our troops to assist him, while you send your family to [[Ye (ancient China)|Ye]] (Cao Cao's base in northern China)? If not, we will be in danger." Sun Quan turned furious and wanted to execute Lu Su, but Lu Su said again: "The current situation is very urgent. Since you have other plans, why don't you provide aid to Liu Bei instead of executing me?" Sun Quan agreed with Lu Su's idea, so he ordered [[Zhou Yu]] to lead his forces to help Liu Bei.<ref group="Sanguozhi zhu">(魏ぎ書しょ及九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう曰：曹公征せい荊州，孫まご權けん大だい懼，魯肅實じつ欲よく勸すすむ權けん拒こばめ曹公，乃激說せつ權けん曰：「彼かれ曹公者しゃ，實じつ嚴げん敵てき也，新しん并袁紹，兵馬へいば甚精，乘じょう戰勝せんしょう之の威い，伐き喪も亂らん之の國くに，克かつ可か必也。不ふ如遣兵へい助すけ之の，且送將軍家しょうぐんけ詣まい鄴；不ふ然しか，將はた危。」權けん大だい怒いか，欲ほし斬き肅，肅因曰：「今こん事こと已やめ急きゅう，即そく有ゆう他た圖ず，何なに不ふ遣や兵助へいすけ劉りゅう備，而欲斬き我わが乎？」權けん然しか之これ，乃遣周しゅう瑜助備。) ''Wei Shu'' and ''Jiuzhou Chunqiu'' annotations in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>
The ''Wei Shu'' (魏ぎ書しょ; ''Book of Wei'') and the ''Jiuzhou Chunqiu'' (九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう) gave different accounts on how Lu Su urged Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao. They recorded that Lu Su attempted to use [[reverse psychology]] to persuade Sun Quan by saying, "Cao Cao is truly a formidable foe. He has engulfed [[Yuan Shao]]'s territories and his forces are very powerful. If he uses the might of a victorious army to invade a weak and chaotic state, he'll definitely win. Why don't we dispatch our troops to assist him, while you send your family to [[Ye (ancient China)|Ye]] (Cao Cao's base in northern China)? If not, we'll be in danger." When a furious Sun Quan wanted to execute Lu Su, the latter said, "We are in dire straits. Since you have other plans, why don't you assist Liu Bei instead of executing me?" Sun Quan agreed with Lu Su's idea, so he ordered [[Zhou Yu]] to lead his forces to help Liu Bei.<ref group="Sanguozhi zhu">(魏ぎ書しょ及九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう曰：曹公征せい荊州，孫まご權けん大だい懼，魯肅實じつ欲よく勸すすむ權けん拒こばめ曹公，乃激說せつ權けん曰：「彼かれ曹公者しゃ，實じつ嚴げん敵てき也，新しん并袁紹，兵馬へいば甚精，乘じょう戰勝せんしょう之の威い，伐き喪も亂らん之の國くに，克かつ可か必也。不ふ如遣兵へい助すけ之の，且送將軍家しょうぐんけ詣まい鄴；不ふ然しか，將はた危。」權けん大だい怒いか，欲ほし斬き肅，肅因曰：「今こん事こと已やめ急きゅう，即そく有ゆう他た圖ず，何なに不ふ遣や兵助へいすけ劉りゅう備，而欲斬き我わが乎？」權けん然しか之これ，乃遣周しゅう瑜助備。) ''Wei Shu'' and ''Jiuzhou Chunqiu'' annotations in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>


The historian [[Sun Sheng (Jin dynasty)|Sun Sheng]] commented that both [[Wei Zhao (Three Kingdoms)|Wei Zhao]]'s ''Book of Wu'' and the ''Jiang Biao Zhuan'' (江こう表ひょう傳でん) recorded that Lu Su advised Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao and build his own empire, and when Liu Biao died, he asked Sun Quan to observe the changes in the situation. There was no mention of Lu Su using reverse psychology to persuade Sun Quan. Besides, there were many others among Sun Quan's subjects who urged their lord to surrender, yet the two accounts mentioned that Sun Quan wanted to execute only Lu Su because Lu Su advocated surrender – even though that was not his true intention – but none of the others who also advised him to surrender. Sun Sheng believed that the accounts on Lu Su's "reverse psychology speech" did not make sense and are therefore unreliable.<ref group="Sanguozhi zhu">(孫まご盛もり曰：吳くれ書しょ及江表ひょう傳でん，魯肅一見孫權便說拒曹公而論帝王之略，劉りゅう表ひょう之の死し也，又また請使觀かん變へん，無緣むえん方かた復ふく激げき說せつ勸すすむ迎むかい曹公也きみや。又また是これ時じ勸すすむ迎むかえ者しゃ衆しゅ，而云獨どく欲よく斬き肅，非ひ其論也。) Sun Sheng's annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>
The fourth-century historian [[Sun Sheng (Jin dynasty)|Sun Sheng]] commented that both [[Wei Zhao (Three Kingdoms)|Wei Zhao]]'s ''Book of Wu'' and the ''Jiang Biao Zhuan'' (江こう表ひょう傳でん) recorded that Lu Su urged Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao and build his own empire. When Liu Biao died, Lu Su advised Sun Quan to observe the developments. There was no mention of Lu Su using reverse psychology to persuade Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao. Sun Sheng pointed out that there were many others among Sun Quan's subjects who urged their lord to surrender, so it made no sense for Sun Quan to single out Lu Su. He believed that the accounts on Lu Su's use of reverse psychology are absurd and unreliable.<ref group="Sanguozhi zhu">(孫まご盛もり曰：吳くれ書しょ及江表ひょう傳でん，魯肅一見孫權便說拒曹公而論帝王之略，劉りゅう表ひょう之の死し也，又また請使觀かん變へん，無緣むえん方かた復ふく激げき說せつ勸すすむ迎むかい曹公也きみや。又また是これ時じ勸すすむ迎むかえ者しゃ衆しゅ，而云獨どく欲よく斬き肅，非ひ其論也。) Sun Sheng's annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 54.</ref>


==Battle of Red Cliffs==
==Battle of Red Cliffs==

Revision as of 08:02, 6 November 2018

Lu Su
魯肅
A Qing dynasty illustration of Lu Su
General Who Crosses the River (橫江よこえ將軍しょうぐん)
In office
214 (214)–217 (217)
Administrator of Hanchang (漢かん昌あきら太守たいしゅ)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
Colonel of Vehement Martial Might
(奮武校こう尉じょう)
In office
210 (210)–? (?)
Colonel Who Praises the Army (贊さん軍ぐん校こう尉じょう)
In office
208 (208)–210 (210)
Personal details
Born172[a]
Dingyuan County, Anhui
Died217 (aged 45)[a]
ChildrenLu Shu
OccupationGeneral, official
Courtesy nameZijing (子こ敬けい)

Template:Chinese name

Lu Su (172–217),[a] courtesy name Zijing, was a military general and official serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.[1] In the year 200, when Sun Quan had just taken over the reins of power, his adviser Zhou Yu recommended Lu Su as a talent to Sun Quan. As one of Sun Quan's most important advisers in the warlord's early career, Lu Su is best known for making the following contributions. Firstly, in 200 he drafted a long-term strategy for Sun Quan's power bloc to emerge as one of three major contending powers in China – a plan similar to Zhuge Liang's Longzhong Plan, which was proposed about seven years later. Secondly, before the Battle of Red Cliffs in late 208, he was the first person to persuade Sun Quan to ally with Liu Bei against Cao Cao. Thirdly, he succeeded Zhou Yu as the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces in 210 after Zhou's death and maintained the Sun–Liu alliance. Fourthly, in 215, he represented Sun Quan at the negotiations with Liu Bei's general Guan Yu during the Sun–Liu territorial dispute over Jing Province.

