Emperor Hanzei
Emperor Hanzei | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | 406 – 410 (traditional)[1] | ||||
Predecessor | Richū | ||||
Successor | Ingyō | ||||
Born | 352[2][3] | ||||
Died | 410 (aged 59–60)[a] | ||||
Burial | Mozu no Mimihara no Kita no misasagi ( | ||||
Issue |
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House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Nintoku | ||||
Mother | Iwano-hime[6] | ||||
Religion | Shinto |
Emperor Hanzei (
Hanzei died sometime in 410 AD without naming an heir to the throne which caused Imperial ministers to name a successor. While the location of Hanzei's grave is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Hanzei" were used by later generations to describe him. There is also a general consensus regarding Hanzei's factual existence.[b]
Protohistoric narrative[edit]
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Hanzei is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (
According to the Nihon Shoki, Richū bypassed his own children to make his younger brother Mizuhawake crown prince in 401 AD.[4][9] The given reason is that a Tajihi flower fell into a well which gave the name of Mizuhawake as the next heir to be.[4] Mizuhawake was proclaimed as "Emperor Hanzei" upon Richū's death in 405 AD, and was enthroned sometime in the following year.[4] Shortly after his enthronement Hanzei took Tsuno-hime (
Historical assessment[edit]
Hanzei is regarded by historians as a ruler during the early 5th century whose existence is generally accepted as fact.[12] Scholar Francis Brinkley lists Emperor Hanzei under "Protohistoric sovereigns", but notes that his short reign was "not remarkable for anything" except for indirect evidence that Chinese customs were beginning to be adopted by the Japanese court.[11] Scholar William George Aston notes in his translation of the Nihon Shoki that "three ranks of concubines are mentioned", which at the time were of Chinese origin (ranked concubines).[4] Others such as author Ryoichi Maenosono (Kokushi Daijiten) identify Emperor Hanzei with "King Chin of the Five kings of Wa.[13] According to Chinese records, King Chin sent a tribute to the Liu Song dynasty in 438 AD.[c]
British academic and Japanologist Basil Hall Chamberlain notes in his translation of the Kojiki that no accurate information exists regarding the ancient Japanese measures used to get Hanzei's alleged height of 9 ft 2.5 in (2.81 m). He went on to say that "the English equivalents used in this passage correspond but approximately to the modern Japanese standards".[5] As for Hanzei's ascension, the Nihon Shoki mentions that Tajihi is now known as the itadori flower. Aston notes though, that the story of a Tajihi flower falling into a well is inconsistent with a later passage in the Nihon Shoki which refers to Tajihi as a location (not a flower).[4]
There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Hanzei's reign has been assigned. Rather, it was presumably Sumeramikoto or Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi (
While the actual site of Hanzei's grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun-type Imperial tomb in Sakai, Osaka.[7] The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Hanzei's mausoleum, and is formally named formally named Mozu no mimihara no kita no misasagi (
Consorts and children[edit]
Imperial Lady/Concubine[edit]
Position | Name | Father | Issue |
---|---|---|---|
Imperial Lady ( |
Tsuno-hime ( |
Ooyake no omi Kogoto ( |
• Princess Kai-hime ( • Princess Tubura-hime ( |
Consort (Kōkyū) | Oto-hime ( |
• Princess Takara-hime ( • Prince Takabe ( |
Issue[edit]
Status | Name | Mother | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Princess | Kai-hime ( |
Tsuno-hime ( |
Its unknown if the province of Kahi (Kai) is connected to this princess.[5] |
Princess | Tubura-hime ( |
"The meaning of Tsubura is obscure."[5] | |
Princess | Takara-hime ( |
Oto-hime ( |
The name "Takara" symbolically means treasure.[5] |
Prince | Takabe ( |
Takabe presumably died young.[9] |
Ancestry[edit]
Ancestors of Emperor Hanzei[18] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ The Kojiki states that Hanzei lived to the age of 60.[4][5]
- ^ Although Hanzei existed as a non-legendary figure, almost no facts are known about his actual life.
- ^ The Kiki has no mentions of diplomatic relations with China during this time.
- ^ The 29th Emperor[8][16]
- ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty
References[edit]
- ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- ^ Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 488. ISBN 9780810878723.
- ^ Joseph Henry Longford (1923). List of Emperors: II. The Dawn of History and The great Reformers. Houghton Mifflin. p. 304.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k William George Aston (1896). "Boox XII - The Emperor Midzuhawake: (Hanzei Tenno or Hansho tenno)". Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. (Volume 1). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. pp. 310–311.
- ^ a b c d e f Basil Hall Chamberlain (1882). "Sect. CXXXV — Emperor Han–zei". A translation of the "Kojiki" or Records of ancient matters. R. Meiklejohn and Co.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). Table of Emperors Mothers. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. xiii.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b "
反 正 天皇 (18)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved February 12, 2023. - ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). Hansho (406–410). Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 11.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). (19) Emperor Hansho. University of California Press. p. 257. ISBN 9780520034600.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Francis Brinkley (1915). Chapter XII: The Protohistoric Sovereigns. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 110.
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ignored (help) - ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ Ryoichi Maenosono (1927). Emperor Hanzei. Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
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ignored (help) - ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.
Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- ^ a b Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217–223. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
Further reading[edit]
- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842