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Emperor Keikō

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Emperor Keikō
景けい行ぎょう天皇てんのう
Emperor of Japan
Reign71–130 AD (traditional)[1]
PredecessorSuinin
SuccessorSeimu
BornŌtarashihiko (大足おおあし彦尊)
13 BC[2]
Died130 (aged 143)
Burial
Yamanobe no michi no e no misasagi (山辺やまべ道上みちがみ陵りょう) (Nara)
SpousesHarima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]
Yasakairi-hime [ja]
Issue
among others...		Prince Ōsu
Emperor Seimu
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Keikō (景けい行ぎょう天皇てんのう)

Japanese-style shigō:
Ōtarashihiko-oshirowake no Sumeramikoto (大足おおあし彦忍代だい別べつ天皇てんのう)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Suinin
MotherHibasu-hime [ja][3]
ReligionShinto

Emperor Keikō (景けい行ぎょう天皇てんのう, Keikō-tennō), also known as Ootarashihikooshirowake no Sumeramikoto (大足おおあし彦忍代だい別べつ天皇てんのう) and Ōtarashihiko-oshirowake no Mikoto (大だい帯おび日子にっし淤斯呂りょ和氣わき天皇てんのう), was the 12th legendary Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[4][5] Both the Kojiki, and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as the Kiki) record events that took place during Keikō's alleged lifetime. Keikō was recorded as being an exceptionally tall emperor who had a very large family. During his reign he sought to expand territorial control through conquest of local tribes. He had a very important son named "Prince Ōsu" (Yamato Takeru), who was in possession of the Kusanagi when he died. This treasure was later moved to Atsuta Shrine, and is now a part of the Imperial Regalia of Japan. There is a possibility that Keikō actually lived or reigned in the 4th century AD rather than the 1st, but more information is needed to confirm this view.

Keikō's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 71 to 130 AD.[6] During his alleged lifetime, he fathered at least 80 children with two chief wives (empress) and nine consorts. One of his sons became the next emperor upon his death in 130 AD, but the location of Keikō's grave (if any) is unknown. Keikō is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb (misasagi) at Nara.

Legendary narrative

[edit]

The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Keiko is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀きき) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The records state that Keikō was born sometime in 13 BC, and was given the name "Otarashihiko-no-mikoto".[3][2] He was the 3rd son of Emperor Suinin, and his second empress wife "Hibasu-hime [ja]".[3][7] Otarashihiko-no-mikoto was allegedly chosen as crown prince over his elder brother based on a casual question on what they both had wished for. In the former's case he said "The Empire" while his elder brother said "Bow and arrows".[8] Otarashihiko-no-mikoto later ascended to the throne in 71 AD, coming a year after his father's death.

Accounts in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki are split when it comes to initial territorial expansion during Emperor Keikō's reign. In the Kojiki, the Emperor is said to have sent his son "Prince Ōsu" (Yamato Takeru) to Kyūshū to conquer local tribes. Alternatively, the Nihon Shoki records that he went there himself and won battles against local tribes. Both sources agree that Keikō later sent Yamato Takeru to Izumo Province, and eastern provinces to conquer the area and spread his territory.[9] According to traditional sources, Yamato Takeru died in the 43rd year of Emperor Keiko's reign (景けい行ぎょう天皇てんのう四よん十じゅう三さん年ねん).[10] The possessions of the dead prince were gathered together along with the sword Kusanagi; and his widow venerated his memory in a shrine at her home. Sometime later, these relics and the sacred sword were moved to the current location of the Atsuta Shrine.[10]

Emperor Keikō was recorded as 10 feet 2 inches (310 cm), who had at least 80 children from multiple wives.[8] This claim would put him into the category of Gigantism if verified, although as with other aspects it was more than likely exaggerated. Other than Yamato Takeru, at least three of Keikō's children were ancestors of notable clans. According to tradition, emperor Keikō died in 130 AD at the age of 143, and his son Prince Wakatarashihiko was enthroned as the next emperor the following year.[2]

Known information

[edit]

Emperor Keikō is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study.[11] The name Keikō-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[12] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Keikō, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[9] There is a possibility that Keikō's era was in the 4th century AD rather than the 1st.[13] This period is concurrent with the Kentoshi having an audience with the Tang Emperor, more evidence is needed though to make any conclusions. Like his father before him, Keikō is also known to have an exaggerated lifespan which is unlikely to be factual. The consecutive reigns of the emperors began to be compiled in the 8th century, and it is thought that age gaps were "filled up" as many lacunae were present.[14][15] For comparison, verified ages in the 110s have since been documented and recorded as the "oldest in the world".