Early life

Lu Su was from Dongcheng County (東城とうじょう縣けん), Linhuai Commandery (臨淮郡ぐん), which is located southeast of present-day Dingyuan County, Anhui.[Sanguozhi 2] He lost his father not long after he was born, so he lived with his grandmother. Lu Su was very generous with his family's wealth as he used it to help the needy. Wei Zhao's Book of Wu (吳くれ書しょ) described Lu Su as having a stalwart and extraordinary appearance. He had great ambitions since he was young and was very fond of strategy.[Sanguozhi zhu 1]

Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, when chaos broke out throughout China due to the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Dong Zhuo's tyranny, Lu Su sold his family's lands and properties and used the money to help the poor. He also spent his time associating with other reputable and talented persons. He was well-loved by his fellow townsfolk.[Sanguozhi 3]

The Book of Wu gave another account of Lu Su's life during that chaotic period. Apart from practising sword-fighting, horse-riding and archery, he also hired a group of young men as his retainers, and provided them with clothing and food. They often went to the hills to hunt and practise military arts. The elders of the clan remarked: "We got this wild boy because the Lu clan is in decline!"[Sanguozhi zhu 2]

Moving to Jiangdong

Around 196, when Zhou Yu was nominally serving as the Chief (長ちょう) of Juchao County under the warlord Yuan Shu, he wanted to leave Yuan Shu and travel east to the Jiangdong (or Wu) region to join Sun Ce, who had recently conquered some territories in Jiangdong over the past few years. Along the way, Zhou Yu and his militia, numbering a few hundred men, visited Lu Su and requested for supplies. At the time, Lu Su owned two large granaries, each capable of storing 3,000 hu of grain. He pointed at one granary and gave it to Zhou Yu. Realising that Lu Su was no ordinary person, Zhou Yu thanked and befriended him. The third-century historian Chen Shou compared their friendship to that of Gongsun Qiao and Ji Zha (季き札さつ) during the Spring and Autumn period.[Sanguozhi 4] The Chinese idiom "pointing at a granary and presenting it" (指ゆび囷相贈おく; 指ゆび囷相赠; zhǐ qūn xiāng zèng), which means to generously provide aid to someone,[2] originated from this anecdote.

When Yuan Shu heard of Lu Su's fame, he wanted to recruit him to serve as the Chief of Dongcheng County (東城とうじょう縣けん; present-day Suining County, Jiangsu). However, Lu Su refused because he saw that Yuan Shu's administration was ill-disciplined and predicted that Yuan Shu would ultimately meet his downfall. He told his followers, "The central government has collapsed. Robbers and bandits are rampant. The areas around the Huai and Si rivers are no longer safe. I heard the lands in Jiangdong are fertile and they have a prosperous population and powerful armed forces. We can take shelter there. Are you willing to accompany me to that paradise and wait until stability is restored in central China?" They unanimously agreed to follow him.[Sanguozhi zhu 3]

Lu Su led his followers and some civilians southward to Juchao County to join Zhou Yu. He ordered able-bodied young men to guard the rear while the others continued moving forward. The local authorities sent some armed horsemen to stop Lu Su and his followers from leaving. When the riders caught up with them, Lu Su turned back and said, "All of you are capable men, so you should understand what's going on. The Empire is now in a state of chaos. While you won't be rewarded for your efforts (even if you manage to stop us), you will also not be punished for failing to stop us. Do you really want to force us to fight?" He then placed a shield upright on the ground and fired an arrow at it. The arrow pierced through the shield. The horsemen realised that they could not stop Lu Su so they gave up and left. Lu Su and his followers then crossed the Yangtze River with Zhou Yu and arrived in Jiangdong, where they met Sun Ce, who also saw great potential in Lu Su.[Sanguozhi zhu 4]

In Jiangdong, Lu Su lived in Qu'e County (曲きょく阿おもね縣けん; in present-day Danyang, Jiangsu) for some time before making a short trip back to Dongcheng County later to attend his grandmother's funeral.[Sanguozhi 5]

Nearly leaving Jiangdong

Liu Ye, a friend of Lu Su, once wrote a letter to him: "Warlords and heroes have emerged all over the Empire. I believe the time has come for me to put my talents to good use. I am in a rush to fetch my mother but I will be stopping at Dongcheng County for a while. I heard that recently there is one Zheng Bao (鄭てい寶たから) who has rallied thousands of followers in Chaohu and gained control over some very fertile lands. Many people in Lujiang Commandery are planning to join him – including myself. As of now, he is still gathering followers. You should act fast and not miss this opportunity." Lu Su agreed with what Liu Ye told him. After his grandmother's funeral, Lu Su returned to Qu'e County and planned to leave Jiangdong and head north to join Zheng Bao. However, after he found out that Zhou Yu had fetched his mother to Wu Commandery (around present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu), he gave up his plan to leave Jiangdong and headed to Wu Commandery to meet Zhou Yu.[Sanguozhi 6]

In 200, after Sun Ce was assassinated, his younger brother Sun Quan succeeded him as the warlord controlling the Jiangdong territories. When Lu Su arrived in Wu Commandery, Zhou Yu told him, "In the past, Ma Yuan once told Emperor Guangwu, 'In this era, not only do lords choose their subjects; subjects also choose the lords they wish to serve.' The new lord [Sun Quan] welcomes and respects persons of virtue and talent. He has recruited many extraordinary people. Besides, I also heard a saying that in the past, philosophers predicted that the successor to the Liu clan's empire [the Han dynasty] will rise in the southeast. As you can see, these events are already in motion. This is the time for heroes to rise up and showcase their talents and abilities, and contribute to the construction of a new empire to receive the Mandate of Heaven. Having said this, I don't think you need to take Liu Ye's words to heart." Lu Su heeded Zhou Yu's advice[Sanguozhi 7] and remained in Jiangdong.

The historian Chen Shou, who wrote Lu Su's biography, believed that Zhou Yu recommended Lu Su to Sun Quan because he knew that his lord needed to widely recruit more of such talents to accomplish his goal of building up his power bloc. Therefore, he could not afford to let Lu Su leave with Liu Ye.[Sanguozhi 8]

Drafting a plan for Sun Quan

Sun Quan immediately summoned Lu Su to meet him, and was pleased to see Lu Su. When the other guests were leaving after the meeting, Lu Su also took his leave but Sun Quan called him back. They shared a table and had a private conversation over drinks. Sun Quan asked, "The Han dynasty is in decline and there is turmoil everywhere. I have inherited the work of my father and elder brother, and I intend to make achievements like those of Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin. I am honoured to have your noble patronage. What advice do you have for me?"[Sanguozhi 9] Lu Su replied:

"In the past, Emperor Gao wanted to serve under Emperor Yi of Chu but Xiang Yu harmed Emperor Yi. The Cao Cao of today is like Xiang Yu in the past. Why do you still desire to emulate Duke Huan and Duke Wen? I foresee that the Han dynasty can't be revived and Cao Cao can't be eliminated so easily. What you can do is to establish a foothold in Jiangdong and observe how the overall situation changes. You shouldn't be disappointed with what you currently have. Why? Because the north isn't stable. Therefore, you should use this opportunity to eliminate Huang Zu and attack Liu Biao, then you will have the Yangtze to your advantage. After that, you can declare yourself emperor and fight for control over the Empire – just like how Emperor Gao did it in the past."[Sanguozhi 10]

Sun Quan replied, "Now, I am doing my best to support the Han dynasty. What you said can't be achieved."[Sanguozhi 11]

