Emperor Keikō
Emperor Keikō | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | |||||
Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | 71–130 AD (traditional)[1] | ||||
Predecessor | Suinin | ||||
Successor | Seimu | ||||
Born | Ōtarashihiko ( 13 BC[2] | ||||
Died | 130 (aged 143) | ||||
Burial | Yamanobe no michi no e no misasagi ( | ||||
Spouses | Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume Yasakairi-hime | ||||
Issue among others... | Prince Ōsu Emperor Seimu | ||||
| |||||
House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Suinin | ||||
Mother | Hibasu-hime[3] | ||||
Religion | Shinto |
Emperor Keikō (
Keikō's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 71 to 130 AD.[6] During his alleged lifetime, he fathered at least 80 children with two chief wives (empress) and nine consorts. One of his sons became the next emperor upon his death in 130 AD, but the location of Keikō's grave (if any) is unknown. Keikō is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb (misasagi) at Nara.
Legendary narrative
[edit]The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Keiko is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (
Accounts in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki are split when it comes to initial territorial expansion during Emperor Keikō's reign. In the Kojiki, the Emperor is said to have sent his son "Prince Ōsu" (Yamato Takeru) to Kyūshū to conquer local tribes. Alternatively, the Nihon Shoki records that he went there himself and won battles against local tribes. Both sources agree that Keikō later sent Yamato Takeru to Izumo Province, and eastern provinces to conquer the area and spread his territory.[9] According to traditional sources, Yamato Takeru died in the 43rd year of Emperor Keiko's reign (
Emperor Keikō was recorded as 10 feet 2 inches (310 cm), who had at least 80 children from multiple wives.[8] This claim would put him into the category of Gigantism if verified, although as with other aspects it was more than likely exaggerated. Other than Yamato Takeru, at least three of Keikō's children were ancestors of notable clans. According to tradition, emperor Keikō died in 130 AD at the age of 143, and his son Prince Wakatarashihiko was enthroned as the next emperor the following year.[2]
Known information
[edit]Emperor Keikō is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study.[11] The name Keikō-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[12] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Keikō, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[9] There is a possibility that Keikō's era was in the 4th century AD rather than the 1st.[13] This period is concurrent with the Kentoshi having an audience with the Tang Emperor, more evidence is needed though to make any conclusions. Like his father before him, Keikō is also known to have an exaggerated lifespan which is unlikely to be factual. The consecutive reigns of the emperors began to be compiled in the 8th century, and it is thought that age gaps were "filled up" as many lacunae were present.[14][15] For comparison, verified ages in the 110s have since been documented and recorded as the "oldest in the world".
While the actual site of Keikō's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Keikō's mausoleum, and is formally named Yamanobe no michi no e no misasagi.[4][10] Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[a] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[b] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]
Consorts and children
[edit]Emperor Keikō allegedly had a very large family which consisted of 2 wives, 9 concubines, and more than 80 children (51 of which are listed here). It is now questionable and open to debate though, if these numbers are genuine or not.[17] Some of his listed children might actually be duplicates of the same person. The size of Keikō's family also could have been exaggerated over time through legends and word of mouth stories.
Spouse
[edit]Position | Name | Father | Issue |
---|---|---|---|
Empress (1st) | Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume ( |
Prince Wakatakehiko[c] | • Prince Kushitsunowake ( • Prince Ōsu ( • Prince Ōsu ( |
Empress (2nd) | Yasakairi-hime ( |
Prince Yasakairihiko[d] | • Prince Wakatarashihiko ( • Prince Iokiirihiko (五百城入彦皇子) • Prince Oshinowake ( • Prince Wakayamatoneko ( • Prince Ōsuwake ( • Princess Nunoshino-hime-miko (渟 • Princess Iokiirihime-miko ( • Princess Kagoyori-hime-miko (麛依 • Prince Isakiirihiko (五十狭城入彦皇子) • Prince Kibinoehiko ( • Princess Takagiiri-hime-miko ( • Princess Oto-hime-miko ( |
Concubines
[edit]Name | Father | Issue |
---|---|---|
Mizuhanoiratsume ( |
Prince Iwatsukuwake[e] | • Princess Ionono-hime-miko ( |
Ikawa-hime ( |
Unknown | • Prince Kamukushi ( • Prince Inaseirihiko ( |
Abenotakada-hime ( |
Abe no Kogoto | • Prince Takekunikoriwake ( |
Himuka no Kaminagaootane ( |
Unknown | • Prince Himuka no Sotsuhiko ( |
Sonotake-hime ( |
Unknown | • Prince Kunichiwake ( • Prince Kunisewake ( • Prince Toyotowake ( |
Himukanomihakashi-hime ( |
Unknown | • Prince Toyokuniwake ( |
Inabinowakairatsume ( |
Prince Wakatakehiko | • Prince Mawaka ( • Prince Hikohitoōe (彦人 |
Igoto-hime ( |
Mononobe no Igui | • Prince Igotohiko ( |
Unknown | Unknown | • See below |
Issue
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yamato_Takeru%28bronze_statue%2COsaka%2901.jpg/220px-Yamato_Takeru%28bronze_statue%2COsaka%2901.jpg)
Status | Name | Mother | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Prince | Kushitsunowake ( |
Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume | |
Prince | Ōsu ( |
Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume | Ancestor of Mugetsu no kimi ( |
Prince | Yamato Takeru (aka Ōsu) ( |
Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume | Ōsu, later known as Yamato Takeru, was the father of Emperor Chūai. |
Prince | Wakatarashihiko ( |
Yasakairi-hime | Wakatarashihiko became the next emperor. (Known as "Seimu" posthumously) |
Prince | Iokiirihiko (五百城入彦皇子) | Yasakairi-hime | |
Prince | Oshinowake ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Prince | Wakayamatoneko ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Prince | Ōsuwake ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Princess | Nunoshino-hime-miko (渟 |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Princess | Iokiirihime-miko ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Princess | Kagoyori-hime-miko (麛依 |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Prince | Isakiirihiko (五十狭城入彦皇子) | Yasakairi-hime | Isakiirihiko is the ancestor of Mitsukai no Muraji ( |
Prince | Kibinoehiko ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Princess | Takagiiri-hime-miko ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Princess | Oto-hime-miko ( |
Yasakairi-hime | |
Princess | Ionono-hime-miko ( |
Mizuhanoiratsume | Ionono-hime-miko was possibly also a Saiō. |
Prince | Kamukushi ( |
Ikawa-hime | |
Prince | Inaseirihiko ( |
Ikawa-hime | |
Prince | Takekunikoriwake ( |
Abenotakada-hime | |
Prince | Himuka no Sotsuhiko ( |
Himuka no Kaminagaootane | |
Prince | Kunichiwake ( |
Sonotake-hime | |
Prince | Kunisewake ( |
Sonotake-hime | |
Prince | Toyotowake ( |
Sonotake-hime | |
Prince | Toyokuniwake ( |