While the actual site of Keikō's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Keikō's mausoleum, and is formally named Yamanobe no michi no e no misasagi.[4][10] Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[a] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[b] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]

Consorts and children

[edit]

Emperor Keikō allegedly had a very large family which consisted of 2 wives, 9 concubines, and more than 80 children (51 of which are listed here). It is now questionable and open to debate though, if these numbers are genuine or not.[17] Some of his listed children might actually be duplicates of the same person. The size of Keikō's family also could have been exaggerated over time through legends and word of mouth stories.

Spouse

[edit]
Position Name Father Issue
Empress (1st) Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja] (播磨はりま稲いね日大にちだい郎ろう姫ひめ) Prince Wakatakehiko[c]  • Prince Kushitsunowake (櫛くし角かく別べつ王おう)
 • Prince Ōsu (大だい碓うす皇子おうじ)
 • Prince Ōsu (小碓おうす尊たかし)
Empress (2nd) Yasakairi-hime [ja] (八坂やさか入にゅう媛ひめ命いのち) Prince Yasakairihiko[d]  • Prince Wakatarashihiko (稚やや足あし彦尊)
 • Prince Iokiirihiko (五百城入彦皇子)
 • Prince Oshinowake (忍にん之の別べつ皇子おうじ)
 • Prince Wakayamatoneko (稚やや倭やまと根子ねっこ皇子おうじ)
 • Prince Ōsuwake (大だい酢す別べつ皇子おうじ)
 • Princess Nunoshino-hime-miko (渟熨斗のし皇女おうじょ)
 • Princess Iokiirihime-miko (五ご百ひゃく城しろ入にゅう姫ひめ皇女おうじょ)
 • Princess Kagoyori-hime-miko (麛依姫ひめ皇女おうじょ)
 • Prince Isakiirihiko (五十狭城入彦皇子)
 • Prince Kibinoehiko (吉備きび兄けい彦皇子おうじ)
 • Princess Takagiiri-hime-miko (高城たかぎ入にゅう姫ひめ皇女おうじょ)
 • Princess Oto-hime-miko (弟おとうと姫ひめ皇女おうじょ)

Concubines

[edit]
Name Father Issue
Mizuhanoiratsume (水みず歯ぱ郎ろう媛ひめ) Prince Iwatsukuwake[e]  • Princess Ionono-hime-miko (五百野いおの皇女おうじょ)
Ikawa-hime (五十河いかが媛ひめ) Un­known  • Prince Kamukushi (神かみ櫛くし皇子おうじ)
 • Prince Inaseirihiko (稲いね背せ入にゅう彦皇子おうじ)
Abenotakada-hime (阿倍あべ高田たかだ媛ひめ) Abe no Kogoto  • Prince Takekunikoriwake (武たけ国こく凝しこり別べつ皇子おうじ)
Himuka no Kaminagaootane (日向ひなた髪長かみなが大田おおた根ね) Un­known  • Prince Himuka no Sotsuhiko (日向ひなた襲かさね津つ彦皇子おうじ)
Sonotake-hime (襲かさね武たけ媛ひめ) Un­known  • Prince Kunichiwake (国くに乳ちち別べつ皇子おうじ)
 • Prince Kunisewake (国くに背せ別べつ皇子おうじ)
 • Prince Toyotowake (豊ゆたか戸別こべつ皇子おうじ)
Himukanomihakashi-hime (日向ひなた御ご刀かたな媛ひめ) Un­known  • Prince Toyokuniwake (豊国とよくに別べつ皇子おうじ)
Inabinowakairatsume (伊那いな毘若郎女いらつめ) Prince Wakatakehiko  • Prince Mawaka (真ま若わか王おう)
 • Prince Hikohitoōe (彦人大兄たいけい命いのち)
Igoto-hime (五ご十じゅう琴きん姫ひめ命いのち) Mononobe no Igui  • Prince Igotohiko (五ご十じゅう功こう彦命)
Un­known Un­known  • See below