Zhang Zhao, a senior adviser to Sun Quan, felt that Lu Su was not humble enough so he often spoke ill of Lu Su in front of their lord. Pointing out that Lu Su was too young and neglectful, Zhang Zhao advised Sun Quan to refrain from entrusting Lu Su with important responsibilities. However, Sun Quan ignored Zhang Zhao and continued to treat Lu Su respectfully and regard him highly. He gave new clothes and curtains to Lu Su's mother and restored Lu Su's family to their prior status as a wealthy family.[Sanguozhi 12]

Formation of the Sun–Liu alliance

When Liu Biao died in 208, his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him as the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). Upon receiving news of Liu Biao's death, Lu Su told Sun Quan,

"Jing Province is our neighbour. Its water routes lead to the north; it is connected to the major rivers; and it has mountainous terrain. It is firm and stable; its lands are fertile; and its population is wealthy and prosperous. Whoever controls that region has the resources for building an empire. Liu Biao has recently died; his two sons are in disharmony; and his subordinates are more concerned about advancing their own interests. Liu Bei has the reputation of an ambitious hero, and he's Cao Cao's rival. When he took shelter under Liu Biao, Liu Biao was jealous of his talent and didn't assign him important responsibilities. If Liu Bei can unite with us in spirit and work together with us, we can win him over and form an alliance with him. If he's unwilling to join us, we should seek alternative ways to accomplish our grand objective. I hereby request you to appoint me as your representative to attend Liu Biao's funeral and offer condolences. At the same time, I'll ask Liu Bei to persuade Liu Biao's followers to join us in resisting Cao Cao. Liu Bei will be most happy to do so. If he agrees to ally with us, we'll be able to pacify the Empire. We must act fast because I fear we may lose the opportunity to Cao Cao."[Sanguozhi 13]

Sun Quan then sent Lu Su as his representative to Jing Province.[Sanguozhi 14]

When Lu Su reached Xiakou (夏なつ口こう; present-day Hankou, Hubei), he heard that Cao Cao and his forces were advancing towards Jing Province so he travelled day and night in the hope of reaching Xiangyang (Jing Province's capital) in the shortest time possible. When he arrived at Nan Commandery (南みなみ郡ぐん; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), he received news that Liu Cong had already surrendered to Cao Cao, and that Jing Province was now under Cao Cao's control. At the same time, Liu Bei had been defeated at the Battle of Changban and was trying to cross the Yangtze and head further south. Lu Su met Liu Bei at Changban (長ちょう阪ばん; in present-day Dangyang, Hubei), where he conveyed Sun Quan's intentions to Liu Bei and pointed out that Jiangdong was very stable. Liu Bei was delighted. Lu Su also met and befriended Liu Bei's adviser Zhuge Liang; he told Zhuge Liang that he was a friend of Zhuge Jin, Zhuge Liang's elder brother. Liu Bei moved to Xiakou, where he instructed Zhuge Liang to follow Lu Su to meet Sun Quan and discuss the formation of a Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Cao.[Sanguozhi 15]

Contradiction

Pei Songzhi, who annotated Lu Su's biography, argued that Lu Su was actually the first person to propose forming a Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Cao. When Lu Su told Zhuge Liang that he was Zhuge Jin's friend, Zhuge Liang would probably have already heard of Lu Su but had yet to meet him in person. Pei Songzhi pointed out that Zhuge Liang's biography in the Shu Shu (蜀しょく書しょ; Book of Shu) recorded: "Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan with his argument on forming an alliance. Sun Quan was very pleased." Going by the Shu Shu account, the first person who suggested the Sun–Liu alliance should be Zhuge Liang instead of Lu Su. Pei Songzhi commented that the historians in Eastern Wu and Shu Han gave conflicting accounts on who was the first person who conceived the idea of the Sun–Liu alliance because they wanted their respective states to claim that credit. Pei Songzhi also remarked that this was one of the flaws in the Sanguozhi because the author Chen Shou wrote both Lu Su and Zhuge Liang's biographies but the two biographies contradict each other on this point.[Sanguozhi zhu 5]

Urging Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao

In late 208, when Sun Quan received news that Cao Cao was planning to lead his forces across the Yangtze to invade Jiangdong, he discussed with his subjects on how to deal with Cao Cao. Everyone present at the meeting advised Sun Quan to surrender and welcome Cao Cao; only Lu Su remained silent. When Sun Quan left the meeting for a change of clothes, Lu Su hurriedly left his seat and followed his lord. Sun Quan sensed that Lu Su had something to say so he held Lu Su's hand and asked him,[Sanguozhi 16] "What do you want to tell me?" Lu Su replied,

"The others gave you misleading advice. They can't help you accomplish your grand objective. I can surrender and welcome Cao Cao but you can't. Why? Because if I surrender to Cao Cao, he will give me an appointment and treat me just like how he treats his other followers. I can still have a carriage, personal bodyguards and servants; I can continue to mingle with other scholar-officials. Officials won't lose their provinces and commanderies. However, if you surrender to Cao Cao, what will happen to you? I hope you can make up your mind on this important decision soon, and that you won't be affected by what others say."[Sanguozhi 17]

Sun Quan sighed, "I am very disappointed with those gentlemen. Your thoughts are exactly the same as mine. That's why I say you are Heaven's gift to me."[Sanguozhi 18]

Alternative accounts

The Wei Shu (魏ぎ書しょ; Book of Wei) and the Jiuzhou Chunqiu (九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう) gave different accounts on how Lu Su urged Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao. They recorded that Lu Su attempted to use reverse psychology to persuade Sun Quan by saying, "Cao Cao is truly a formidable foe. He has engulfed Yuan Shao's territories and his forces are very powerful. If he uses the might of a victorious army to invade a weak and chaotic state, he'll definitely win. Why don't we dispatch our troops to assist him, while you send your family to Ye (Cao Cao's base in northern China)? If not, we'll be in danger." When a furious Sun Quan wanted to execute Lu Su, the latter said, "We are in dire straits. Since you have other plans, why don't you assist Liu Bei instead of executing me?" Sun Quan agreed with Lu Su's idea, so he ordered Zhou Yu to lead his forces to help Liu Bei.[Sanguozhi zhu 6]

The fourth-century historian Sun Sheng commented that both Wei Zhao's Book of Wu and the Jiang Biao Zhuan (江こう表ひょう傳でん) recorded that Lu Su urged Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao and build his own empire. When Liu Biao died, Lu Su advised Sun Quan to observe the developments. There was no mention of Lu Su using reverse psychology to persuade Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao. Sun Sheng pointed out that there were many others among Sun Quan's subjects who urged their lord to surrender, so it made no sense for Sun Quan to single out Lu Su. He believed that the accounts on Lu Su's use of reverse psychology are absurd and unreliable.[Sanguozhi zhu 7]

Battle of Red Cliffs

At the time, Zhou Yu was in Poyang County so Lu Su advised Sun Quan to quickly summon Zhou Yu back to discuss their plans on how to counter Cao Cao's impending invasion. When Zhou Yu returned, he also urged Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao. This resulted in Sun Quan arriving at his final decision to go to war with Cao Cao.[b] Sun Quan put Zhou Yu in command of his military forces and appointed Lu Su as Colonel Who Praises the Army (贊さん軍ぐん校こう尉じょう) to assist Zhou Yu in formulating the battle plan.[Sanguozhi 19]

In the winter of 208, the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's forces at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. When Lu Su returned after the battle, Sun Quan hosted a grand reception for him and said: "Zijing, I dismounted my horse and received you on foot. Is this enough to illuminate your glory?" Lu Su replied: "No." All the others present at the scene were startled by Lu Su's response. After taking his seat, Lu Su raised his horsewhip and said: "I hope that our lord will spread his might and virtues throughout the Four Seas, expand his territories to cover the Nine Provinces, and successfully build an empire. When he has achieved that and he comes to receive me on a carriage, I will be the first to feel honoured." Sun Quan clapped his hands and laughed.[Sanguozhi 20]