Himukanomihakashi-hime | Ancestor of Himuka no Kuni no miyatsuko ( |
Prince | Mawaka ( |
Inabinowakairatsume | |
Prince | Hikohitoōe (彦人 |
Inabinowakairatsume | |
Prince | Igotohiko ( |
Igoto-hime | |
Princess | Shirogane ( |
Unknown | Married Prince Hikohitoōe |
Prince | Wakaki-no-Irihiko ( |
Unknown | Speculated as the same person with Prince Iokiirihiko |
Prince | Wakayahiko ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Amatarashine ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Takekunikowake ( |
Unknown | Speculated as the same person with Prince Takekunikoriwake |
Prince | Ososhikowake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Iwakosowake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Takeoshiwake ( |
Unknown | Speculated as the same person with Prince Oshinowake |
Prince | Sonomewake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Tochiribiko ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Sonowashiwake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Shirokoriwake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Okinaga-no-hikohitoōe-Mizuki ( |
Unknown | Speculated as the same person with Prince Hikohitoōe |
Prince | Kuma-no-Oshitsuhiko ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Takeotowake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Kusaki ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Tagotowake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Oaretowake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Toyohiwake ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Mikawa-no-Sukune ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Toyotewaka ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Yamato-no-Sukune ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Toyotsuhiko ( |
Unknown | |
Prince | Okoriwake ( |
Unknown |
Family tree
[edit]See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The 29th Emperor[5][7]
- ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
- ^ Wakatakehiko was one of Emperor Kōrei's sons.
- ^ Yasakairihiko was one of Emperor Sujin's sons.
- ^ Iwatsukuwake was one of Emperor Suinin's sons.
- ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[48]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png)
References
[edit]- ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b c Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
- ^ a b c Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "
景 行 天皇 (12)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved July 31, 2019. - ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 11, 34–36.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 33.
- ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ a b Brinkley, Frank, Dairoku, Kikuchi (1915). A History of the Japanese People: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 85. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
emperor keiko children.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 188–214. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1953). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Ponsonby-Fane Society Publications. pp. 419, 433–435.
- ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
- ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.
Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- ^ Japan Review: Bulletin of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Issue 1. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 1990. p. 37. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Brinkley, Francis (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–273, see page 253.
- ^ The New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume 13. Werner Company. 1906. p. 591. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^ Hosokawa, Bill (1997). Old Man Thunder: Father of the Bullet Train. Sogo Way. p. 9. ISBN 9780965958004. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (
先代 舊 事 本紀 巻 第 四 ), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史 大系 第 7巻 ). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244. - ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
- ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi 『
日本 の神 々神社 と聖地 7山陰 』(新装 復刊 ) 2000年 白水 社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9 - ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ a b 『
神話 の中 のヒメたち もうひとつの古事記 』p94-97「初代 皇后 は「神 の御子 」」 - ^ a b
日本人 名 大 辞典 +Plus, デジタル版 . "日子 八 井 命 とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01. - ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
- ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
- ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ 『
図説 歴代 天 皇紀 』p42-43「綏靖天皇 」 - ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
- ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
- ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
- ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
- ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
- ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
- ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten
日本 古典 文学 大 辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421. - ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan .
日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-17. - ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
- ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
- ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
- ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- ^ a b Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
- ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
- ^ "Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan .
日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-18. - ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ a b Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
- ^ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan .
日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-18. - ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan .
日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-28. - ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
- ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Saigū |
國學院大學 デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29. - ^ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
- ^ Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
- ^ a b c Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 9781930782013.
- ^ a b c Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
- ^ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
- ^ a b Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
- ^
文也 (2019-05-26). "仲 姫 命 とはどんな人 ?".歴史 好 きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19. - ^
日本人 名 大 辞典 +Plus,朝 日 日本 歴史 人物 事典 ,デジタル版 . "仲 姫 命 (なかつひめのみこと)とは?意味 や使 い方 ". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan .
日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-18. - ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.
Further reading
[edit]- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May, 1919. OCLC 1882339
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- __________. (1953). Studies in Shinto and Shrines.[permanent dead link] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 470294859
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842