Issue

[edit]
Yamato Takeru later became a legend in his own right.
Status Name Mother Comments
Prince Kushitsunowake (櫛くし角かく別べつ王おう) Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume
Prince Ōsu (大だい碓うす皇子おうじ) Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume Ancestor of Mugetsu no kimi (身み毛津けづ君きみ)
Prince Yamato Takeru (aka Ōsu) (小碓おうす尊たかし) Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume Ōsu, later known as Yamato Takeru, was the father of Emperor Chūai.
Prince Wakatarashihiko (稚やや足あし彦尊) Yasakairi-hime Wakatarashihiko became the next emperor. (Known as "Seimu" posthumously)
Prince Iokiirihiko (五百城入彦皇子) Yasakairi-hime
Prince Oshinowake (忍にん之の別べつ皇子おうじ) Yasakairi-hime
Prince Wakayamatoneko (稚やや倭やまと根子ねっこ皇子おうじ) Yasakairi-hime
Prince Ōsuwake (大だい酢す別べつ皇子おうじ) Yasakairi-hime
Princess Nunoshino-hime-miko (渟熨斗のし皇女おうじょ) Yasakairi-hime
Princess Iokiirihime-miko (五ご百ひゃく城しろ入にゅう姫ひめ皇女おうじょ) Yasakairi-hime
Princess Kagoyori-hime-miko (麛依姫ひめ皇女おうじょ) Yasakairi-hime
Prince Isakiirihiko (五十狭城入彦皇子) Yasakairi-hime Isakiirihiko is the ancestor of Mitsukai no Muraji (御ご使つかい連れん)
Prince Kibinoehiko (吉備きび兄けい彦皇子おうじ) Yasakairi-hime
Princess Takagiiri-hime-miko (高城たかぎ入にゅう姫ひめ皇女おうじょ) Yasakairi-hime
Princess Oto-hime-miko (弟おとうと姫ひめ皇女おうじょ) Yasakairi-hime
Princess Ionono-hime-miko (五百野いおの皇女おうじょ) Mizuhanoiratsume Ionono-hime-miko was possibly also a Saiō.
Prince Kamukushi (神かみ櫛くし皇子おうじ) Ikawa-hime
Prince Inaseirihiko (稲いね背せ入にゅう彦皇子おうじ) Ikawa-hime
Prince Takekunikoriwake (武たけ国こく凝しこり別べつ皇子おうじ) Abenotakada-hime
Prince Himuka no Sotsuhiko (日向ひなた襲かさね津つ彦皇子おうじ) Himuka no Kaminagaootane
Prince Kunichiwake (国くに乳ちち別べつ皇子おうじ) Sonotake-hime
Prince Kunisewake (国くに背せ別べつ皇子おうじ) Sonotake-hime
Prince Toyotowake (豊ゆたか戸別こべつ皇子おうじ) Sonotake-hime
Prince Toyokuniwake (豊国とよくに別べつ皇子おうじ) Himukanomihakashi-hime Ancestor of Himuka no Kuni no miyatsuko (日向ひなた国造くにのみやつこ)
Prince Mawaka (真ま若わか王おう) Inabinowakairatsume
Prince Hikohitoōe (彦人大兄たいけい命いのち) Inabinowakairatsume
Prince Igotohiko (五ご十じゅう功こう彦命) Igoto-hime
Princess Shirogane (銀ぎん王おう) Un­known Married Prince Hikohitoōe
Prince Wakaki-no-Irihiko (若木わかぎ之の入にゅう日子にっし王おう) Un­known Speculated as the same person with Prince Iokiirihiko
Prince Wakayahiko (稚やや屋や彦命) Un­known
Prince Amatarashine (天てん帯たい根ね命いのち) Un­known
Prince Takekunikowake (武たけ国こく皇すめらぎ別命べつめい) Un­known Speculated as the same person with Prince Takekunikoriwake
Prince Ososhikowake (大曽おおぞ色しょく別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Iwakosowake (石いし社しゃ別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Takeoshiwake (武たけ押別命いのち) Un­known Speculated as the same person with Prince Oshinowake
Prince Sonomewake (曽そ能のう目め別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Tochiribiko (十じゅう市し入いり彦命) Un­known
Prince Sonowashiwake (襲かさね小橋おばせ別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Shirokoriwake (色いろ己おのれ焦こげ別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Okinaga-no-hikohitoōe-Mizuki (息いき長ちょう彦人大兄たいけい水城みずき命いのち) Un­known Speculated as the same person with Prince Hikohitoōe
Prince Kuma-no-Oshitsuhiko (熊くま忍にん津つ彦命) Un­known
Prince Takeotowake (武たけ弟おとうと別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Kusaki (草木くさき命いのち) Un­known
Prince Tagotowake (手事てごと別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Oaretowake (大我だいが門もん別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Toyohiwake (豊ゆたか日び別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Mikawa-no-Sukune (三河みかわ宿禰すくね命いのち) Un­known
Prince Toyotewaka (豊ゆたか手しゅ別命べつめい) Un­known
Prince Yamato-no-Sukune (倭やまと宿禰すくね命いのち) Un­known
Prince Toyotsuhiko (豊津とよつ彦命) Un­known
Prince Okoriwake (大だい焦こげ別命べつめい) Un­known