Handing over Jing Province to Liu Bei

In 210,[3] Liu Bei travelled to Jing (京きょう; present-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to meet Sun Quan and request for the governorship of Jing Province. Only Lu Su advised Sun Quan to "lend" Jing Province to Liu Bei so as to strengthen the Sun-Liu alliance against Cao Cao.[Sanguozhi 21]

At the time, Lü Fan urged Sun Quan to hold Liu Bei hostage in Jiangdong and prevent him from returning to Jing Province. However, Lu Su objected: "No. My lord, you may have received the blessings of Heaven, but Cao Cao is still a foe to be reckoned with. As we have recently taken control of Jing Province, we haven't earned the trust and support of its people yet. It's better to 'lend' it to Liu Bei and let him help us pacify the area. The best strategy to adopt now is to create more enemies for Cao Cao and less enemies for ourselves." Sun Quan agreed with Lu Su.[Sanguozhi zhu 8]

Cao Cao was writing when he received news that Sun Quan had "lent" Jing Province to Liu Bei. He dropped his brush upon hearing that.[Sanguozhi 22]

Succeeding Zhou Yu

In 210, when Zhou Yu became critically ill, he wrote to Sun Quan:

"As of now, the empire has yet to be pacified, and this has always been a worry for me. I hope that you, my lord, can make plans for the future now and have a smooth journey later. Now, we have Cao Cao as our enemy, and Liu Bei is also nearby in Gong'an County. We have yet to gain the full allegiance of the people at the border, so it is best to have a competent general to guard the area. Lu Su, with his intelligence and wisdom, is capable of taking up that responsibility, as well as replacing me. The day I die will be the day all my lingerings cease."[Sanguozhi 23]

The Jiang Biao Zhuan (江こう表ひょう傳でん) provided a longer, but generally similar, account of Zhou Yu's message to Sun Quan before his death. Zhou Yu wrote:

"I am of ordinary calibre, but I received very special and generous treatment from you, and earned your trust. I was entrusted with an honourable duty – placed in command of the armed forces and having full control over them. We should take control of Ba and Shu (present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) first and then conquer Xiangyang, after which we can depend on our might to secure victory. It is unfortunate that I contracted such a serious illness, but my condition is stabilising after receiving medical treatment. Everyone will die eventually, so I will not regret if my lifespan is destined to be short. I only feel anguish over not having realised my ambition and not being able to follow your orders anymore. Now, Cao Cao still remains a threat in the north and the battlefields are not clear yet. Liu Bei may be seeking shelter under us, but the way we are treating him is equivalent to raising a tiger. There is no beginning or end to the events in the world. This is a time for the ministers and you, my lord, to be worried. Lu Su is loyal and upright and he does not falter in the face of adversity. He can replace me. A dying person's last words are said in good faith. If you can heed this piece of advice, I will not have died in vain."[Sanguozhi zhu 9]

After Zhou Yu's death, Lu Su was appointed as Colonel of Vehement Martial Might (奮武校こう尉じょう) and succeeded Zhou Yu. He took charge of the 4,000 troops and the four counties which used to be under Zhou Yu's control. Cheng Pu succeeded Zhou Yu as the Grand Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Nan Commandery (南みなみ郡ぐん; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei). Lu Su was at Jiangling County initially, so he moved to Lukou (陸りく口こう; in present-day Jiayu County, Hubei) and garrisoned there. Lu Su governed with justice and benevolence, and the number of troops under his command increased to over 10,000. He was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん) and appointed as the Administrator of Hanchang Commandery (漢かん昌あきら郡ぐん; around present-day Pingjiang County, Hunan).[Sanguozhi 24]

In 214, Lu Su accompanied Sun Quan on a campaign at Wan County (皖縣; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui), a garrison under Cao Cao's control. After Sun Quan's forces emerged victorious, Lu Su was reassigned as General Who Crosses the River (橫江よこえ將軍しょうぐん).[Sanguozhi 25]

Sun–Liu territorial dispute

Main article: Sun–Liu territorial dispute

Background

Before Zhou Yu died, he, along with Gan Ning and others, had constantly urged Sun Quan to seize Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from its governor, Liu Zhang. However, Zhou Yu died of illness while making preparations for an invasion of Yi Province. When Sun Quan asked Liu Bei for his opinion, Liu Bei, who secretly had the intention of seizing Yi Province for himself, lied to Sun Quan: "Liu Zhang and I are members of the imperial clan, so we should strive to uphold the Han dynasty with the aid of our ancestors' blessings. Now, when I heard that Liu Zhang has offended his neighbours, I feel afraid and don't dare to probe further. I hope you can show leniency towards him. If you don't, I will retire and return to the countryside." Liu Bei revealed his true intentions later when he attacked Liu Zhang himself and eventually seized control of Yi Province. During the campaign against Liu Zhang, Liu Bei left his general Guan Yu behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. When Sun Quan heard about Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province, he angrily remarked: "This cunning barbarian dares to trick me!"[Sanguozhi 26]

At the same time, tensions were rising at the Sun–Liu border in Jing Province as both sides became more suspicious of each other. Lu Su tried to reduce the tensions by being friendly towards Liu Bei's side. After Liu Bei took over Yi Province, Sun Quan asked him to return three commanderies in southern Jing Province – Changsha (長ちょう沙すな), Lingling (零れい陵りょう; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂かつら陽よう; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) – but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then ordered his general Lü Meng to lead his forces to seize the three commanderies by force. When Liu Bei found out, he returned to Gong'an County and sent Guan Yu to lead an army to stop Lü Meng.[Sanguozhi 27]

Negotiations

At Yiyang, Lu Su invited Guan Yu to attend a meeting to discuss the dispute. During the negotiations, both sides stationed their soldiers more than 100 paces away from the meeting area and the officers present at the talks were each armed with only a blade weapon. Lu Su told Guan Yu:[Sanguozhi 28]

"Initially, my lord "lent" these lands to your lord because he suffered defeats and didn't have a base at that time. However, now that he has obtained Yi Province, he doesn't want to "return" the lands. When we ask for only three commanderies, you still refuse..."[Sanguozhi 29]

Before Lu Su could finish what he was saying, an unnamed person interrupted him and said: "Whoever has the ability to govern the land shall have control over it. Isn't it so?" Lu Su angrily rebuked that person in a firm and stern tone. Guan Yu drew his sword, stood up and said, "This is a state-level problem. We can't hope to understand it." He left after that.[Sanguozhi 30]

Wu Shu account

Wei Zhao's Book of Wu provided more details on the meeting. Prior to the talks, Lu Su's subordinates feared that Guan Yu would try to harm Lu Su, so they advised Lu Su against attending the meeting. However, Lu Su replied: "It's better for us to settle this issue in a peaceful manner. Liu Bei may have acted against our lord's interests, but we haven't agreed on who is right and who is wrong. Do you think Guan Yu will dare to do something as rash as killing me at this point in time?"[Sanguozhi zhu 10]

Lu Su then met Guan Yu, who told him:

"My lord was actively involved in the Battle of Red Cliffs and he didn't rest well during that time. He relied on his own strength to overcome the enemy. How can he not gain even a single piece of land despite his efforts? And now you come to claim the lands from him?"[Sanguozhi zhu 11]

Lu Su replied:

"No. When I first met your lord at Changban, his men were too few to form even a division and his situation then was very bad as compared to now. My lord considered that your lord didn't have a place to settle down, so he offered your lord protection and shelter. However, your lord wasn't honest with us and he acted on his own. That was why our relations soured. Now, after taking over Yi Province, he still wants to keep Jing Province for himself as well? This isn't what a reasonable man would do, much less a leader of men! I heard that those who forsake moral principles for the purpose of satisfying their personal greed will meet their doom. My son holds important appointments. He previously lacked a good sense of judgment when he handled issues, but after receiving some moral education, he became more responsible and started striving harder. If what one does is morally right, why should he worry that he won't become successful?"[Sanguozhi zhu 12]

Guan Yu did not respond to what Lu Su said.[Sanguozhi zhu 13]

Liu Bei eventually agreed to divide Jing Province between his and Sun Quan's domains along the Xiang River. Both sides withdrew their forces.[Sanguozhi 31]

Death

Lu Su died at the age of 46 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 217. Sun Quan mourned his death and attended his funeral. Zhuge Liang also held a memorial service for Lu Su.[Sanguozhi 32]

Descendants

Lu Su's son, Lu Shu (魯淑), was born physically strong. Zhang Cheng once remarked that Lu Shu would become very outstanding in the future. Between 258 and 264, during the reign of Sun Xiu, Lu Shu served as General of Illustrious Martial Might (昭武あきたけ將軍しょうぐん) and Area Commander (督とく) of Wuchang, and was named as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都と亭てい侯こう). Between 269 and 271, during the reign of Sun Xiu's successor, Sun Hao, Lu Shu was reassigned as the Area Commander of Xiakou (夏なつ口こう). Lu Shu was known for being very disciplined and competent in his duties. He died in 274.[Sanguozhi 33]

Lu Shu's son, Lu Mu (魯睦), inherited his father's marquis title and military post.[Sanguozhi 34]

Appraisal

Wei Zhao's Book of Wu (吳くれ書しょ) described Lu Su as follows: Lu Su was a strict person who rarely indulged in material pleasures, led a frugal life, and had no interest in common hobbies. He maintained good military discipline and executed orders without fail. Even when he was in the army, he was often seen reading books. He was proficient in arguing and writing. He could think far and possessed an exemplary sense of judgment. He was the best after Zhou Yu.[Sanguozhi zhu 14]

Sun Quan once told Lü Meng:

"I had a discussion (with Lu Su) and obtained a plan on establishing a dynasty. That was one pleasant moment. Later, when Mengde took control of Liu Cong's territories, he claimed he would lead thousands of land and marine troops south (to attack me). I gathered all my subordinates and asked for their opinions, but none of their responses matched my thoughts. Zibu and Wenbiao suggested I surrender, but Zijing argued that I shouldn't, and he urged me to recall Gongjin and put him in command (of the army) to engage the enemy. That was another pleasant moment. However, in terms of decisiveness, he was inferior to Zhang and Su. Although this weakness of his was evident when he advised me to 'lend' land to Xuande, this shortcoming wasn't sufficient to overshadow his two strengths."[c][Sanguozhi 35]

In 229, when Sun Quan was attending a ceremony to declare himself emperor and establish the state of Eastern Wu, he told his subjects: "In the past, Lu Zijing often spoke about what is happening now. Indeed, he had good foresight."[Sanguozhi 36]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Lu Su appeared as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, Lu Su's role is significantly downplayed as compared to his historical counterpart, such that he is mainly used as a foil between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu to highlight their intelligence, especially for the former. He is also used to add minor comic relief to the rivalry between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, particularly in the events leading to the Battle of Red Cliffs. Besides, he is also portrayed as an honest and sententious man who is often easily cheated and taken advantage of, resulting in his maladroit handling of the territorial dispute over Jing Province between Liu Bei and Sun Quan.

In popular culture

Lu Su was first introduced as a playable character in the eighth instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. Chinese actor Hou Yong portrayed Lu Su in the two-part epic war film Red Cliff (2008-2009) directed by John Woo.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Lu Su's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that he died at the age of 46 (by East Asian age reckoning) in the 22nd year of the Jian'an era in the reign of Emperor Xian of Han.[Sanguozhi 1] By calculation, Lu Su's birth year should be 172.
  2. ^ See Zhou Yu#Advising Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao for details.
  3. ^ In this statement, Sun Quan commented that he was very pleased with two things that Lu Su had done for him: drafting a plan for him to emerge as one of three major contending powers in China; helping him arrive at his resolution to ally with Liu Bei against Cao Cao just before the Battle of Red Cliffs. However, Sun Quan also thought that Lu Su was incompetent in managing diplomatic ties as compared to Zhang Yi and Su Qin, two famous strategists and diplomats in the Warring States period. Despite so, Sun Quan still thought that Lu Su's two major contributions outshone this imperfection.

References

Citations from the Sanguozhi
  1. ^ (肅年四よん十じゅう六ろく，建けん安やす二に十じゅう二に年ねん卒そつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  2. ^ (魯肅字じ子こ敬けい，臨淮東城とうじょう人じん也。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  3. ^ (生なま而失父ちち，與あずか祖母そぼ居きょ。家富いえとみ於財，性せい好こう施與せよ。爾なんじ時じ天下てんか已やめ亂みだれ，肅不治ふち家事かじ，大だい散財さんざい貨，摽賣田地でんち，以賑窮きゅう弊へい結ゆい士し為ため務つとむ，甚得鄉きょう邑歡心しん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  4. ^ (周しゅう瑜為居きょ巢す長ちょう，將はた數すう百人故過候肅，并求資し糧かて。肅家有ゆう兩りょう囷米，各かく三さん千せん斛，肅乃指ゆび一囷與周瑜，瑜益知ち其奇也，遂とげ相しょう親おや結ゆい，定てい僑、札さつ之これ分ぶん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  5. ^ (袁術聞其名めい，就署東城とうじょう長ちょう。肅見術じゅつ無む綱紀こうき，不足ふそく與あずか立たて事こと，乃攜老弱ろうじゃく將はた輕けい俠少年しょうねん百ひゃく餘人よにん，南みなみ到いた居きょ巢す就瑜。瑜之東ひがし渡わたり，因いん與あずか同行どうこう，留とめ家か曲きょく阿おもね。會かい祖母そぼ亡ほろび，還かえ葬そう東城とうじょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  6. ^ (劉りゅう子こ揚あげ與あずか肅友善ぜん，遺のこ肅書曰：「方今ほうこん天下てんか豪傑ごうけつ並なみ起おこり，吾子あご姿すがた才ざい，尤ゆう宜よろし今日きょう。急きゅう還かえ迎むかえ老母ろうぼ，無事ぶじ滯とどこお於東おひがし城じょう。近きん鄭てい寶たから者しゃ，今こん在ざい巢す湖こ，擁よう衆しゅ萬まん餘あまり，處しょ地ち肥饒ひじょう，廬いおり江こう閒人はしひと多た依よ就之，況きょう吾われ徒と乎？觀かん其形勢ぜい，又また可か博はく集しゅう，時じ不可ふか失しつ，足下あしもと速そく之の。」肅荅然しか其計。 ... 葬そう畢還曲きょく阿おもね，欲よく北きた行ぎょう。會かい瑜已徙肅母はは到いた吳ご，肅具以狀語ご瑜。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  7. ^ (時とき孫まご策さく已やめ薨，權けん尚なお住じゅう吳くれ，瑜謂肅曰：「昔むかし馬うま援荅光武みつたけ云うん『當今とうぎん之の世よ，非ひ但ただし君きみ擇よ臣しん，臣しん亦また擇よ君きみ』。今こん主人しゅじん親おや賢けん貴士たかし，納おさめ奇き錄ろく異こと，且吾聞先哲せんてつ祕ひ論ろん，承うけたまわ運うん代だい劉りゅう氏し者しゃ，必興於東おひがし南みなみ，推步事ごと勢ぜい，當とう其歷數すう。終おわり搆帝基もと，以協天てん符ふ，是ぜ烈士れっし攀よじ龍りゅう附ふ鳳おおとり馳はせ騖之秋あき。吾われ方かた達たち此，足下あしもと不ふ須以子こ揚あげ之の言げん介意かいい也。」肅從其言。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  8. ^ (瑜因薦こも肅才宜むべ佐さ時じ，當とう廣こう求もとめ其比，以成功業こうぎょう，不可ふか令れい去さ也。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  9. ^ (權けん即そく見み肅，與語よご甚恱之の。衆しゅう賔罷退すさ，肅亦辭じ出で，乃獨引肅還，合ごう榻對飲いん。因よし密議みつぎ曰：「今こん漢かん室しつ傾かたぶけ危，四方しほう雲くも擾，孤こ承うけたまわ父兄ふけい遺業いぎょう，思おもえ有ゆう桓文之の功こう。君くん旣すんで惠めぐみ顧，何なに以佐之の？」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  10. ^ (肅對曰：「昔むかし高だか帝みかど區區まちまち欲よく尊みこと事ごと義ぎ帝みかど而不獲え者しゃ，以項羽わ為ため害がい也。今いま之の曹操そうそう，猶なお昔むかし項羽こうう，將軍しょうぐん何なん由よし得う為ため桓文乎？肅竊料りょう之の，漢かん室しつ不可ふか復興ふっこう，曹操そうそう不可ふか卒そつ除じょ。為ため將軍しょうぐん計けい，惟おもんみ有ゆう鼎かなえ足あし江東こうとう，以觀天下でんか之の釁。規模きぼ如此，亦また自じ無む嫌いや。何者なにもの？北方きたがた誠まこと多た務つとむ也。因よし其多務つとむ，勦除黃き祖そ，進しん伐き劉りゅう表ひょう，竟長江ちょうこう所しょ極ごく，據よりどころ而有之の，然しか後こう建けん號ごう帝王ていおう以圖天下でんか，此高帝みかど之これ業ぎょう也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  11. ^ (權けん曰：「今こん盡力じんりょく一方いっぽう，兾以輔漢耳みみ，此言非ひ所しょ及也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  12. ^ (張ちょう昭あきら非ひ肅謙下か不足ふそく，頗訾毀之，云うん肅年少しょう麤踈，未み可用かよう。權けん不ふ以介意かいい，益えき貴重きちょう之の，賜たまもの肅母衣服いふく幃帳，居きょ處しょ雜ざつ物ぶつ，富とみ擬なずらえ其舊。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  13. ^ (劉りゅう表ひょう死し。肅進說せつ曰：「夫おっと荊楚與國よこく鄰接，水流すいりゅう順じゅん北きた，外そと帶たい江漢こうかん，內阻山陵さんりょう，有ゆう金城きんじょう之の固かた，沃野よくや萬まん里り，士民しみん殷いん富とみ，若わか據よりどころ而有之の，此帝王おう之の資し也。今こん表ひょう新しん亡ほろび，二子ふたご素もと不ふ輯睦，軍ぐん中ちゅう諸しょ將しょう，各かく有ゆう彼此ひし。加か劉りゅう備天下か梟雄きょうゆう，與あずか操みさお有ゆう隙すき，寄寓きぐう於表，表おもて惡あく其能而不能ふのう用よう也。若わか備與彼かれ協きょう心こころ，上下じょうげ齊ひとし同どう，則そく宜むべ撫なで安やす，與あずか結盟けつめい好こう；如有離はなれ違たがえ，宜むべ別べつ圖ず之の，以濟大事だいじ。肅請得え奉たてまつ命いのち弔ちょう表ひょう二に子し，并慰勞いろう其軍中ちゅう用事ようじ者しゃ，及說備使撫なで表ひょう衆しゅ，同心どうしん一意いちい，共きょう治ち曹操そうそう，備必喜き而從命いのち。如其克かつ諧，天下てんか可か定てい也。今こん不ふ速そく往，恐こわ為ため操みさお所しょ先さき。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  14. ^ (權けん即そく遣や肅行。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  15. ^ (到いた夏なつ口こう，聞曹公こう已やめ向こう荊州，晨夜兼けん道みち。比ひ至いたり南みなみ郡ぐん，而表子こ琮已降くだ曹公，備惶遽奔走ほんそう，欲よく南みなみ渡江とのえ。肅徑迎むかえ之の，到いた當とう陽ひ長ちょう阪ばん，與あずか備會，宣せん騰あが權けん旨むね，及陳江東こうとう彊つよし固かた，勸すすむ備與權けん併力。備甚歡恱。時とき諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら與あずか備相隨したがえ，肅謂亮あきら曰「我子わがこ瑜友也ともや」，即そく共きょう定てい交。備遂到いた夏なつ口こう，遣や亮あきら使つかい權けん，肅亦反命はんめい。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  16. ^ (會かい權けん得とく曹公欲よく東之ひがしの問とい，與あずか諸しょ將しょう議ぎ，皆みな勸すすむ權けん迎むかえ之の，而肅獨どく不言ふげん。權けん起おこり更衣ころもがえ，肅追於宇下か，權けん知ち其意，執と肅手曰：「卿きょう欲よく何なん言こと？」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  17. ^ (肅對曰：「向こう察衆人じん之の議ぎ，專せん欲ほし誤あやま將軍しょうぐん，不足ふそく與あずか圖ず大事だいじ。今こん肅可迎むかい操みさお耳みみ，如將軍ぐん，不ふ可也かなり。何なに以言之の？今こん肅迎操みさお，操みさお當とう以肅還付かんぷ鄉黨きょうとう，品ひん其名位い，猶なお不ふ失しつ下か曹從事じゅうじ，乘じょう犢車，從したがえ吏卒，交游士し林りん，累るい官かん故こ不ふ失しつ州しゅう郡ぐん也。將軍しょうぐん迎むかい操みさお，將はた安やす所しょ歸き？