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[18] Ōkuninushi[19][20]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[21]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[22]
Kotoshironushi[23][24] Tamakushi-hime[22] Takeminakata[25][26] Susa Clan[27]
1 Jimmu[28]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[28]Kamo no Okimi[23][29]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[30][31][32][33][34][35] 2Isuzuyori-hime[33][34][35][29][36]Kamuyaimimi[30][31][32]
3 Annei[37][23][33][34][35]〔Ō clan[38][39]〕〔Aso clan[40]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[41][23]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[37][23]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][37]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][37]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[37][23][42]5Yosotarashi-hime[23]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[23]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][42]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][23][42]〔Wani clan〕[43]
7 Emperor Kōrei[44][23][42][45] 7Kuwashi-hime[45]
8 Emperor Kōgen[46][45]8Utsushikome [ja][46]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[44]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[47]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[f] [49][50]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][50]9 Emperor Kaika[46]Prince Ohiko [ja][51]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][50]10 Emperor Sujin[52][53]10Mimaki-hime[54]〔Abe clan〕[51]
Takenouchi no Sukune[50]11 Emperor Suinin[55][56]11Saho-hime[57]12Hibasu-hime [ja][58]Yasaka Iribiko[59][60][61]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][62]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][44]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[63]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[56][58]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][59][60][61]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][64]Yamato Takeru[65][66]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[65][66]
14Emperor Chūai[65][66] [67]15Empress Jingū[68] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[68]16Nakatsuhime[69][70][71]
16Emperor Nintoku[72]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The 29th Emperor[5][7]
  2. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  3. ^ Wakatakehiko was one of Emperor Kōrei's sons.
  4. ^ Yasakairihiko was one of Emperor Sujin's sons.
  5. ^ Iwatsukuwake was one of Emperor Suinin's sons.
  6. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[48]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ a b c Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  4. ^ a b "景けい行ぎょう天皇てんのう (12)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved July 31, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 11, 34–36.
  6. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 33.
  7. ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  8. ^ a b Brinkley, Frank, Dairoku, Kikuchi (1915). A History of the Japanese People: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 85. Retrieved July 30, 2019. emperor keiko children.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 188–214. ISBN 9780524053478.
  10. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1953). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Ponsonby-Fane Society Publications. pp. 419, 433–435.
  11. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  12. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  13. ^ Japan Review: Bulletin of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Issue 1. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 1990. p. 37. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  14. ^ Brinkley, Francis (1911). "Japan/09 Domestic History" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–273, see page 253.
  15. ^ The New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume 13. Werner Company. 1906. p. 591. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  16. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  17. ^ Hosokawa, Bill (1997). Old Man Thunder: Father of the Bullet Train. Sogo Way. p. 9. ISBN 9780965958004. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  18. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  19. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  20. ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  21. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  22. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  24. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  25. ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代せんだい舊きゅう事こと本紀ほんぎ 巻まき第だい四よん), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史こくし大系たいけい 第だい7巻かん). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  26. ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  27. ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本にっぽんの神かみ々 神社じんじゃと聖地せいち 7 山陰やまかげ』（新装しんそう復刊ふっかん） 2000年ねん 白水しろみず社しゃ ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  28. ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  29. ^ a b 『神話しんわの中なかのヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記こじき』p94-97「初代しょだい皇后こうごうは「神かみの御子みこ」」
  30. ^ a b 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plus, デジタル版ばん. "日子にっし八はち井い命いのちとは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  31. ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  32. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  33. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
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Further reading

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
71–130 AD
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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