願ねがい早はや定てい大計たいけい，莫用衆人しゅうじん之の議ぎ也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  18. ^ (權けん歎息たんそく曰：「此諸人じん持じ議ぎ，甚失孤こ望もち；今こん卿きょう廓くるわ開ひらき大計たいけい，正せい與あずか孤こ同どう，此天以卿賜たまもの我わが也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  19. ^ (時とき周しゅう瑜受使し至いたり鄱陽，肅勸追つい召瑜還。 ... 遂とげ任にん瑜以行事ぎょうじ，以肅為ため贊さん軍ぐん校こう尉じょう，助じょ畫が方略ほうりゃく。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  20. ^ (曹公破やぶ走はし，肅即先さき還かえ，權けん大だい請諸將はた迎むかい肅。肅將入いれ閤ごう拜はい，權けん起おこり禮れい之の，因いん謂いい曰：「子こ敬けい，孤こ持じ鞌下馬げば相しょう迎むかえ，足あし以顯卿きょう未み？」肅趨進しん曰：「未み也。」衆人しゅうじん聞之，無む不ふ愕然がくぜん。就坐，徐じょ舉鞭言げん曰：「願ねがい至尊しそん威德いとく加か乎四海しかい，總括そうかつ九州きゅうしゅう，克かつ成なり帝みかど業ぎょう，更さら以安車しゃ軟輪徵ちょう肅，始はじめ當とう顯あらわ耳みみ。」權けん撫なで掌てのひら歡笑。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  21. ^ (後備こうび詣まい京見きょうみ權けん，求もとめ都と督とく荊州，惟おもんみ肅勸權けん借か之これ，共きょう拒こばめ曹公。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  22. ^ (曹公聞權以土地とち業ぎょう備，方ぽう作さく書しょ，落筆らくひつ於地。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  23. ^ (周しゅう瑜病困こま，上うえ疏曰：「當今とうぎん天下でんか，方ぽう有事ゆうじ役やく，是ぜ瑜乃心こころ夙夜所しょ憂ゆう，願ねがい至尊しそん先さき慮おもんばか未然みぜん，然しか後ご康やすし樂らく。今こん旣すんで與あずか曹操そうそう為ため敵てき，劉りゅう備近在ざい公安こうあん，邊境へんきょう密みつ邇，百姓ひゃくしょう未み附ふ，宜むべ得え良よ將はた以鎮撫ちんぶ之の。魯肅智略ちりゃく足あし任にん，乞以代だい瑜。瑜隕踣之日び，所懷しょかい盡つき矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  24. ^ (即そく拜はい肅奮武たけ校こう尉じょう，代だい瑜領兵へい。瑜士衆しゅ四よん千せん餘人よにん，奉たてまつ邑四よん縣けん，皆みな屬ぞく焉。令れい程ほど普ふ領りょう南みなみ郡ぐん太守たいしゅ。肅初住江すみえ陵りょう，後ご下しも屯たむろ陸りく口こう，威い恩おん大だい行ぎょう，衆しゅう增ぞう萬まん餘人よにん，拜はい漢かん昌あきら太守たいしゅ、偏へん將軍しょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  25. ^ (十じゅう九きゅう年ねん，從したがえ權けん破やぶ皖城，轉てん橫江よこえ將軍しょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  26. ^ (先さき是ぜ，益えき州しゅう牧まき劉りゅう璋あきら綱つな維頹弛たゆ，周しゅう瑜、甘あま寧やすし並なみ勸すすむ權けん取と蜀しょく，權けん以咨備，備內欲ほし自じ規ぶんまわし，乃偽報ほう曰：「備與璋あきら託たく為ため宗室そうしつ，兾憑英靈えいれい，以匡漢かん朝あさ。今いま璋あきら得とく罪ざい左右さゆう，備獨竦懼，非ひ所しょ敢聞，願ねがい加か寬ひろし貸かし。若わか不ふ獲え請，備當放ひ髮かみ歸き於山林りん。」後備こうび西にし圖ず璋あきら，留とめ關せき羽はね守もり，權けん曰：「猾虜乃敢挾はさみ詐いつわり！」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  27. ^ (及羽與あずか肅鄰界かい，數かず生せい狐疑こぎ，疆埸紛まがえ錯，肅常以歡好こう撫なで之これ。備旣定きてい益えき州しゅう，權けん求もとめ長ちょう沙すな、零れい、桂かつら，備不承ぶしょう旨むね，權けん遣や呂りょ蒙こうむ率りつ衆しゅ進取しんしゅ。備聞，自じ還かえ公安こうあん，遣や羽はね爭そう三さん郡ぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  28. ^ (肅住益えき陽ひ，與あずか羽はね相しょう拒こばめ。肅邀羽わ相しょう見み，各かく駐兵ちゅうへい馬ば百ひゃく步ほ上じょう，但ただし請將軍ぐん單たん刀かたな俱會。肅因責せめ數すう羽わ曰： ...) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  29. ^ (... 「國家こっか區區まちまち本ほん以土地ち借か卿きょう家か者しゃ，卿きょう家か軍ぐん敗はい遠來えんらい，無む以為資し故こ也。今いま已やめ得え益えき州しゅう，旣すんで無む奉還ほうかん之の意い，但ただし求もとめ三さん郡ぐん，又また不ふ從したがえ命いのち。」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  30. ^ (語かたり未み究竟きゅうきょう，坐すわ有ゆう一いち人にん曰：「夫おっと土地とち者しゃ，惟おもんみ德とく所在しょざい耳みみ，何なに常つね之の有ゆう！」肅厲聲ごえ呵しか之これ，辭色じしょく甚切。羽はね操みさお刀がたな起おこり謂いい曰：「此自國家こっか事ごと，是ぜ人じん何なん知ち！」目め使し之の去さ。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  31. ^ (備遂割わり湘水為ため界かい，於是罷やめ軍ぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  32. ^ (肅年四よん十じゅう六ろく，建けん安やす二に十じゅう二に年ねん卒そつ。權けん為ため舉哀，又また臨其葬そう。諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら亦また為ため發はつ哀あい。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  33. ^ (肅遺腹はら子こ淑よし旣すんで壯たけし，濡須督とく張はり承うけたまわ謂いい終おわり當とう到いた至いたり。永安えいあん中ちゅう，為ため昭武あきたけ將軍しょうぐん、都と亭てい侯こう、武たけ昌あきら督とく。建けん衡中，假かり節ふし，遷夏口こう督とく。所在しょざい嚴いむ整せい，有ゆう方かた幹みき。鳳おおとり皇すめらぎ三さん年ねん卒そつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  34. ^ (子こ睦むつみ襲爵しゅうしゃく，領りょう兵馬へいば。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  35. ^ (孤こ與あずか宴うたげ語ご，便びん及大略りゃく帝王ていおう之これ業ぎょう，此一快かい也。後こう孟はじめ德とく因いん獲え劉りゅう琮之勢ぜい，張ちょう言げん方かた率りつ數すう十じゅう萬まん眾水步ふ俱下。孤こ普請ふしん諸しょ將しょう，咨問所しょ宜むべ，無む適てき先さき對たい，至子よしこ布ぬの、文ぶん表ひょう，俱言宜むべ遣や使つかい修おさむ檄げき迎むかえ之の，子こ敬けい即そく駁言不可ふか，勸すすむ孤こ急きゅう呼よび公こう瑾，付づけ任にん以眾，逆ぎゃく而擊之の，此二快かい也。且其決けつ計けい策さく，意い出張しゅっちょう蘇よみがえ遠どお矣；後ご雖勸吾われ借か玄げん德地とくじ，是ぜ其一短たん，不足ふそく以損失そんしつ二に長ちょう也。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  36. ^ (權けん稱しょう尊號そんごう，臨壇，顧謂公卿くぎょう曰：「昔むかし魯子敬けい甞道此，可か謂いい明あかり於事勢ぜい矣。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
  1. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：肅體貌たいぼう魁さきがけ奇き，少しょう有ゆう壯たけし節ぶし，好こう為ため奇計きけい。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  2. ^ (天下てんか將はた亂みだれ，乃學擊げき劒騎射きしゃ，招聚少年しょうねん，給きゅう其衣食しょく，往來おうらい南みなみ山中さんちゅう射しゃ獵りょう，陰かげ相しょう部ぶ勒，講こう武たけ習兵。父老ふろう咸曰：「魯氏世よ衰おとろえ，乃生此狂兒じ！」) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  3. ^ (後こう雄ゆう傑すぐる並なみ起おこり，中州なかす擾亂じょうらん，肅乃命いのち其屬曰：「中國ちゅうごく失しつ綱つな，寇賊橫暴おうぼう，淮、泗間非ひ遺のこ種之たねゆき地ち，吾われ聞江東こうとう沃野よくや萬まん里り，民みん富とみ兵へい彊つよし，可か以避害がい，寧やすし肯相隨ずい俱至樂土らくど，以觀時じ變へん乎？」其屬皆みな從したがえ命いのち。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  4. ^ (乃使細ほそ弱じゃく在ざい前まえ，彊つよし壯たけし在ざい後ご，男女だんじょ三さん百ひゃく餘人よにん行ぎょう。州しゅう追おい騎き至いたり，肅等徐行じょこう，勒兵持じ滿まん，謂いい之の曰：「卿きょう等とう丈夫じょうぶ，當とう解かい大數たいすう。今日きょう天下てんか兵亂へいらん，有功ゆうこう弗どる賞しょう，不ふ追おい無む罰ばっ，何なに為相ためすけ偪乎？」又また自じ植うえ盾たて，引弓射しゃ之の，矢や皆みな洞ほら貫ぬき。騎き旣すんで嘉よしみ肅言，且度不能ふのう制せい，乃相率りつ還かえ。肅渡江とのえ往見策さく，策さく亦また雅みやび奇き之の。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  5. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん：劉りゅう備與權けん併力，共きょう拒こばめ中國ちゅうごく，皆みな肅之本ほん謀はかりごと。又また語かた諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら曰「我子わがこ瑜友也ともや」，則のり亮あきら已やめ亟聞肅言矣。而蜀書しょ亮あきら傳でん云うん：「亮あきら以連橫よこ之の略說りゃくせつ權けん，權けん乃大喜き。」如似此計始はじめ出で於亮。若わか二に國史こくし官かん，各かく記き所しょ聞，競きおい欲よく稱揚しょうよう本國ほんごく容よう美び，各かく取と其功。今こん此二書しょ，同どう出で一いち人にん，而舛互若此，非ひ載の述じゅつ之の體からだ也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  6. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ及九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう曰：曹公征せい荊州，孫まご權けん大だい懼，魯肅實じつ欲よく勸すすむ權けん拒こばめ曹公，乃激說せつ權けん曰：「彼かれ曹公者しゃ，實じつ嚴げん敵てき也，新しん并袁紹，兵馬へいば甚精，乘じょう戰勝せんしょう之の威い，伐き喪も亂らん之の國くに，克かつ可か必也。不ふ如遣兵へい助すけ之の，且送將軍家しょうぐんけ詣まい鄴；不ふ然しか，將はた危。」權けん大だい怒いか，欲ほし斬き肅，肅因曰：「今こん事こと已やめ急きゅう，即そく有ゆう他た圖ず，何なに不ふ遣や兵助へいすけ劉りゅう備，而欲斬き我わが乎？」權けん然しか之これ，乃遣周しゅう瑜助備。) Wei Shu and Jiuzhou Chunqiu annotations in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  7. ^ (孫まご盛もり曰：吳くれ書しょ及江表ひょう傳でん，魯肅一見孫權便說拒曹公而論帝王之略，劉りゅう表ひょう之の死し也，又また請使觀かん變へん，無緣むえん方かた復ふく激げき說せつ勸すすむ迎むかい曹公也きみや。又また是これ時じ勸すすむ迎むかえ者しゃ衆しゅ，而云獨どく欲よく斬き肅，非ひ其論也。) Sun Sheng's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  8. ^ (漢かん晉すすむ春秋しゅんじゅう曰：呂りょ範はん勸すすむ留とめ備，肅曰：「不可ふか。將軍しょうぐん雖神武じんむ命いのち世よ，然しか曹公威力いりょく實じつ重じゅう，初はつ臨荊州しゅう，恩おん信しんじ未み洽ひろし，宜むべ以借備，使つかい撫なで安之やすゆき。多た操みさお之の敵てき，而自為ため樹じゅ黨とう，計けい之これ上じょう也。」權けん即そく從したがえ之これ。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  9. ^ (江こう表ひょう傳でん載の：初はつ瑜疾困こま，與あずか權けん牋曰：「瑜以凡才ぼんさい，昔むかし受討逆ぎゃく殊こと特とく之の遇ぐう，委い以腹心しん，遂とげ荷に榮さかえ任にん，統御とうぎょ兵馬へいば，志こころざし執と鞭むち弭，自じ效こう戎えびす行ゆき。規定きてい巴ともえ蜀しょく，次じ取と襄じょう陽ひ，憑賴威い靈れい，謂いい若わか在ざい握にぎ。至いたり以不謹，道みち遇ぐう暴疾，昨さく自じ醫療いりょう，日にち加か無む損そん。人生じんせい有ゆう死し，脩おさむ短命たんめい矣，誠まこと不足ふそく惜，但ただし恨微志びし未ひつじ展てん，不ふ復ふく奉たてまつ教きょう命いのち耳みみ。方今ほうこん曹公在ざい北きた，疆埸未み靜せい，劉りゅう備寄寓きぐう，有ゆう似に養やしなえ虎とら，天下てんか之の事こと，未知みち終始しゅうし，此朝士し旰食之の秋あき，至尊しそん垂たれ慮おもんばか之これ日にち也。魯肅忠ちゅう烈れつ，臨事不ふ苟，可か以代瑜。人ひと之の將しょう死し，其言也善，儻或可か採と，瑜死不朽ふきゅう矣。」案あん此牋與本よもと傳つたえ所載しょさい，意い旨むね雖同，其辭乖異耳みみ。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  10. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：肅欲與あずか羽はね會かい語ご，諸しょ將はた疑うたぐ恐こわ有ゆう變へん，議ぎ不可ふか往。肅曰：「今日きょう之の事こと，宜むべ相あい開ひらけ譬たとえ。劉りゅう備負國こく，是非ぜひ未決みけつ，羽わ亦また何なに敢重欲よく干ひ命いのち！」) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  11. ^ (乃自就羽。羽はね曰：「烏がらす林りん之これ役やく，左ひだり將軍しょうぐん身み在ざい行間ぎょうかん，寢ね不ふ脫だつ介かい，自力じりき破やぶ魏ぎ，豈あに得とく徒勞とろう，無む一塊ひとかたまり壤，而足下か來らい欲よく收おさむ地ち邪よこしま？」) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  12. ^ (肅曰：「不ふ然しか。始はじめ與あずか豫よ州しゅう觀かん於長阪ばん，豫よ州しゅう之の衆しゅう不當ふとう一いち校こう，計けい窮きゅう慮おもんばか極ごく，志こころざし勢ぜい摧弱，圖ず欲ほし遠どお竄，望もち不ふ及此。主上しゅじょう矜愍豫よ州しゅう之の身み無む有ゆう處しょ所しょ，不ふ愛あい土地とち士人しじん之の力ちから，使つかい有ゆう所しょ庇ひさし廕以濟ずみ其患，而豫州しゅう私わたし獨どく飾かざり情じょう，愆德隳好。今いま已やめ藉手於西州しゅう矣，又また欲よく翦并荊州之の土ど，斯蓋凡夫ぼんぷ所しょ不ふ忍しのぶ行こう，而況整せい領りょう人物じんぶつ之の主しゅ乎！肅聞貪而棄義よし，必為禍か階かい。吾子あご屬ぞく當とう重任じゅうにん，曾不能ふのう明道みょうどう處分しょぶん，以義輔時，而負恃弱衆しゅ以圖力りょく爭そう，師し曲きょく為ため老おい，將はた何なに獲え濟ずみ？」) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  13. ^ (羽はね無む以荅。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  14. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：肅為人じん方かた嚴げん，寡於玩飾，內外節儉せっけん，不ふ務つとむ俗ぞく好このみ。治ち軍ぐん整頓せいとん，禁令きんれい必行，雖在軍陣ぐんじん，手て不ふ釋しゃく卷まき。又また善ぜん談論だんろん，能のう屬ぞく文辭ぶんじ，思おもえ度ど弘ひろし遠とお，有ゆう過か人ひと之の明あかり。周しゅう瑜之後ご，肅為之の冠かんむり。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
Other citations
  1. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 620.
  2. ^ Template:Zh icon"Dictionary definition of 指ゆび囷相赠".
  3. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 66.

Template:People of the end of Han dynasty

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